Automotive steels
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Transcript of Automotive steels
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Classification of Automotive Steel
Automotive
Steels
Low Strength
Steels
IF
steels
Mild
Steels
Conventional
HSS
C-Mn
Steels
Bake-Harde
nable
Steels
HSLAsteels
Advanced HSS
DPSteels
PFHTSteels
CPSteels
TRIPSteels
TWIPsteels
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High Strength Steels
Yield Strength from 210 to 550 Mpa
UTS from 270 to 700 Mpa
Ultra High Strength SteelsYield Strength greater than 550 Mpa
UTS greater than 750 Mpa
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Dual Phase Steels
Consist of a ferritic matrix
containing a hard martensitic
second phase in the form of
islands.
Produced by controlled cooling
from the austenite phase (in hot-
rolled products) or from the two-phase ferrite plus austenite phase (for continuously annealed
cold-rolled and hot-dip coated products) to transform some
austenite to ferrite before a rapid cooling transforms the
remaining austenite to martensite.
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The soft ferrite phase is generally continuous, giving these steels
excellent ductility. When these steels deform, strain is concentrated in
the lower-strength ferrite phase surrounding the islands of martensite,
creating the unique high work-hardening rate exhibited by these steels.
This Figure compares the engineering stress-strain curve for HSLA steel to a DP steel curve
of similar yield strength. The DP steel exhibits higher initial work hardening rate, higher
UTS, and lower YS/TS ratio than the similar yield strength HSLA.
Thus,the work hardening rate plus excellent elongation creates DP steels with much
higher UTS than conventional steels of similar yield strength.
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Other Advantages of DP steels
Carbon enables the formation of martensite at practical cooling rates by
increasing the hardenability of the steel.
Carbon also strengthens the martensite as a ferrite solute strengthener, as
do silicon and phosphorus.
DP steels also have a bake hardening effect which is the increase in yield
strength resulting from elevated temperature aging (created by the curing
temperature of paint bake ovens) after prestraining (generated by the
work hardening due to deformation during stamping or othermanufacturing process).
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Complex Phase steels
Very high ultimate tensile strengths.
The microstructure contains small amounts of martensite, retained austenite and
pearlite within the ferrite/bainite matrix.
Extreme grain refinement icreated by retarded recrystallization or precipitation of
microalloying elements like Ti or Cb.
Significantly higher yield strengths at equal tensile strengths of 800 MPa and
greater compared to DP steels.
Characterized by high energy absorption and high residual deformation capacity.
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TRIP steels
Microstructure is retained austenite
embedded in a primary matrix of ferrite. In
addition to a minimum of five volume percent
of retained austenite, hard phases such as
martensite and bainite are present in varying
amounts.
TRIP steels typically require the use of an
isothermal hold at an intermediate
temperature, which produces some bainite.
The higher silicon and carbon content of TRIP
steels also result in significant volume fractions
of retained austenite in the final structure.
TRIP steels use higher quantities of carbon than DP steels to obtain sufficient carbon
content for stabilizing the retained austenite phase to below ambient temperature.
Higher contents of silicon and/or aluminium accelerate the ferrite/bainite formation.
Suppressing the carbide precipitation during bainitic transformation appears to be
crucial for TRIP steels. Silicon and aluminium are used to avoid carbide precipitation inthe bainite region.
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Advantages of TRIP steel
Excellent formability,can be used in most severe stretch-forming
applications.
Exhibit high work hardening during crash deformation for excellent
crash energy absorption.
Very high UTS.
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During deformation, the dispersion of hard second phases in soft ferritecreates a high work hardening rate, as observed in the DP steels. However, inTRIP steels the retained austenite also progressively transforms to martensitewith increasing strain, thereby increasing the work hardening rate at higherstrain levels.
In this figure,engineering stress-strain behaviour of HSLA, DP and TRIP steelsof approximately similar yield strengths are compared. The TRIP steel has alower initial work hardening rate than the DP steel, but the hardening ratepersists at higher strains where work hardening of the DP begins to diminish.
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TWIP steels
High manganese content (17-24%) that causes the steel to be fully
austenitic at room temperatures.
A large amount of deformation is driven by the formation of deformation
twins.
The twinning causes a high value of the instantaneous hardening rate (n
value) as the microstructure becomes finer and finer. The resultant twinboundaries act like grain boundaries and strengthen the steel.
TWIP steels combine extremely high strength with extremely high
stretchability.
The n value increases to a value of 0.4 at an approximate engineering
strain of 30% and then remains constant until both uniform and totalelongation reach 50%.
The tensile strength is higher than 1000 Mpa.