Avian Mycoplasmosi1

8/11/2019 Avian Mycoplasmosi1

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Avian MycoplasmosisIntroduction:Avian mycoplasmosis is a composite term referring to a group of infectious andcontagious diseases aecting chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and partridge caused

by dierent species of Mycoplasma.

Diferent Avian Mycoplasma inections:Disease AvianMycoplasmas

Speciesafected Importance

Chronic respiratorydisease M. gallisepticum

Chicken andturkeys

++++

Infectious sinusitis Turkeys ++++

Infectious synovitis M. synoviae

Chicken and

turkeys +++M. meleagridis infection M. meleagridis Turkeys +++

M. ioae infection M. iowae Turkeys +M. immitans infection M. immitans !ucks and geese "

Historical Inormations:1-Mycoplasmas ere #rst identi#ed in $%&% as the etiologic agent of the contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia 'C())* and thereafter, all similar agents ere namedpleuropneumonialike '))-like* organisms.

2-Avian mycoplasma as #rst described in turkeys in $&/ 'infectious sinusitis ofturkeys* and in chickens in $&0/ 'chronic respiratory disease C1!*. The cause ofthem as later named as M.gallisepticum'M2*.3-Infectious synovitis caused by M.synoviae'M3* as #rst reported ith arthriticinvolvement from the decades of 45 6 /5 in broiler 7ocks, but it as only in the 859sthat the respiratory disease caused by M3 as described.4-The #rst evidence of airsaculitis in dayold poults by mycoplasmas other than M2caused by M.meleagridis'MM*, a mycoplasma infecting turkeys and other birds, butnot chickens as discovered for the $sttime in the decades of %5.-M. ioae 'MI*, a mycoplasma of natural occurrence in turkeys as reported inchickens and other birds. It as discovered for the $sttime in the decades of &5.

!-In the end of the decade &5, M. immitansas discovered and found that it isserologically crossreacts ith M2, but is not yet isolated from poultry.

3ince $&4:, avian mycoplasmosis is considered a signi#cant problem in chicken7ocks in ;apan and in other Asian countries. In ;apan, M.gallisepticum 'M2* and M.synoviae 'M3* infections ere con#rmed etiologically in chicken 7ocks aected ithrespiratory disease or synovitis in $&/ and $&80, respectively. In other Asiancountries, including Indonesia, the )eopleed serologically or etiologically. Adverse atmospheric and


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environmental conditions, in addition to mi?edinfections of bacterial or viral origin,play an important role in the spread of M2 and M3 ithin chicken 7ocks or in theinduction of clinical respiratory mycoplasmosis. 3erological tests are important indetermining and monitoring the mycoplasmal infection status of chicken 7ocks. Theestablishment of mycoplasmafree breeding stocks is recogni>ed as essential for the

control of avian mycoplasmosis. To eliminate the transmission of M2 to the egg,treatment of infected breeder 7ocks or their progeny ith antimycoplasmalantibiotics as eective in considerably reducing the infection rate but not in entireeliminating M2 infection. The preincubation heat treatment of chicken hatching egghas proved an eective procedure for establishing M2 and M3free breeding stocksin ;apan. @accination against M2 infection has been practiced successfully in ;apanand other countries.

"conomic Importance:

1-!ecreased egg production 'Mycoplasmainfected chicken lays $4.8 eggs less than

healthy one*. This is due to poor o?ygen supply reuired for metabolism.2-1educed egg uality. This is due to poor nutrient utili>ation due to poormetabolism.3-)oor hatchability 'Mycoplasmainfected breeders give 8$5B loer hatchabilitythan healthy one*. This is due to high rate of embryonic mortality and culling of dayold birds.4-)oor feed eciency 'Mycoplasmainfected broiler give 8B less feed conversion 6$5B :eight gain less than a healthy one*.-Increased mortality 'Mycoplasmainfected broiler give $4B higher mortality thanhealthy one*. This is due to the predisposing eect of Mycoplasma to other

pathogens.!-Increased carcass condemnations in meattype birds due to severe emaciation.#-Transient immunosuppression particularly for M3 infection. M3 as proven to aecthe humoral response of chicks vaccinated ith a a 3ota strain of D!@.$-Increased medication costs.

