Automation using Android - Final Year Project for B.E

Organization Automation Using Android

Dept of C.S.E

KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’S

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYUDYAMBAG, BELGAUM – 590008

ORGANIZATION AUTOMATION USING ANDROIDA Project Report

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the Award of Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineeringof the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum

SUBMITTED BY :Amit Walvekar Anup Vanarse

[2GI09CS008] [2GI09CS014]

Indraneel Deshpande Jayesh Dhoot

[2GI09CS038] [2GI09CS039]

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Asst. Prof. K. D. Hanabaratti

VIII SEMESTERDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG.

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY2012– 2013


Dept of C.S.E

KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’SGOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UDYAMBAG, BELGAUM – 590008

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG.

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled

“ORGANIZATION AUTOMATION USING ANDROID”carried out by

Mr. Amit Walvekar Mr. Anup Vanarse

Mr. Indraneel Deshpande Mr. Jayesh Dhoot

bonafide student[s] of Karnatak Law Society’s Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum,in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science andEngineering of the Visveshvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year2012-2013. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for InternalAssessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library.The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect ofProject work prescribed for the said Degree

Guide HOD Principal

Asst. Prof. K. D. Hanabaratti Dr. R. M. Jogdand Dr. A. S. Deshpande


Dept of C.S.E


Dept of C.S.E

ABSTRACT

Automation is a way to have things around you happen automatically. The first thing that

comes to mind when folks think of automation are robots, flashing lights, complicated

electronics and a general feeling that their surrounding is less of a warm place and more

of a cold science experiment. However, in most organizations today, you can easily find

some simple forms of automation such as: Garage door openers ,Remote Controls

,Irrigation / sprinkler control systems ,Motion activated lights ,Security systems

,Programmable thermostats ,Programmable light timers If you want to keep going, you

can throw in dishwasher, clothes washers and dryers, ovens, microwaves, cars, lights

and switches…. The list goes on and on.


Dept of C.S.E

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No project can be successfully completed without timely guidance and moral

support of technically equipped and experienced minds.

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude towards our inspirational guide

and mentor Asst. Prof. K. D. Hanabaratti, whose firm belief in our capabilities to bring

our potential to the forefront, has played a major role in the accomplishment of this

project.

We owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. A. S. Deshpande, Principal, Gogte Institute

Of Technology, Belgaum, for providing us all the support, facilities and cooperation to

carry out the project.

We sincerely thank Dr. Rashmi M. Jogdand, HOD, Dept. of CSE, without

whose moral support this would not have been successful.

We also thank the faculty and non-teaching staff of Computer Science and

Engineering Department and the library staff for their timely cooperation and much

needed assistance.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank our parents and friends for their

support and understanding without which we would not have been able to complete this

project.

Project Associates

Anup Vanarse

Amit Walvekar

Jayesh Dhoot

Indraneel Deshpande


Dept of C.S.E

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE NO.

1. LITERATURE SURVEY 1

1.1. Android Overview 1

1.2. Java Socket Programming 3

1.3. Port Forwarding In Router 9

1.4. Atmel ATMega16 Microcontroller 14

2. INTRODUCTION 22

2.1. Objective 22

2.2. Module 22

2.3. Basics 22

2.4. Problem Definition 23

2.5. Software Requirement Specification 23

2.6. Hardware Requirement Specification 23

2.7. Scope 24

3. USE-CASE DIAGRAM AND SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 25

3.1. Use-Case Diagram 25

3.2. Sequence Diagram 26

4. SYSTEM DESIGN 27

4.1. Dataflow Model 27

4.2. Hardware Design 28

4.3. Android Application Development Design 32


Dept of C.S.E

5. IMPLEMENTATION 33

5.1. AVR Programming 33

5.2. Android Application 35

6. RESULT 41

6.1. Snapshots of the Android Application 41

6.2. Snapshots of the Embedded System 50

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS 51

8. APPENDIX A 52

9. BIBLOGRAPHY 53


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 1

Literature Survey

1.1. Android Overview

Android is an open-source software stack created for a wide array of devices with

different form factors [1]. The primary purpose of Android is to create an open software

platform available for carriers, OEMs, and developers to make their innovative ideas a

reality and to create a successful, real-world product that improves the mobile experience

for end users. We also wanted to make sure that there was no central point of failure,

where one industry player could restrict or control the innovations of any other. The

result is a full, production-quality consumer product whose source is open for

customization and porting[5].

