Automotive Engineering

Powertrain, Chassis System and Vehicle Body

Edited by David A. Crolla

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Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford •Jst^Stalbs. Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Sydney • Tokyo ELSEVIER Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

Contents

Section 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINE DESIGN 1

1.1 Piston-engines cycles of operation 3

Section 2 ENGINE TESTING 19

2.1 Measurement of torque, power, speed and fuel consumption; acceptance and type tests, accuracy of the measurements 21

Section 3 ENGINE EMISSIONS 51

3.1 Emissions control 53

Section 4 DIGITAL ENGINE CONTROL 75

4.1 Digital engine control systems 77

Section 5 TRANSMISSIONS . . _ 105

5.1 Transmissions and driveline 107

Section 6 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 141

6.1 Battery/fuel-cell EV design packages 143

Section 7 HYBRID VEHICLES 173

7.1 Hybrid vehicle design 175

Section 8 SUSPENSIONS 203

8.1 Types of suspension and drive 205

Section 9 STEERING 255

9.1 Steering 257

Section 10 TYRES 283

10.1 Tyres and wheels 285

Section 11 HANDLING 323

11.1 Tyre characteristics and vehicle handling and stability 325

Section 12 BRAKES 359

12.1 Braking systems 361

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C O N T E N T S

Section 13 VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEMS 391

13.1 Vehicle motion control 393

Section 14 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 417

14.1 Global positioning technology 419

14.2 Decisional architecture 437

Section 15 VEHICLE MODELLING 473

15.1 Modelling and assembly of the full vehicle 475

Section 16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 525

16.1 Terminology and overview of vehicle structure types 527

16.2 Standard sedan (saloon) - baseline load paths 542

Section 17 VEHICLE SAFETY 567

17.1 Vehicle safety 569

Section 18 MATERIALS 591

18.1 Design and material utilization 593

18.2 Materials for consideration and use in automotive body structures 632

Section 19 AERODYNAMICS 661

19.1 Body design: aerodynamics 663

Section 20 REFINEMENT 673

20.1 Vehicle refinement: purpose and targets 675

Section 21 INTERIOR NOISE ' 685

21.1 Interior noise: assessment and control 687

Section 22 EXTERIOR NOISE 737

22.1 Exterior noise: assessment and control 739

Section 23 INSTRUMENTATION AND TELEMATICS 783

23.1 Automotive instrumentation and telematics 785

Index 809