Autonomousvs.AutomatedAreautonomousvehiclesablessingorthreat

Autonomousvs.Automated

• Woodetal.(2012)firstusestheterm"autonomous"• 'Automated'connotescontrol,while'autonomous'connotesindependently• Autonomousmeansself-governing.• Autonomousimpliesperformanceunderuncertaintiesandtheabilitytocompensateforsystemfailures• Earlierprojects(i.e.ECT)relyingonartificialaidssuchasinductiveormagneticstrips• Outsideinfluencesreducethelevelautomation,andmayrequireintervention

• Whenadriverisrequired,theterm'automated'wouldmoreaccurate• Autonomouscarsdonotcommunicatewithothervehiclesorwithanenvelopingmanagementregime

Geospatialworld

• Autonomousdrivingwillhandleallthedrivingtasks• Thiswillhaveanimpactonroadsafetyandmobilityforeveryone• Vehiclesdetectpedestrians,cyclists,vehicles,roadworkandmoreinall360degrees• Sensorsdetectandpredictthebehavioralltheroadusers• 94%ofcrashesinvolvehumanchoiceorerror

SAE's "driving modes"

• Level0:Automated systemissueswarnings and may momentarily intervene buthasnosustained vehiclecontrol.

• Level1("handson"):Thedriverand the systemsharecontrol• Level2("handsoff"):Theautomated systemtakesfullcontrol.Thedrivermustbeprepared to intervene if the systemfails.

• Level3("eyes off"):Thedriverneed noattentionfor the driving tasks,Thevehiclewillhandlesituations that callfor an immediate response.Thedrivermuststill be preparedto intervene within some time

• Level4("mindoff"):Nodriverattentioniseverrequired for driving.• Level5("steeringwheel optional"):Nohumanintervention iseverrequired

• note heshiftfrom 2to 3:the humandrivernolonger hasto monitorthe environment

Theincreasingcomplexity

• Thecomplexityofautonomouscarsisincreasing,withsome250applications(e.g.navigationcontrols,weathersensors)• Thebigchallengeistooptimizethatandletallofthosevendorswork

MakingamapoftheWorld

• Today,advancedrobotsarepoppingup everywherethanksto:sensors,actuators,MachineLearningandAI• Sensors:• AutonomousvehiclescanonlynavigatewithLidar,whichspewslaserstobuildamapoftheworld.• Algorithmspicklandmarksandobjects

Robotplatforms

• Inautonomousdriving,thereexistsalayerbetweentheoperatingsystemrunningonthecarandthealgorithms• ROSisanopen-sourceforrobotics,prototyping• AWare OS,isdesignedforLevel4autonomousdriving• Verticalvshorizontalapproachinpartneringwithothers

TeslaModelSAutopilotisonlysuitableforlimited-accesshighways,notforurbandriving

Aself-drivingcarwiththepreviousGooglebranding

ALexusRX450hretrofittedbyGoogleforitsself-drivingcarproject

Impactofautonomousdriving

• Citiesmustrebalancebudgetsbroughtinbycars(taxes,fees,ticketsandparkingrevenues)• Driverlesscarsdon'tneedthesethings• Thelikelihoodofwidespreadadoptionisstillunclear,butanumberofunresolvedquestionswillpop-up• Anewlookathowinfrastructureistobebuilt• Infrastructureimprovementsmustbebeneficialtobothhumandriversandautomatedvehicles

• Self-drivingvanswillmakehomedeliveriessignificantlycheaperandtransformretail• Whatistheeffectontravelbehavior?• Willcarownershipandcaruseincreasebecauseitiseasiertousethem?• Willcar-sharingdecreasethetotalusage,andmakecarsmoreefficient?

Challenges

• Thechallengeistoproducesensorydatainordertoprovideaccuratedetection• Self-drivingcarsusealgorithms,whichfusedatafrommultiplesensorsandestimatesmapupdates• Sensorsdetectandtracksofothermovingobjects,suchascarsandpedestrians• TypicalsensorsincludeLidar,Vision,GPS• Sensorfusionintegratesinformationfromavarietyofsensorstoproduceaconsistent,accurate,andviewoftheenvironment• Driverlessvehiclesarebeingdevelopedwith neuralarchitecture,inwhichneuronsaresimulatedfromtheenvironment• Theneuralnetworkdependsonanextensiveamountofdataextractedfromreal-lifedrivingscenarios, enablingnetworkto"learn"

DeepLearning

• Deeplearning (alsoknownas deepstructuredlearning or hierarchicallearning)ispartofabroaderfamilyof machinelearning methodsbasedon learningdatarepresentations,asopposedtotask-specificalgorithms• DL havebeenappliedtofieldsincluding computervision, speechrecognition, naturallanguageprocessing,audiorecognition,socialnetworkfiltering,wheretheyhaveproducedresultssuperiortohumanexperts• DLisvaguelyinspiredbypatternsinbiological systems buthavevariousdifferencesfrompropertiesofbiologicalbrains,whichmakethemincompatiblewith neuroscience evidences