AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITYLECTURE 6X-RAY TECHNOLOGY & BASIC EQUIPMENTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Know types of X-Ray Technologies related to aviation safety and security.

Explain how x-ray machine work.

Identify equipments used to ensure aviation safety.

Explain how the equipments function and work.

X-RAY TECHNOLOGY

X-ray based technology Do not detect explosives Detect materials that have explosives-

like characteristics. (Base on picture) High density is the characteristic for

explosives-like materials.

EQUIPMENTS

X-raya) Single Energyb) Dual Energyc) Computed Tomography (CT Scan)d) Backscattere) Fluoroscopy

Metal Detectora) Hand held metal detectorb) Pulse Induction (PI) System

Single Energy x-ray

Description An x-ray beam of one energy is used. The image indicates the degree of

absorption of the X-rays

Advantage & Weakness Useful for bomb detection. Looking for wiring, fusing, and metal

parts. Not provide enough information for

explosives materials detection.

Dual Energy x-ray

Description Use x-ray technology. Function likes an electromagnetic waves. More energetic than electromagnetic waves. Penetrate more than electromagnetic. Usually use for baggage and luggage checking

Advantage & Weakness We can see the unseen image inside the

luggage. Provide image of suspicious item. Only can be seen in 2-dimensional Image

The left image is of a commercially available dual-energy system.

Right image is of a briefcase that has alarmed; the area of concern is marked with a red box.

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)Description An x-ray technique that produces 2-dimensional

images. Provide 2-D images from every edges and angles

of a bag. This data create 3-Dimensional image when we

combine with the other 2-D images.

Advantages Able to calculate the mass and density of

individual objects in your bag based on this tomogram.

If mass/density falls within the range of a dangerous material, the CT scanner warns the operator of a potential hazardous object.

Figure : Compilation of 2-D Image of CT Scan

Figure : 3-D view of 2-D images combination

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Figure:Image of CT

Scan

Backscatter X-ray

Description One of the latest technology implement to

ensure safety.

Alternative to personal searches at airport.

Perform a security scan for passengers.

Detects radiation comes back from the target.

Only one side is available for examination

Backscatter X-ray

Advantages & Weaknesses Produce 3-D image of people body. Can see any hiding object inside clothes or

body. High energy and scatter instead of penetrate

materials. Raises privacy concern. (Nude picture) Image of private part being blurred. Allow passenger to carry weapons by

attaching them to private parts. Dangerous level of radiation.

Figure : Image from Backscatter x-ray

Fluroscopy

X-ray imaging technique where transmitted radiation through an object is detected.

A monitor can view a dynamic image or still images of the object. Fluoroscopic equipment is used

typically as portable scanners for screening mail

and small packages for explosive

devices

Handheld Metal Detector

Description Electronic gadgets used to distinguish any occurrence

of metals. Use electromagnetic induction to detect metals. Main part of metal detector:

a) Control Box (Speaker, batteries, microprocessor)b) Shaft c) Search coil

Advantage & Disadvantage Light and not heavy. Efficient to use:

a) Can be transported anywhereb) Simple to use.

Consume lots of battery power.

Airport Metal Detector

Description Use Pulse Induction (PI) System. Tall and boxy metal detectors are

meant to be walked through. Use a coil of wire on one side of the

arch as the transmitter and receiver. Process works something like echoes.

Advantage & Disadvantage

Capable of identifying:Explosive materials

Very sensitive to metal

Can’t distinguish between a gun and metal buckle.

Alarm signals for all types of metal.

Airport Metal Detector

Q& A SESSION

THE ENDTHANK YOU