AUTOMOTIVE SENSOR DATA WITH VEHICLE CONTROL

K.Umamaheswari 1, M.Yamini 2, J.Yuvarani 3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kalasalingam Institute of

Technology Anand nagar, Krishnan koil, tamilnadu

1kumamaheswari7@gmail.com 3yuvarani999@yahoo.in

Abstract—this paper presents a design & development of

cost effective solution for digital driving interface with a semi-

autonomous vehicle improving the driver-vehicle interaction

with increase in safety. This project presents the

development and implementation of a digital driving system

for a semi-autonomous vehicle to improve driver vehicle interface. This project is aimed at the implementation of

stream processing using PIC for vehicle monitoring system.

The main feature of the system includes monitoring of

various vehicle parameters such as Temperature, presence of

CO level in the exhaust, tyre pressure and brake status. The

software part is done in CCS C using embedded

Keywords— semi autonomous vehicle, PIC, Digital

driving, ccs c, CO level, Stream processing.

I. INTRODUCTION

The total car sales rose to 2.6 million units in India alone by the year 2009.With the increase in number of cars along with other modes of transport such as public transport system, vehicles for supply chains and two wheelers on road, the issues like safety, fuel consumption, pollution check are of utmost importance which depends on vehicle condition, road infrastructure and driver behavior. This project aims at developing an embedded system for detecting the vehicle condition by monitoring the internal parameters that are used in evaluating the vehicle‘s current health condition. This paper here aims in designing a prototype system which helps in monitoring the real time parameters of vehicle using UART protocol. This system helps in achieving effective communication between transmitter and receiver modules using multiple sensors to monitor parameters like engine temperature, fuel tank level indicator, Speed of the vehicle through vehicle speedometer. The modules interfaced with the sensors for this system are, Temperature sensor capable of detecting engine heat, Fuel level indicator using level detecting sensor , IR sensor for speed measuring and a obstacle detection sensor. A UART transceiver is used to establish communication between two PIC microcontrollers measuring & displaying continuously the above real time parameters on a LCD. The proposed high speed UART bus system solves the problem of automotive system applications. With PIC as the main controller, it makes full use of the high performance of PIC, high speed reduction of UART bus communication control networks and instrument control so as to achieve full sharing of data between nodes and enhance their collaborative work. This system features efficient data transfer among different nodes in the

Practical application. The On-Board Diagnostics

systems [1] used standardized protocols for communicating with scan tools through a standardized data link connector (DLC) located in an easily accessible location near dash board. Due to improved technology and resolving compatibility issues in communication, manufacturers are now phasing in a common communication protocol: Controller Area Network (CAN). The CAN communication system operates over two wires in the DLC [9] at much faster rates than any previous communication protocol. Vehicles communicating with CAN are capable of providing over 200 data parameters with a greatly increased update rate. The OBD II hand-held scan tool can be connected to the DLC and can communicates with the OBD system using trouble codes and then displays the information on its LCD

II. OBJECTIVE

This paper introduces a method for flexible on-board processing of sensor data of a vehicle. The approach is motivated by sensor network ideas and makes use of stream processing techniques .This model supplies both recording and processing functionality together. Vehicle testing and diagnosis requires huge amounts of data to be gathered and analysed. The accidents that took places due to some internal faults such as Engine temperature, Brake Quality, Tyre pressure and Gas leakage .And also intimate to the vehicle owner, Driver and to the service centre.

III. SENSOR CLASSIFICATION A. Gas sensor

A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak and interface with a control system so a process can be automatically shut down. A gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave. This type of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as humans or animals. Gas sensors are available in wide specifications depending on the sensitivity levels, type of gas to be sensed, physical dimensions and numerous other factors. This Insight covers a methane gas sensor that can sense gases such as ammonia which might get produced from methane. When a gas interacts with this sensor, it is first ionized into its constituents and is then adsorbed by the sensing element. This adsorption

creates a potential difference on the element which is conveyed to the processor unit through output pins in

form of current.