"tiolo%y &'eneral(:

Diferent species o Mycoplasma:

AvianMycoplasmas Disease Species afected Importance

M. gallisepticumChronic respiratory

diseaseChicken and

turkeys++++

Infectious sinusitis Turkeys ++++

M. synoviae Infectious synovitisChicken and

turkeys+++

M. meleagridis M. meleagridis infection Turkeys +++M. iowae M. ioae infection Turkeys +

M. immitans M. immitans infection !ucks and geese "


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Mycoplasmas are microorganisms belonging to 1ickettsia group and having thefolloing characteristic featuresE1-)*ey resem+les +acteria in:

Faving to types of nucleic acids '!DA and 1DA*.Faving triple layered plasma or cell membrane.3ensitivity to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics.Their capability for cultivation on arti#cial media '))- mediaG and Modi#edChanock


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east J?tract $4 ml

C@A 8.4 ml

Orea '$5B* $4 ml

Cysteine ':B* 0.84 ml

amp., fung., nyst. 5.4 ml)enicillin 2 $ ml

11 ase

))- .$ g

!N $585 ml

)henol 1ed $.4 ml

pF to 4.4!ispense into $55 ml bottles ith P 85ml L bottle and autoclave

AddLbottleForse 3erum 5 ml

east J?tract $5 ml

C@A 5.4 ml

Cysteine 5.4 ml

Orea 5.: ml

amp., fung., nyst. 5.54 ml

)enicillin 2 5.$ ml

2-)*ey resem+les viruses inE Their capability for cultivation in embryonatedchicken eggs mostly via yolk sac inoculation at the 4thday postincubation and rarelyvia CAM at the $5thday postincubation.

3-Have not cell /all:This makes them resistant to antimicrobials acting on the ceall as penicillins ')enicillin 2 sod, )enicillin 2 pot, aminopenicillins includingampicillin 6 amo?ycillin* and cephalosporins 'Cefradin, Cefatre?yl, cefota?ime sod.,cefopyra>one sod. and Ceftifur sod.*.4-Intracellular and etracellular situation:3ome strains are e?tracellularagents, but some others are obligatory intracellular parasites, hereas all othermycoplasmas are facultative intracellular organisms.

-5ra%ile microor%anism:cannot still alive outside the living body more than veryfe days so, carrier birds are essential to the epidemiology of MycoplasmasQdiseases.

6*ronic 7espiratory DiseaseMycoplasma gallisepticuminection8

9; ?@ BC=> ?EFG=> J=>


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I-Synonyms:M2 R Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection R Chronic respiratorydisease R C1! 'Chicken* R Air sac cold R Airsacculitis.

II-De.nition:An infectious 6 contagious disease of chickensQ, turkeys and rarelother poultry species characteri>ed by respiratory rales, coughing and nasaldischarge. The clinical signs are slo to develop and the disease has a long course.The disease is present in Jgypt.

III-"tiolo%y:In addition to all concepts under the "tiolo%y &'eneral(E$M.gallisepticumis the cause of uncomplicated airsaculitis. 3mall coccoid #lterableorganism about 5.4 O in diameter.M.gallisepticummy produce disease by itself or its action may be complicated bythe folloing factors.

E.coliand Hemophilius paragallinarum in chickens.@irus infection or vaccination of D! and I( in chickens.3tress factors 6 environmental disorders as high dust 6 ammonia levels inchickens and turkeys.Bordetella aviuminfection and T1T infection in turkeys.

