AVES Evolutionary History and Characteristics Biology 1123 By: Jonathan Shute, Ryan Carver, Hilary...
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Transcript of AVES Evolutionary History and Characteristics Biology 1123 By: Jonathan Shute, Ryan Carver, Hilary...
![Page 1: AVES Evolutionary History and Characteristics Biology 1123 By: Jonathan Shute, Ryan Carver, Hilary Smith & Mary Ann Kavanaugh.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082422/56649e625503460f94b5dbf9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AVES
Evolutionary History and Characteristics
Biology 1123
By: Jonathan Shute, Ryan Carver, Hilary Smith & Mary Ann Kavanaugh
![Page 2: AVES Evolutionary History and Characteristics Biology 1123 By: Jonathan Shute, Ryan Carver, Hilary Smith & Mary Ann Kavanaugh.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082422/56649e625503460f94b5dbf9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ancestry
Archaeopteryx:- From the Jurassic Period- Feathers around tail and arms- Had teeth and long, bony tail
- Reduction of anatomical elements to reduce weight
- First to disappear – bony tail, reduced to a ‘pygostyle (final few caudal vertebrae fused into a single ossification) supporting feathers and musculature
- Cretaceous – more changes in skeletal structure to improve flight
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LINEAGES
Paleognaths
- Ostriches, emus, kiwis
- Loss of flight happened independently
Neognaths Galliformes: turkeys, chickens Anseriformes: ducks, geese,
swans
-Defining cladistics trait between reptiles and birds is flight
Modern birds are classified in Neornithes, which are divided into two categories:
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AVES
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WHY WINGS EVOLVED
The evolution of wings is highly debated within the scientific community. The most widely accepted hypothesis are:
-To escape predators-To aide bipedal animals in jumping higher-To help move from place to place safely-To attain access to new habitat, food sources, and unoccupied niches
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A FORMULA FOR FLIGHT: WINGS AND FEATHERS
There are 3 main types of feathers:1)Filoplumes2)Contour feathers3)Down feathers
-Feathers evolved from scales, and are composed of keratin.
-Feathers are strong and flexible, allowing the Aves to produce lift, and forward movement.
Feathers have many evolutionary advantages like:-Thermoregulation-Camouflage-Waterproofing-Flight!
Wings and feathers aide birds in their primary mode of locomotion: flight.
Flight is achieved with the help of a lightweight skeleton and hollow bones, along with a modified forelimb.
The highly modified forelimbs that are characteristic of all birds, are essential to flight. The wings are used to lift, glide, flap, and drag.
hum= humerus, r= radius, u= ulna, c= carpus, mc= metacarpus, I-III= numbered digits
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VISION
- Most important sense for birds- Eye is not spherical, flatter
shape enables more of visual field to be in focus
- Lens is pushed further forward than in reptiles
- Four types of colour receptors- Ability to perceive violet-
ultraviolet part of the spectrum
- More light receptors in the retina than other mammals, more nerve connections between the photoreceptors and the brain
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Certain bird groups have specific modifications…
Diurnal birds of prey Nocturnal birds Water birds
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REFERENCES:- Memorial Universityhttp://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Bird_Wing_Types.htm- Phys. Orghttp://phys.org/news/2013-02-birds-evolved-ultraviolet-vision.html
-University of California, Berkley http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_06http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/evolve.html
- Scientific Americanhttp://
www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v293/n1/box/scientificamerican0705-56_BX5.html
- Shipman, P. (1998)Taking wing: Archaeopteryx and the evolution of bird flight. The Auk, 115(3),
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