Fig ,EXTERNAL GAS SENSOR

B. Temperature sensor

LM35 is an IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in celcius). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause more than 0.1 celcius temperature rise in precision still air. The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC.

Fig 2,LM-35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

PIN NO

FUNCTION

NAME

#

Supply voltages:5V (+35V to -2V)

Vcc

2

Output Voltages(+6V to -#V)

Output

3

Ground(0V)

Ground

Fig 3, LM-35 pin description

B. IR sensor

This device emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense a particular phase in the environment. Generally, thermal radiation is emitted by all the objects in the infrared spectrum. The infrared sensor detects this type of radiation which is not visible to human eye. The basic idea is to make use of IR LEDs to send the infrared waves to the object. Another IR diode of the same type is to be used to detect the reflected wave from the object When IR receiver is subjected to infrared light, a voltage difference is produced across the leads. Less voltage which is produced can be hardly detected and hence operational amplifiers (Op-amps) are used to detect the low voltages accurately. Measuring the distance of the object from the receiver sensor: The electrical property of IR sensor components can be used to measure the distance of an object. The fact when IR receiver is subjected to light, a potential difference is produced

across the leads.

Fig 4,IR SENSOR

IV. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

On-board diagnostic systems play a very important role in the performance of vehicles. Usually it takes more time to diagnose a problem in vehicle than to rectify it [1]. So these systems not only diagnose faults but also save us a lot of time. Parameters observed and diagnosed by OBD system are used by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) of vehicle which in turn controls the engine’s main operation (like spark timing control, air fuel mixture, fuel injectors spraying period etc.). Combination of these two systems ensures safety and efficient vehicle operation .Proposed technique provides an alternate method for diagnosis. For this diagnostic system no scan tool is required. It is a microcontroller based system and has a comprehensive user interface with an LCD and keypad. The system gets data from different sensors fitted onto the vehicle and observes those parameters. Details of the sensors have been discussed in the next section. The system will not only examine the parameters of vehicle continuously but also display real-time values, warnings etc. to the user. So while driving, the user can easily see what’s happening in selected parts of vehicle. The interactive interface allows the user to choose and view real-time values of parameters, time since engine was started and total engine run time (in hours) from a particular date.

Whenever a parameter of the vehicle goes into abnormal condition, warning screen in generated on the LCD. The screen displays name of faulty parameter, faulty value and time when it was generated. A buzzer is also activated and system waits for user acknowledgement after which warning screen is cleared and information is saved in controller’s memory. So user is immediately notified of the abnormal condition and can also view previously generated warning. Abnormal condition is detected by the controller whenever; Maximum or minimum level defined for the normal operation of a parameter is crossed. These maximum and minimum levels are stored in the system by default but the user can also change these values later on. This is done to make the system user structured. Abnormal changes are detected i.e. the difference between two or three consecutive readings of any parameter exceeds a default value. Such an abrupt change indicates that some vehicle component is going to get out of order in near future. The system uses predefined equations for calculating the real-time values. These calculations are done according to the boundary values of any parameter.

Fig 5, block diagram of the vehicle testing method

A. Block diagram description

LCD is used in a project to visualize the output of the application. We have used 16x2 LCD which indicates 16 columns and 2 rows. So, we can write 16 characters in each line. So, total 32 characters we can display on 16x2 LCD. LCD can also be used in a project to check the output of different modules interfaced with the microcontroller. Thus LCD plays a vital role in a project to see the output and to debug the system module wise in case of system failure in order to rectify the problem. We are using Lampex 16*2 LCD