IK-"piLootiolo%y:1-ey points o epiLootiolo%y o M.gallisepticum:$Carrier birds are essential source of infection and represent the most important kepoint to the epi>ootiology of M.gallisepticuminfections.@ertical transmission of M.gallisepticum.0Intesi#cation of poultry farms.:@iability of M.gallisepticumin organic mattersEM.gallisepticumremained viable in chicken feces for $0 days at 5C, on muslincloth for 0 days at 5C or $ day at 08C, and in egg yolk for $% ks at 08C or /ks at 5C. It as found that M2 could survive in the human nasal passage for :hrsH on stra, cotton, and rubber for daysH on human hair for 0 daysH and onfeathers for : days.

2-Mode o Inection and )ransmission:1-Kertical transmission &in-ovo transovarian(:The highest rates occur durinthe acute phase of the disease hen M2 levels in the respiratory tract peaked. )eakegg transmission occurs : :.4 ks postinfection in about 445B of the laid eggs.

2-HoriLontal transmission:A-!irect contact of the susceptible birds ith infected clinical or subclinical birdsresulting in high infection andLor disease prevalence ithin 7ocks.-Indirect contact ith the fomites as contaminated airborne dust, droplets orfeathers, coupled ith suboptimal biosecurity and personnel practices.


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+,The upper respiratory tract andLor conKunctiva are the route of infections inaerosols or droplets.

Fori>ontal spread of M.gallisepticum ithin a chicken 7ock is described in fourphasesE

i-N*ase-1&latent p*ase('$$ days* before antibody as #rst detected ininoculated birds.ii-N*ase-2, a period '$$ days* in hich infection gradually appeared in 4$5B ofthe population.iii-N*ase-3, a period '80 days* in hich &5&4B of the remaining populationdeveloped antibody.iv-N*ase-4&terminal p*ase('0$& days* in hich the remainder of thepopulation became positive.

3-Suscepti+ility:Chickens, turkeys and rarely other poultry species. (irds of :

ks or older are the most susceptible to the disease.

4-ccurrence:The disease is idespread in all countries. It represents animpact problem in poultry industry from the national point of vie in Jgypt.

-Seasonal IncidenceE It is a seasonal disease, more often seen in inter andfall.

!-Incu+ation Neriod:The I) of M.gallisepticuminfection varies from /$ dayhile in infectious sinusitis, it varies from /$5 days.

K-6linical Symptoms:1-6ommercial +roiler c*icOens:The disease is chronic in nature andcharacteri>ed byEaDasal odorless discharge ith foamy ocular e?udates and sollen periorbitalsinuses.b)ersistent coughing, snicks, tracheal rale, snee>ing and gasping.

coss of appetite ith decreased feed consumptionH retarded groth and the 7ocksbecome uneven in si>es ith don grade of carcasses.dMortality due to uncomplicated C1! is lo. -n the other hand, in the complicated,mortality is variable and depends on the environmental climatic conditions and thetype of secondary infection.

2-In PayersQreeder c*icOens:The disease is chronic in nature and characteri>edbyEaDasal and ocular discharge 'atery eyes* tracheal rale in the ind pipes, coughinggasping 'dyspnea*, snee>ing and shaking of the head.


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bSeed consumption drops o leading to decreased egg production '505B* as ellas loss of body eight.cMale birds freuently have the most prominent signs.d1educed hatchability and chick viability.e-ccasional encephalopathy and abnormal feathering.

KI-Nostmortem lesions:1-6*icOen:a. Catarrhal e?udates in the upper respiratory tract.b. The air sacs freuently contain caseous e?udates and may present a beadedappearance.c. (irds that have a secondary infection sho #brinous e?udates in the pericardialsac and liver surface, in addition to the above lesions.

Sta%es o 6*ronic 7espiratory disease:"arly sta%e o 67D Advanced sta%e o 667D


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67D

J?cess mucous in trachea. )lugs or pus in trachea.)erihepatitis 6 pericarditis'esp. ith secondary E.coli

infection).

