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GEOGRAPHY
CONSERVATION OF WATER WHAT IS WATER CONSERVATION?
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand.
AIMS OF CONSERVATION- Revive traditional structures as well as create new infrastructure for water conservation- Increase the groundwater recharge in the watershed area- Increase water use efficiency in agriculture and domestic sectors by ensuring the adoption of water management techniques - Conserve fertile soil through soil and moisture conservation
In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left little exposed earth for water to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India, floodwater quickly flows to the rivers, which then dry up soon after the rains stop. If this water can be held back, it can seep into the ground and recharge the groundwater supply.This has become a very popular method of conserving water especially in the urban areas. Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Some of the benefits of rainwater harvesting are as followsa. Increases water availabilityb.Checks the declining water table is environmentally friendly c.Improves the quality of groundwater through the dilution of fluoride, nitrate, and salinity d.Prevents soil erosion and flooding especially in urban areas
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed
aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human
communities within a watershed boundary. Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage include water supply, water
quality, drainage, storm water runoff, water rights, and the overall planning and
utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies, storm water management experts, environmental specialists, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral part in the management of a
watershed.
RAINWATER HARVESTING IN INDIA
Rainwater harvesting can be seen in the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland. This is also in use in Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts of Rajasthan. In recent years, at the initiative of the Central and State Governments, the practice has been increasingly adopted in many cities and towns in different parts of the country.
Arunachal Pradesh Water Resources department has achieved a milestone in implementation of demonstrative projects on roof top rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to groundwater under cent per cent Central sector scheme "Ground water management and regulation" during the 11th Five Year Plan. The total detailed project reports cleared by the state level technical core committee and accepted by New Delhi covered 235 projects in 11 districts, official sources informed here today. The districts, includes Tawang, West and East Kameng, Papum Pare, Kurung Kumey, Tirap and Longding.
The inhabitants of border and hill top villages would be the main beneficiaries of these projects as the state government was committed to conserve rainwater in storage tanks to supplement water requirement during lean period.
TANKA – A RAINWATER HARVESTING TANK FOUND IN INDIA
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPEMENT
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The importance of groundwater for the existence of human
society cannot be overemphasized. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural
India. Besides, it is an important source of water for the
agricultural and the industrial sector. Till recently it had been
considered a dependable source of uncontaminated water
During the past two decades, the water level in several parts of the country has been falling rapidly due to an increase in extraction.
The number of wells drilled for irrigation of both food and cash crops have rapidly and indiscriminately increased.
India's rapidly rising population and changing lifestyles has also increased the domestic need for water. The water requirement for the industry also shows an overall increase.
.
The quality of groundwater is getting severely affected because of the widespread pollution of surface water.
REASONS THAT HAVE LED TO DEGRADATION IN GROUNDWATER
SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER
INDIA’S GROUNDWATER SCENARIO
India is heading towards a freshwater crisis mainly due to improper management of water
resources and environmental degradation, which has lead to a lack of access to safe water
supply to millions of people. This freshwater crisis is already evident in many parts of India,
varying in scale and intensity depending mainly on the time of the year.
As far as the quality of groundwater is concerned, many states in the country have been identified as endemic to fluorosis due to abundance in naturally occurring fluoride-bearing minerals. These are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, and TamilNadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Delhi. Nearly half million people in India suffer from ailments due to excess of fluoride in drinking water. In some districts of Assam and Orissa, groundwater has high iron content. About 31% of the total area of Rajasthan comes under saline groundwater. Groundwater is saline in almost all of the Bhakra Canal in Punjab and the lift canal system in south-western Haryana. Similarly high levels of arsenic in groundwater have been reported in the shallow aquifers in some districts of West Bengal. Certain places in Haryana, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh were also found to have dangerously high levels of mercury.
CHEMISTRY
REACTIONS INVOLVED IN THEFORMATION OF HARD WATER
Hard drinking water is generally not harmful to one's health, but can pose
serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to
avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of suds
formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a concern, water
softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects.
With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap scum) instead of producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such scum is calcium stearate, which arises from sodium stearate, the main component of soap :2 C17H35COO- + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca
Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits, called "scale ", are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4)
It is often desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that counteract the effects of hard water on the surfactants. For this reason, water softening is often unnecessary. Where softening is practiced, it is often recommended to soften only the water sent to domestic hot water systems so as to prevent or delay inefficiencies and damage due to scale formation in water heaters. A common method for water softening involves the use of ion exchange resins, which replace ions like Ca2+ by twice the number of monocations such as sodium or potassium ions.
PHYSICS
WATER AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
WATER AS AN ENERGYWater has been found to be a major
source of energyAll types of electricity generation
consume water either to process the raw materials used in the facility or fuel, constructing and maintaining the plant, or to just generate the
electricity itself. Renewable power sources as photovoltaic
solar and wind power, which require little water to produce energy,
require water in processing the raw materials to build the turbines and
solar panels. If a wind turbine is mounted on a concrete or steel
tower, additional tonnes of water are required in the tower's
construction.