which is having backlit facility and 100 milliamp power consumption. LM-35 was Calibrated Directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade).It is Linear + 10 mV/°C Scale Factor0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at +25°C) .Rated for Full −55°C to +150°C Range. LM-35 is Suitable for Remote Applications. It is Low Cost Due to Water Level Trimming. It Operates from 4 to 30 V and Less than 60- μ A Current Drain .It has Low Self-Heating 0.08°C in Still Air. And Low Impedance Output, 0.1 Ω for 1mA Load. It indicates the low level and high level temperature measurement and automotive ignition level gas exhausting, over heat when vehicle engine/motor speed was increased gradually .A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dialup modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves. In this mode the system sends either SMS or directly dials calls to prerecorded numbers. The main blocks of this mode are microcontroller, mode interfacing unit and accident interrupts .Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that comes from the incomplete burning of fuel. A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the carbon monoxide (co) gas in order to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. CO detectors are designed to measure co levels over time and sound an alarm before dangerous levels of CO accumulates in an environment.

Fig 6, Hardware design

B. PIC16F877A

The PIC16F family of devices is CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor). CMOS technology offers a number of advantages over other technologies. For example, CMOS circuits consume very little power, operate over quite a wide voltage range and are quite forgiving of bad layout and electrical noise. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller". The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:

▪ Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) for devices other than PIC32, which has Von-Neumann architecture.

P I C C O N T R O L L E R

Relay

Tyre

Pressure

Sensor

Buzzer

L

ed

GSM Serial Interface

Fuel Control Valve

RF Rx

Temp.Sensor

IR Sens

or

RFtx

Gas Sensor

▪ A small number of fixed length instructions ▪ Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock

cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips

▪ One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the OPCODE)

▪ All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and other functions.

▪ A hardware stack for storing return addresses ▪ A fairly small amount of addressable data space

(typically 256 bytes), extended through banking ▪ Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral

registers ▪ The program counter is also mapped into the data

space and writable (this is used to implement indirect jumps).

C. Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of electrical amplifier. These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over contacts. Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make" contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current power source from a remote device. Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated. Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact. It is also called Form Contact.

C. ULN-2003

ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington array IC. It contains seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. A Darlington pair is an arrangement of two bipolar transistors.ULN2003 belongs to the family of ULN200X series of ICs. Different versions of this family interface to different logic families. ULN2003 is for 5V TTL, CMOS logic devices. These ICs are used when driving a wide range of loads and are used as relay drivers, display drivers, line drivers etc. ULN2003 is also commonly used while driving Stepper Motors .Each channel or Darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin layout. Each driver also contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive loads .Ideally suited for interfacing between low-level logic circuitry and multiple peripheral power loads, the Series ULN20xxA/L high-voltage, high-current Darlington arrays feature continuous load current

ratings to 500 m A for each of the seven drivers. At an appropriate duty cycle depending on ambient temperature and number of drivers turned ON simultaneously, typical power loads totaling over 230 W (350 m A x 7, 95 V) can be controlled. Typical loads include relays, solenoids, stepping motors, magnetic print hammers, multiplexed LED and incandescent displays, and heaters. All devices feature open-collector outputs with integral clamp diodes. The ULN2003A/L and ULN2023A/L have series input resistors selected for operation directly with 5 V TTL or CMOS

D.GSM GPRS modem

GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless

MODEM devices that are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:

1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM. 3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call. The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting

with processor or controller, which are communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network. A GSM/GPRS module assembles a GSM/GPRS modem with standard communication interfaces like RS-232 (Serial Port), USB etc., so that it can be easily interfaced with a computer or a microprocessor / microcontroller based system. The power supply circuit is also built in the module that can

be activated by using a suitable adaptor.

E. Transmitter and receiver

Fig 7, Circuit diagram of Transmitter section

The transmitter part consists of RF transmitter module

and HT12E. In the transmitter part we are using HT12E for encoding data from parallel to serial. The serial output from the encoder is fed to the data IN of the RF transmitter. The data output are connected to the PIC16F877A Microcontroller. The 5V supply is given to 18th pin and GND is given to the 9th pin of HT12E.

