Chapter 47: Effectors: Making Animals Move CHAPTER 47 Effectors: Making Animals Move.
Autonomic Nervous System Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors ANS: n Innervates organs not...
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Transcript of Autonomic Nervous System Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors ANS: n Innervates organs not...
Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Neural Control of Involuntary Neural Control of Involuntary EffectorsEffectors
ANSANS Innervates organs not usually under Innervates organs not usually under
voluntary controlvoluntary control Effectors include cardiac and smooth Effectors include cardiac and smooth
muscles and glandsmuscles and glands Effectors are part of visceral organs and Effectors are part of visceral organs and
blood vesselsblood vessels
EffectorsEffectors
The effectors of the
SNS are skeletalMuscles
The effectors of theANS are cardiacmuscle smoothmuscle and glands
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray
matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron
Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen
Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Neural Control of Involuntary Neural Control of Involuntary EffectorsEffectors
ANSANS Innervates organs not usually under Innervates organs not usually under
voluntary controlvoluntary control Effectors include cardiac and smooth Effectors include cardiac and smooth
muscles and glandsmuscles and glands Effectors are part of visceral organs and Effectors are part of visceral organs and
blood vesselsblood vessels
EffectorsEffectors
The effectors of the
SNS are skeletalMuscles
The effectors of theANS are cardiacmuscle smoothmuscle and glands
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray
matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron
Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen
Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
EffectorsEffectors
The effectors of the
SNS are skeletalMuscles
The effectors of theANS are cardiacmuscle smoothmuscle and glands
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray
matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron
Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen
Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
2 neurons in the effector pathway2 neurons in the effector pathway 11stst neuron has its cell body in gray neuron has its cell body in gray
matter of brain or spinal cordmatter of brain or spinal cordndash Preganglionic neuronPreganglionic neuron
Synapses with 2Synapses with 2ndnd neuron within an neuron within an autonomic ganglion which extends autonomic ganglion which extends to synapse with effector organto synapse with effector organndash Postganglionic neuronPostganglionic neuron
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen
Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Autonomic NeuronsAutonomic Neurons
Autonomic ganglia are located in Autonomic ganglia are located in the head neck and abdomen the head neck and abdomen
Presynaptic neuron myelinated and Presynaptic neuron myelinated and postsynaptic neuron unmyelinatedpostsynaptic neuron unmyelinated
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Morphological characteristics of Morphological characteristics of ANSANS
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathicus
bull Ganglia close to innervated organs
bull Myelinated axons
Sympathicus
bull Ganglia close to spinal cord
bull Preganglionic axons myelinated
bull Postganglionic non-myelinated
bull ЗабСоматичната нервна система няма ганглии
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Sympathetic Division
Also known as The Thoracolumbar Division10487071048707 T1 through L2More complexConsists of a Chain of ganglia
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Sympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Myelinated preganglionic exit Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2 levelsT1 to L2 levels
Travel to ganglia at different Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with levels to synapse with postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
DivergenceDivergencendash Preganglionic fibers branch Preganglionic fibers branch
to synapse with numerous to synapse with numerous postganglionic neuronspostganglionic neurons
ConvergenceConvergencendash Postganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron
receives synaptic input receives synaptic input from large of from large of preganglionic fiberspreganglionic fibers
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
Located on either side of spinal cord
Extends from base of skull to coccyx
23 arranged segmentally in each trunk
10487071048707 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral and
1 coccygeal Rami communicans attach
chain to spinal
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Sympathetic Division
ldquoFight-or-flightrdquo system Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla Excitatory effect in all areas except digestive organs Promotes adjustments during exercise10487071048707 Blood flow to organs is reduced flow to muscles is increased Prepares the body for emergency situations
ndash Heart rate increasesHeart rate increasesndash Bronchioles dilateBronchioles dilatendash Breathing is rapid and deepndash [glucose] increases[glucose] increases
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathetic Division
Also known as Craniosacral Division
Concerned with keeping body energy use low (ldquohousekeepingrdquo) Its activity is illustrated in a person who is in a relaxed state Blood pressure heart rate and respiratoryrates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
Inhibitory effect
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain originate in midbrain medulla and pons and in medulla and pons and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cordspinal cord
Preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs next to or within organs innervatedinnervated
Do not travel within spinal Do not travel within spinal nervesnervesndash Do not innervate blood Do not innervate blood
vessels sweat glandsand vessels sweat glandsand arrector pili musclesarrector pili muscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain
preganglionic parasympathetic fiberspreganglionic parasympathetic fibers Preganglionic fibers are long Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are shortpostganglionic fibers are short VagusVagus
ndash Innervate heart lungs esophagus Innervate heart lungs esophagus stomach pancreas liver small intestine stomach pancreas liver small intestine and upper half of the large intestineand upper half of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathetic Division
Cranial OutflowOculomotor (III)10487071048707 Smooth muscles of eyeFacial (VII)10487071048707 Facial muscles
Facial glandsLacrimalSalivary
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Cranial Outflow
Glossopharyngeal (IX)10487071048707 Salivary glandsVagus (X)10487071048707 Postganglionic fibers are in the target organ10487071048707 Parasympathetic fibersto heart lungs bronchi stomach esophagusliver small intestine pancreas kidneys proximal part of the large intestine
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathetic Division