1.1.1 Open Source

Android was built from the ground-up to enable developers to create compelling mobile

applications that take full advantage of all a handset has to offer [5]. It was built to be

truly open. For example, an application can call upon any of the phone’s core

functionality such as making calls, sending text messages, or using the camera, allowing

developers to create richer and more cohesive experiences for users. Android is built on

the open Linux Kernel[1][6]. Furthermore, it utilizes a custom virtual machine that was

designed to optimize memory and hardware resources in a mobile environment. Android

is open source; it can be liberally extended to incorporate new cutting edge technologies

as they emerge. The platform will continue to evolve as the developer community works

together to build innovative mobile applications[6].

1.1.2 All applications are created equal

Android does not differentiate between the phone’s core applications and third-party

applications. They can all be built to have equal access to a phone’s capabilities


Dept of C.S.E

providing users with a broad spectrum of applications and services. With devices built on

the Android Platform, users are able to fully tailor the phone to their interests[1][5]. They

can swap out the phone's home screen, the style of the dialer, or any of the applications.

They can even instruct their phones to use their favorite photo viewing application to

handle the viewing of all photos [5].

1.1.3 Breaking down application boundaries

Android breaks down the barriers to building new and innovative applications. For

example, a developer can combine information from the web with data on an individual’s

mobile phone — such as the user’s contacts, calendar, or geographic location — to

provide a more relevant user experience [5]. With Android, a developer can build an

application that enables users to view the location of their friends and be alerted when

they are in the vicinity giving them a chance to connect[6].

1.1.4 Fast & easy application development

Android provides access to a wide range of useful libraries and tools that can be used to

build rich applications [6]. For example, Android enables developers to obtain the

location of the device, and allows devices to communicate with one another enabling rich

peer–to–peer social applications. In addition, Android includes a full set of tools that

have been built from the ground up alongside the platform providing developers with

high productivity and deep insight into their applications[6].


Dept of C.S.E

1.2. Java Socket Programming

The term network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple

devices (computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other using a

network. The java.net package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection of classes and

interfaces that provide the low-level communication details, allowing you to write

programs that focus on solving the problem at hand [7]. The java.net package provides

support for the two common network protocols:

TCP: TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for reliable

communication between two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet

Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.

UDP: UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol, a connection-less protocol that

allows for packets of data to be transmitted between applications.

1.2.1 Socket Programming

Sockets provide the communication mechanism between two computers using TCP. A

client program creates a socket on its end of the communication and attempts to connect

that socket to a server. When the connection is made, the server creates a socket object on

its end of the communication. The client and server can now communicate by writing to

and reading from the socket. The java.net.Socket class represents a socket, and the

java.net.ServerSocket class provides a mechanism for the server program to listen for

clients and establish connections with them [7]. The following steps occur when

establishing a TCP connection between two computers using sockets:

The server instantiates a ServerSocket object, denoting which port number

communication is to occur on.

The server invokes the accept() method of the ServerSocket class. This method

waits until a client connects to the server on the given port.

After the server is waiting, a client instantiates a Socket object, specifying the

server name and port number to connect to.


Dept of C.S.E

The constructor of the Socket class attempts to connect the client to the specified

server and port number. If communication is established, the client now has a

Socket object capable of communicating with the server.

On the server side, the accept() method returns a reference to a new socket on the

server that is connected to the client's socket.

After the connections are established, communication can take place using I/O streams.

Each socket has both an OutputStream and an InputStream. The client's OutputStream is

connected to the server's InputStream, and the client's InputStream is connected to the

server's OutputStream.TCP is a two-way communication protocol, so data can be sent

across both streams at the same time. There are following useful classes providing

complete set of methods to implement sockets.

1.2.2 ServerSocket Class Methods

The java.net.ServerSocket class is used by server applications to obtain a port and listen

for client requests[8].

The ServerSocket class has four constructors:

SN Methods with Description

1public ServerSocket(int port) throws IOExceptionAttempts to create a server socket bound to the specified port. An exception occurs ifthe port is already bound by another application.

2public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog) throws IOExceptionSimilar to the previous constructor, the backlog parameter specifies how manyincoming clients to store in a wait queue.

3

public ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress address) throwsIOExceptionSimilar to the previous constructor, the InetAddress parameter specifies the local IPaddress to bind to. The InetAddress is used for servers that may have multiple IPaddresses, allowing the server to specify which of its IP addresses to accept clientrequests on

4public ServerSocket() throws IOExceptionCreates an unbound server socket. When using this constructor, use the bind()method when you are ready to bind the server socket

Table 2.1 ServerSocket Class constructors


Dept of C.S.E

If the ServerSocket constructor does not throw an exception, it means that your

application has successfully bound to the specified port and is ready for client

requests[8].