Fig 8, Circuit diagram of the Receiver section

The receiver part is consists of RF receiver module

and HT12D. In the receiver part we are using HT12D for decoding data from serial to parallel. The parallel output from the decoder is fed to the RF receiver. The data output is connected to the port B in PIC16F877A Microcontroller. The 5V supply is given to 18th pin and GND is given to the 9th pin of HT12D. F. Circuit diagram

Fig 9, Circuit diagram of the project

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/15-0-15v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 15V AC across the secondary winding. In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid-state diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one direction at proper biasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only flow when the anode and cathode is negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage will not permit electron flow.A commonly used circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of four diodes (4*IN4007) is used to achieve full wave rectification. Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the positive half cycle. The DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier will be somewhat less than 90% of the applied RMS value. Filter circuits, which usually capacitor is acting as a surge arrester, always, follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output. The voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device. Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator connected to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired output. IC7812 and 7805 are used in this project for providing +12v and +5v DC supply V. SOFTWARE

A. Software MPLAB IDE

MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchip's PIC and ds PIC microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is easy to use and includes a host of free software components for fast application development and super-charged debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools. Moving between tools is a snap, and upgrading from the free software simulator to hardware debug and programming tools is done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user interface for all tools.

B. CCS compiler

The PCB, PCM, and PCH are separate compilers. PCB is for 12-bit op codes, PCM is for 14-bit op codes, and PCH is for 16-bit op code PIC® microcontrollers. Due to many similarities, all three compilers are covered

in this reference manual. Features and limitations that apply to only specific microcontrollers are indicated within. These compilers are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of the PIC® microcontroller. This allows developers to quickly design applications software in a more readable, high-level language. When compared to a more traditional C compiler, PCB, PCM, and PCH have some limitations. As an example of the limitations, function recursion is not allowed. This is due to the fact that the PIC® has no stack to push variables onto, and also because of the way the compilers optimize the code. The compilers can efficiently implement normal C constructs, input/output operations, and bit twiddling operations. All normal C data types are supported along with pointers to constant arrays, fixed point decimal, and arrays of bits.

Fig #0, Software result of the project VI. CONCLUSION

The discussed design is mainly proposed

for non-OBD vehicles. Very few modifications in such a vehicle can make it suitable for the system. In this design great emphasis has been given to make the system user friendly and vehicle friendly. The system was realized using the hardware discussed above. The prototype has been implemented on Mazda929 car which is a non-OBD system and the results have shown satisfactory results. As compared to the OBD systems in the market this design has its own advantages. However the design can be improved by increasing the number of parameter to be observed. This can be easily done as

the used local controllers.

VII. REFERENCE

[1] Majid A. Al-Taee, SMIEEE ,Omar B. Khader, abeel A. Al-Saber , “Remote Monitoring of Vehicle Diagnostics and Location Using a Smart Box with Global Positioning System and General Packet Radio Service”, IEEE conference on computer system and applications, Amman,pp- 385 – 388, 13-16 May 2007

[2] Tian Liyuan, Qin Guihe, Zhang lindong,

“Remote Diagnosis System of Vehicle Based on Telematics”, IEEE International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (CMCE), Changchun, pp - 217 – 220, 24-26 Aug. 2010

[3] Cao Kai, Yan Fuwu, “A Remote Vehicle

Diagnosis and Maintenance System Based on Internet”, IEEE International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Wuhan, pp- 228 – 231,25-27 June 2010

[4] Hongwei Liu, Jianrong Wu, Liang Chu, “Design

of Remote Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System for Electric Vehicle”, IEEE international conference on electronic and mechanical engineering and information technology ,Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, pp- 1079 – 1082,12- 14 Aug. 2011

[5] Won-Kee Hong, Tae-Hwan Kim, Cheong-Gil

Kim “Internet-based Human Vehicle Interface for Ubiquitous Telematics”, IEEE international conference on information science and application, Suwon, pp-1-4 , 24-26 june 2013