Consolidated and solidspots on lungs.

Muscles pale and 7abby

Sormation of creamydiscolored '#brinous* layer

over heat and liver. Thicknesof layer indicates the

advancement of CC1! stage

Cheesy material in lungs

Catarrhal in7ammationof nasal passages,

sinuses, trachea andbronchi.

Air sacculitis i.e.in7ammation of air sacs

-ccasionally arthritis

and salphingitis inchickens.

(eaded or ymphfollicularappearance.

Caseous e?udates in airsacs Soamy or 3oapy air

sacs.

KII-Dia%nosis:RHistory taOin%

Adverse environmental conditions 'overcroding, poor ventilation and highammonia level* increase the incidence of the disease.Mi?ed infections especially ith E.coliare common in the #eld.@accination ith live virus vaccine may induce the disease.Chronic respiratory symptoms ith lo mortality.Transmission rate is relative slo i.e. very chronic disease.

R6linical si%ns NM lesionsTTT as discussed but give a great attention toinvestigate air sacs, hich are involved more e?tensive than any other disease.

RPa+oratory Dia%nosis:a-Serolo%y:1-Hema%%lutinationNurposeE Femagglutinate chicken 1(Cs.

Met*od:


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Allantoic cavity 7uid 'possibly containing M.gallisepticum* from anembryonating chicken egg that had been inoculated ith suspect material isremoved.5.$ ml of the 7uid is placed on glass plate and 5.$ ml of 4.5B suspension ofchicken 1(Ca virus, D! virus and Adenovirus $8H in addition,Mycoplasmasare also capable of hemagglutinating avian 1(Cs.. Antibodies directed against these organisms ill inhibit hemagglutination.

Nrocedure:aA constant amount of hemagglutinating 'FA* antigen is added to each ell ina microtiter plate.bThe test serum is then placed in the #rst ell and serially diluted.cThe plates are incubated for one hour and then chicken 1(Cs are added toeach ell. If antibody is present in the test serum the 1(Cs ill not agglutinateith the FA antigen.

7esults and interpretation:a. FI Degative ells ill have a diuse sheet of agglutinated 1(Cs covering the

bottom.b. FI )ositive ells ill have a ellcircumscribed button of unagglutinated1(Cs.cConsidering that FI titers eual or higher than $E%5 are regarded as positiveand titers beteen $E5$E:5 are suspicious, hereas negative titers are belo$E5.

3-Serum plate a%%lutination test &SNA)( U 7apid seruma%%lutination test:Nurpose:To uantitate serum antibody to a speci#c avian 'antigen*.

$Collected not immediately tested sera are stored at :C and not fro>en.The test should be carried out at room temperature ithin 8 hrs of seracollection.0)rior centrifugation ill reduce nonspeci#c reactions.Nrocedure:a--ne volume 'appro?imately 5.5 ml* of serum is dropped on to a hite tilefolloed by one volume of stained M2 antigen.bThe tile is rotated to ensure mi?ing.

7esults and interpretation:


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1-Hy%iene and mana%ement:Nhen the

disease has occurred management and feeding should be improved. 1educecroding and dust in the poultry house. !ust helps in entry of E.colias ell asMycoplasma spp. Nater should be good and holesome. 2reat attention should be

given to a7ato?icosis andLor ochrato?to?icosis, hich cause immunosuppression andprecipitate the disease.2-Kaccines

-Pive vaccines:ive vaccines are generally produced from the Sstrain of M2, and more recently,strains ts$$ and /L%4, hich are apathogenic strains ith improved safetycharacteristics.Administration of the Sstrain by the intranasal or eye drop route is preferred, butaerosol or drinking ater administration may be used.