Here are some of the common methods of the ServerSocket class:


1public int getLocalPort()Returns the port that the server socket is listening on. This method is useful if youpassed in 0 as the port number in a constructor and let the server find a port for you.

2

public Socket accept() throws IOExceptionWaits for an incoming client. This method blocks until either a client connects to theserver on the specified port or the socket times out, assuming that the time-out valuehas been set using the setSoTimeout() method. Otherwise, this method blocksindefinitely

3public void setSoTimeout(int timeout)Sets the time-out value for how long the server socket waits for a client during theaccept().

4public void bind(SocketAddress host, int backlog)Binds the socket to the specified server and port in the SocketAddress object. Usethis method if you instantiated the ServerSocket using the no-argument constructor.

Table 2.2 Methods of the ServerSocket

When the ServerSocket invokes accept(), the method does not return until a client

connects. After a client does connect, the ServerSocket creates a new Socket on an

unspecified port and returns a reference to this new Socket. A TCP connection now exists

between the client and server, and communication can begin.


Dept of C.S.E

1.2.3 Socket Class Methods

The java.net.Socket class represents the socket that both the client and server use to

communicate with each other. The client obtains a Socket object by instantiating one,

whereas the server obtains a Socket object from the return value of the accept()

method[8].

The Socket class has five constructors that a client uses to connect to a server:


1

public Socket(String host, int port) throws UnknownHostException,IOException.This method attempts to connect to the specified server at the specified port. If thisconstructor does not throw an exception, the connection is successful and the clientis connected to the server.

2

public Socket(InetAddress host, int port) throws IOExceptionThis method is identical to the previous constructor, except that the host is denotedby an InetAddress object.

3

public Socket(String host, int port, InetAddress localAddress, int localPort)throws IOException.Connects to the specified host and port, creating a socket on the local host at thespecified address and port.

4

public Socket(InetAddress host, int port, InetAddress localAddress, intlocalPort) throws IOException.This method is identical to the previous constructor, except that the host is denotedby an InetAddress object instead of a String

5public Socket()Creates an unconnected socket. Use the connect() method to connect this socket to aserver.

Table 2.3 Socket class constructors


Dept of C.S.E

When the Socket constructor returns, it does not simply instantiate a Socket object but it

actually attempts to connect to the specified server and port. Some methods of interest in

the Socket class are listed here. Notice that both the client and server have a Socket

object, so these methods can be invoked by both the client and server[8].


1public void connect(SocketAddress host, int timeout) throws IOExceptionThis method connects the socket to the specified host. This method is needed onlywhen you instantiated the Socket using the no-argument constructor.

2public InetAddress getInetAddress()This method returns the address of the other computer that this socket is connectedto.

3public int getPort()Returns the port the socket is bound to on the remote machine.

4public int getLocalPort()Returns the port the socket is bound to on the local machine.

5 public SocketAddress getRemoteSocketAddress()Returns the address of the remote socket.

6public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOExceptionReturns the input stream of the socket. The input stream is connected to the outputstream of the remote socket.

7public OutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOExceptionReturns the output stream of the socket. The output stream is connected to the inputstream of the remote socket

8 public void close() throws IOExceptionCloses the socket.

Table 2.4 Methods of Socket Class


Dept of C.S.E

1.2.4 InetAddress Class Methods

This class represents an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Here are following useful methods

which you would need while doing socket programming[8]:


1 static InetAddress getByAddress(byte[] addr)Returns an InetAddress object given the raw IP address .

2static InetAddress getByAddress(String host, byte[] addr)Create an InetAddress based on the provided host name and IP address.

3 static InetAddress getByName(String host)Determines the IP address of a host, given the host's name.

4String getHostAddress()Returns the IP address string in textual presentation.

5String getHostName()Gets the host name for this IP address.

6 static InetAddress InetAddress getLocalHost()Returns the local host.

7String toString()Converts this IP address to a String.

Table 2.5 InetAddress Class methods


Dept of C.S.E

1.3 Port Forwarding in Router

Port forwarding or port mapping is a name given to the combined technique of:

1. Translating the address and/or port number of a packet to a new destination

2. Possibly accepting such packet(s) in a packet filter (firewall)

3. Forwarding the packet according to the routing table.

The destination may be a predetermined network port (assuming protocols

like TCP and UDP, though the process is not limited to these) on a host within a NAT-

masqueraded, typically private network, based on the port number on which it was

received at the gateway from the originating host. The technique is used to permit

communications by external hosts with services provided within a private local area

network[9].