WHAT IS
HYDROELETRICITY?Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.
WHERE IS IT PRODUCED?A Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010.There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itapúa Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela
BENEFITS AND EFFECTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER…..The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife
POLITICAL DEVELOPEMEN
T
NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLANNARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN
INTRODUCTION
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement consisting of
adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, and human
rights activists against a number of large dams being built across
the Narmada river. The river flows through the states of Gujarat, , and Madhya Pradesh in India.
Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the
river and was one of the first focal points of the movement.
CAUSES OF THE MOVEMENT It is a multi crore project that will generate a big revenue for the
government. The Narmada Valley Development plan is the the most
promised and most challenging plan in the history of India. The proponents are
of the view that it will produce 1450 MW of electricity and pure drinking water to 40 million people covering
thousand of villages and towns. Some of the dams have been already been completed such as Tawa and Bargi
Dams. But the opponents says that this hydro project will devastate human lives and bio diversity by destroying
thousand of acres of forests and agricultural land. On the other hand it
will overall deprive thousands of people of their livelihood. They believe that the water and energy could be provided to
the people through alternative technological means, that would be
ecologically beneficial.
The mode of campaign includes hunger strikes and garnering support from film and art personalities (notably
Bollywood actor Aamir Khan). Narmada Bachao Andolan, with its leading
spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991. Amongst the major celebrities who have shown their
support for Narmada Bachao Andolan are Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy.
Led by one of the prominent leader Medha Patkar, it has now been turned into the International protest, gaining
support from NGO'S all around the globe. Protestors are agitating the
issue through the mass media, hunger strikes, massive marches, rallies and the through the on screen of several
documentary films. Although they have been protesting peacefully, but they
been harassed, arrested and beaten up by the police several times. The
Narmada Bachao Andolan has been pressurizing the world bank to
withdraw its loan from the project through media.
SUPREME COURT’S DECISION The Supreme Court's decision is still pending, seeking stoppage of construction of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The court initially ruled the decision in the Andolan's favor, thereby effecting an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to first complete the rehabilitation and replacement process.The Court deliberated on this issue further for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passuwith the raising of the height of the dam through the Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court’s decision has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits
Led by one of the prominent leader MedhaPatkar,ithasnowbeenturnedintotheInternationalprotest,gainingsupportfro
mNGO'Sallaroundtheglobe.
BIOLOGY
What is water recyclingWater recycling is a generic term for water reclamation and reuse, where the resulting water is referred to as recycled water. This term will be used throughout this website, but you might also find a number of other terms used in the water industry to describe recycled water or the process to make it. These include:•Water reclamation•Water recycling•Water reuse•Wastewater•Sewage effluent•Reclaimed water•Grey water
What is water recyclingWater recycling is a generic term for water reclamation and reuse, where the resulting water is referred to as recycled water. This term will be used throughout this website, but you might also find a number of other terms used in the water industry to describe recycled water or the process to make it. These include:•Water reclamation•Water recycling•Water reuse•Wastewater•Sewage effluent•Reclaimed water•Grey water
Why recycle water?
Increasing population means that the demand for water is increasing. To
ensure that we have enough water to meet our present and future needs, we need to conserve water and expand the
use of recycled water
BENEFITS OF RECYCLING WATER
Water recycling provides enormous environmental benefits. It also provides an additional source of water for various purposes. This a list of some benefits that water recycling can present:Water recycling decreases the extraction of water form sources that may be dwindling and may stop being viable as habitats for valuable and endangered wildlife.Recycling wastewater can decrease the discharge of effluents that may damage and pollute the ecosystems of the sensitive bodies of water.Recycled water can be used to create new wetlands or to enhance and improve the quality of existing ones.Water recycling can reduce and prevent pollution by leaving damaging pollutants at the treatment plant.
METHODS OF CONSERVATION OF WATER
METHODS OF RECYCLING WATER
Initiate the appropriate recycling methods Conserve water in your everyday routine. Sanitize grey water. Reclaim rainwater. Compare the water bill before and after.
CONSERVE WATER IN EVERYDAY LIFE
With mounting water issues, municipalities are under stress to provide water (potable and non-potable) to industrial, commercial, and residential segments. Though wastewater recycling and reuse is an option to meet water requirements, some factors are limiting its use, such as:•High price sensitivity towards advanced wastewater treatment systems •Negative perception about wastewater recycling •Lack of technological awareness and skilled manpower •Fragmented nature of the market•Weak enforcement of regulations and policies
With mounting water issues, municipalities are under stress to provide water (potable and non-potable) to industrial, commercial, and residential segments. Though wastewater recycling and reuse is an option to meet water requirements, some factors are limiting its use, such as:•High price sensitivity towards advanced wastewater treatment systems •Negative perception about wastewater recycling •Lack of technological awareness and skilled manpower •Fragmented nature of the market•Weak enforcement of regulations and policies
LIMITATIONS OF RECYCLING WATER