The eye drop method is recommended for ts$$, hile #ne spray is recommendedfor /L%4.)ullets are vaccinated beteen $$/ ks of age. A single dose is sucient andvaccinated birds remain permanent carriers.ongterm use of the Sstrain on a multiage site results in displacement of the #eldstrain ith the vaccine strain. Sstrain displaces virulent ildtype M2 strains moreeciently than /L%4 or ts$$, but ts$$ is successfully used to eradicate Sstrain M.gallisepticumin multiage commercial layers. Multiage production sites are knon ttest serologically negative for M. gallisepticumafter longterm use of /L%4.

,-The S strain is fully virulent for turkeys.

Inactivated vaccines:

Inactivated vaccines or bacterins consist of a concentrated suspension of M.gallisepticumorganisms in an oil emulsion. These are ordinarily administered togroing pullets at $$/ ks of age. They are administered subcutaneously in theneck. Although doses are desirable, a single dose is usually given because of costand labor considerations. (acterins are eective in preventing eggproduction losses6 respiratory disease, but they do not prevent infection ith ildtype M2.

3-illin% M. gallisepticumin *atc*in%

e%%s:'i* Feating eggs for 0 hrs by keeping them in egg incubator, then eggs are dippedin a atery solution of 5.5: to 5.$B tylosin tarterate or erythromycin or gentamycinthe temperature of hich should be 4 C 'refrigerator temperature outside free>ingchamber*. Jggs are dipped in the solution for $505 min. This method causese?pansion of egg contents by heating to 080% C 'incubator temperature* anddipping in cold antibiotic solution causes shrinkage and entry of the solution,sucient to kill the organisms.'ii* M.gallisepticumin eggs can be killed by heat treatment, hich kills the organismbut not the chick embryo. Jggs are kept in incubator ith temperature of :/ C for a


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period of $$: hrs, then, these eggs are incubated for normal hatching in incubatorThis method has a disadvantage of loering the hatchability by %$B.

4-illin% M8 %allisepticum in *atc*ed c*icOs:Tylosin is given to nely hatched

chicks by mi?ing in their drinking ater in dose of 45 mgLkg b. for : days from the$st day of hatching.

Nro%ram o usin% )ylosin 5or Nrevention o 67D incommercial +roilers

A%e Daily amount o tylosin or1 +irds

Duration

"fect

1st /eeO o a%e $45 gm in 4 liters ofdrinking ater.

: days 1educe level of Mycoplasmas of parentalorigin 6 control hori>ontal

contamination4t*/eeO o a%eR :5/5 gm in 84 liters of

drinking ater.0

days)rovide better resistance to

stress 6 improve feedconversion

Nro%ram o usin% )ylosin 5or Nrevention o 67D incommercial layer and +reeders

A%e Daily amount o tylosinor1 +irds

Duration

"fect

1st/eeO o a%e $45 gm in 4 liters of

drinking ater.

04

days

Felps maintain 7ock

free of Mycoplasmas,ensure regular groth6 increase resistance

to stress.

t*V !t*/eeO oa%eR

:5/5 gm in 84 liters ofdrinking ater.

$0days

1$t*V 1Wt*/eeO oa%eR

$55$45 gm in 55 liters ofdrinking ater.

0days

To control level ofMycoplasmas 6ensure optimal

production of topuality chicks.

"%% production&every 2 mont*(

$55$45 gm in 55 liters ofdrinking ater.

0days

G -r Immediality before or after vaccination

)reatment:Nhen the disease is observed it indicates poor feeding,management or other forms of stress.$Tylosin 'AtcoTylan, Tylanand Tyloveto* is the drug of choice, hen the diseaseoccurs, tylosin tartarate '84 mgLkg b..* in drinking ater is given for 0 to 4 days.

Tiamutin :4B soluble granules is administered in concentration of 5.54B for 0consecutive days '44./ gL$55 liters of ater*. Ionophorous anticoccidial drugs likemonensin, naracin or salinomycin are incompatible ith tiamutin and thesimultaneous use of them leads to severe fatal to?icities. -ther coccidiostats anddrugs can be administered ith tiamutin. Treatment is also given for J.coli 'commoncomplicating organisms in case of C1!*.