Sacral OutflowArises from gray matter inspinal cord segments S2-S4Innervate distal part of
largeintestine bladder ureters
andthe reproductive organs
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Parasympathetic EffectsParasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nervesparasympathetic nerves
Release AChRelease ACh Relaxing effectsRelaxing effects
ndash Decrease heart rate (HR)Decrease heart rate (HR)ndash Dilate blood vesselsDilate blood vesselsndash Increase GI activityIncrease GI activity
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Interneuron contacts inInterneuron contacts in sympathetic sympathetic andand parasympathetic ganglionparasympathetic ganglion
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission
ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of ACh is NT for all preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemsnervous systems
ACh is NT released by most ACh is NT released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fiberspostganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Transmission at these synapses is Transmission at these synapses is termed termed cholinergiccholinergic
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Differences between Differences between sympathetic and sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisionsparasympathetic divisions
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Organs with Dual InnervationOrgans with Dual Innervation
Most visceral organs receive dual Most visceral organs receive dual innervation (innervated by both innervation (innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers)fibers)
Antagonistic effectsAntagonistic effectsndash Actions counteract each otherActions counteract each other
Heart rateHeart rate
ComplementaryComplementaryndash Produce similar effectsProduce similar effects
Salivary gland secretionSalivary gland secretion
CooperativeCooperativendash Cooperate to produce a desired effectCooperate to produce a desired effect
MicturitionMicturition
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Enteral nervous systemEnteral nervous system
DescribedDescribed 70 70 years agoyears ago its morphological its morphological
and functional study began inand functional study began in 1990 1990
The neurons (gtThe neurons (gt100 100 mill) outnumber those in mill) outnumber those in
the spinal cordthe spinal cord
Forms extensive network of interconnected Forms extensive network of interconnected
gangliaganglia
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
StructureStructure
PPlexuslexus mmyentericyentericususndash Between longitudinalBetween longitudinal andand circularcircular muscle muscle
layerlayer in the digestive canalin the digestive canal
ndash From the pharynx to the anusFrom the pharynx to the anus
PPlexus lexus ssubmucosubmucosususndash In the submucosal layer of intestinesIn the submucosal layer of intestines from from
the stomach to the anusthe stomach to the anus
GangliaGanglia in each plexus are extensively in each plexus are extensively interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Enteral divisionEnteral division
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
FunctionFunction
Controls the activity of gastrointestinal tractControls the activity of gastrointestinal tract in in
three waysthree ways
1) 1) Controls peristalsisControls peristalsis
2) 2) Modulated blood flow in the intestinesModulated blood flow in the intestines
3) 3) Regulates secretion from the intestinal glandsRegulates secretion from the intestinal glands
Each activity can be influenced byEach activity can be influenced by sympatheticsympathetic
parasympathetic impulsesparasympathetic impulses but the enteral but the enteral
system receives own sensory information from system receives own sensory information from
the intestines and can act semiautomaticallythe intestines and can act semiautomatically
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
RegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexesRegulationRegulation Autonomic reflexesAutonomic reflexes
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Control by Higher Brain Control by Higher Brain CentersCenters
Sensory input transmitted to brain centers Sensory input transmitted to brain centers that integrate informationthat integrate information
Can modify activity of preganglionic Can modify activity of preganglionic autonomic neuronsautonomic neurons
MedullaMedullandash Most directly controls activity of autonomic Most directly controls activity of autonomic
systemsystem HypothalamusHypothalamus
ndash Regulates medullaRegulates medulla Cerebral cortex and limbic systemCerebral cortex and limbic system
ndash Responsible for responses to emotionResponsible for responses to emotion
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Higher centers of autonomic Higher centers of autonomic regulationregulation
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Responses to Adrenergic Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation Stimulation
Has both excitatory and inhibitory Has both excitatory and inhibitory effectseffects
Responses due to different Responses due to different membrane receptor proteinsmembrane receptor proteins constricts vascular smooth musclesconstricts vascular smooth muscles contraction of smooth muscle contraction of smooth muscle increases HR and force of increases HR and force of
contractioncontraction relaxes bronchial smooth musclesrelaxes bronchial smooth muscles
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Responses to Cholinergic Responses to Cholinergic StimulationStimulation
Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptorsndash Ach binds to receptorAch binds to receptorndash Requires the mediation of G-proteinsRequires the mediation of G-proteinsndash Beta-gamma complex binds to Beta-gamma complex binds to
chemical Kchemical K+ + channel opening the channel opening the channelchannel
Functions toFunctions tondash Decrease HRDecrease HRndash Decrease force of contraction of the Decrease force of contraction of the
heartheartndash Produce bronchiole constrictionProduce bronchiole constrictionndash Increase GI secretionsIncrease GI secretions
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
-
Other Autonomic NTsOther Autonomic NTs
Certain postganglionic autonomic Certain postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through axons produce their effects through other NTsother NTsndash ATPATPndash VIPVIPndash NONO
- Slide 1
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors
- Effectors
- Autonomic Neurons
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Autonomic nervous system
- Slide 9
- Sympathetic Division
- Slide 11
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglion
- Slide 13
- Parasympathetic Division
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Cranial Outflow
- Slide 19
- Parasympathetic Effects
- Slide 21
- Adrenergic and Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
- Slide 23
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- Organs with Dual Innervation
- Enteral nervous system
- Structure
- Slide 28
- Function
- Slide 30
- Control by Higher Brain Centers
- Slide 32
- Responses to Adrenergic Stimulation
- Responses to Cholinergic Stimulation
- Other Autonomic NTs
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