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7809:;511ed byEaJ?cessive amount of nasal discharge ith foamy eyes, closed eyes due to thee?cessive sinus secretion. This secretion may later become cheesy and yellodiscolored.dOnilateral or bilateral selling of the infraorbital sinus.cCoughing, slo groth, leg problems, inappetance and stunting.

= \=E=> _b=>De.nition:A chronic infection disease of chickens and turkeys, primarilyinvolving the synovial membranes and air sacs. The disease as discovered for the#rst time in $&4: in O3A. In Jgypt, evidence of e?istence of the disease has beenrecorded but is economically less important.

"tiolo%y:In addition to all concepts under the "tiolo%y &'eneral(EM. synoviae is the cause of infecious synovitis.,-1eovirus is also knon to cause similar synovitis but in much more youngerages.


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Incidence:)robably idespread in poultry 7ocks especially in commercialbroilers and breeders.

"piLootiolo%y: as in C1!. 2ive your attention that the recovered birds remaininfected for lifeH subseuent stress may cause recurrence of disease. The infectiousagent survives for only a matter of days out ith birds, although prolonged survivalhas been reported in egg yolk and allantoic 7uid, and in lyophili>ed material. 3urvivaseems to be improved on hair and feathers. 3tress, malnutrition, intercurrent viraldisease such as D! 'even lentogenic* and T1T as ell as the high eight of birds, arthe predisposing factors for the disease.

-./01/2 344/05/6$The disease is commonly seen in groers of :$ ks age broilerand at $55 ks of age in turkeysH although the disease may be seen in older ages.The disease may confuse ith viral synovitis and arthritis 'occur at more youngerage i.e. around ks of age and less in older age*. 3usceptibility of chickens toinfection is increased ith concurrent infection ith I( virus.

+B1810;B -1C82$ Infection in a 7ock may persist ithout any signs. The mostcommon signs areE 1etardation of groth, anemia 'pale comb 6 attle*, selling offootpads 'mainly* or hock Koints 'sometimes* is common. Aected Koints aredistended ith a viscous honeylike 7uid that tends to caseate. 3ometimes, Koints of

ings and synovial membrane on keel bone 'breast blisters* are aected. Appetiteis generally normal and feces may be sulphur colored. Jgg production in hens maydrop to 505B. Mortality reaches $$5B and untreated birds become culls.Infection may e?tend into muscles. ameness, birds are often reluctant to alk.1espiratory signs have also been reported folloing M.synoviae.

=


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Arthritis can also be caused as sporadic infection by Staphylococci, Pasteurella &Salmonellaorganisms in hich cases stained smears of e?udates ill help ine?amining their morphology.Sinal diagnosis is done by isolating M.synoviae in mycoplasma broth and agar.

Nrevention and control:As in M. gallisepticum but there is no availablevaccines.

)reatment:As inM. gallisepticum.

Mycoplasma meleagridisinection?BXJ=> BghjB YXZk

D/418151ed byinapparent venereal infection in breeder turkeys and air sacculitis in recently hatchepoults.

"tiolo%y:In addition to all concepts under the "tiolo%y &'eneral(E M.meleagridisis the cause of MM infection.

H.1I


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=>/F/851/;5A/85$As inM. gallisepticum.

Mycoplasma immitansinection\;=> 9; BghjB YXZk

D/418151


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"tiolo%y:In addition to all concepts under the "tiolo%y &'eneral(EM. iowae is the cause of the infection.

"piLootiolo%y: as in C1!8

Species Afected:Turkey.

+B1810;B -1C82$Jmbryonic mortalities in turkey embryos.

Nostmortem lesions$nothing.

Dia%nosis:As for M. gallisepticum.

Nrevention:As for M. gallisepticumbut there is no vaccines.

)reatment: As for M. gallisepticum. The treatment is directed toard thebreeder hens.

Avian Mycoplasmosi1

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