Fig.2.1. Setting up of Port Forwarding


Dept of C.S.E

1.3.1 From Inside of Your Network

Here’s a map of a simple home network.

As you can see, you’ve got three computers with unique IP addresses all connected to a

router. You can easily access the other computers, but when they all access the internet,

they go through the router. The router has an IP address that’s relative for you network,

but it also has an external IP, one that it uses when interacting with things outside of your

network. Whenever these computers make a request towards the internet, they all use the

same IP – 127.34.73.214 in our example. Simple requests, such as loading web sites, are

automatically handled by the router and are sent to their appropriate places. It’s not too

difficult because each computer starts with a unique request, so it’s not hard for the router

to figure out where things should go[9].

1.3.2 Ports and Protocols

Ports help make this process easier. If an IP is like a building’s address, then ports are

like the apartment numbers for the residences in the building. Lower numbered ports

have specific applications which are standards throughout the computing industry. When

Fig.2.2. Simple home network


Dept of C.S.E

you fetch a web page, for example, it uses port 80. The receiving computer’s software

knows that port 80 is used for serving http documents, so it listens there and responds

accordingly. If you send an http request over a different port – say, 143 – the web server

won’t recognize it because it’s not listening there, although something else might be.

Each port can be used via either TCP or UDP. TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, is

what’s used most commonly. UDP, or User Datagram Protocol, is less widely used in

home applications with one major exception: Bit Torrent. Depending on what is listening,

it’ll be expecting requests to be made in either one or the other of these protocols[9].

1.3.3 From Outside Your Network

Now let’s take a look at what happens when a device outside of the network starts a

request.

Fig.2.3. External device sending request to a network


Dept of C.S.E

Let’s say you’re out and about and want to access a file on your network. Your computer

makes a request to your home network’s IP, 127.34.73.214, which then goes to your

router. Your router doesn’t know which computer to send it to[9].

We can configure our router to forward ports. This means that depending on the port

number that the request is sent over; the router can pass it along to different IP addresses.

So in this example, when you’re out and about and using your laptop, you use different

ports to make your requests. When you access your home network’s IP address using port

22, your router at home knows that this should go to 192.168.1.100 inside the network.

At the same time, you can make a request over port 80, which your router will send to the

web server at 192.168.1.150. Or, you can try to remotely control your sister’s laptop with

VNC, and your router will connect you to it at 192.168.1.200[9].

Fig.2.4. Configuring router for Port Forwarding


Dept of C.S.E

You can even tell the router to change ports. For example, let’s say you have two web

servers[9].

When you access your home network via the standard port, 80, you can tell your router

to send it to 192.168.1.150. The web server there will be listening at port 80 and will

respond accordingly. But, you can tell your router that when you access it via port

10,000, that it should go to another computer, 192.168.1.250, but also at port 80. This

way, the second computer doesn’t have to be reconfigured to use a different port, but you

can still manage traffic effectively[9].

Fig.2.5. Configuring Port Forwarding with two web servers


Dept of C.S.E

1.4 Atmel ATMega16 Microcontroller

The high-performance, low-power Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller

combines 16KB of programmable flash memory, 1KB SRAM, 512B EEPROM, an 8-

channel 10-bit A/D converter, and a JTAG interface for on-chip debugging. The device

supports throughput of 16 MIPS at 16 MHz and operates between 4.5-5.5 volts. By

executing instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs

approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.

ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are

divided into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.

ATmega16 has various in-built peripherals like USART, ADC, Analog

Comparator, SPI, JTAG etc. Each I/O pin has an alternative task related to in-built

peripherals[2][10].

1.4.1 ATMega16 I/O Ports

ATMega16 has 32 I/O lines, that means it has 4 I/O ports(A,B,C,D).Every I/O port has 3

registers associated with each ports. These three registers are:

DDRx(data direction register)

PINx

PORTx

x = A, B, C, D.

A. DDRx (DATA DIRECTION REGISTER): This register configures data

direction of port pins , means by using this register microcontroller decides

whether this port will be used as input port or output port. In 8051 if we will

declare any port as FF it becomes input port but in ATMega it is opposite if we

declare FF it becomes output port[2][10].

E.g. To make all pins of port D as input pins

DDRD=0b00000000

If we want to make first 4 pins of port C as input and remaining 4 as output then


Dept of C.S.E

DDRC=0b00001111

B. PINx register: PIN (port IN) used to read data from port pins.

E.g. To read data from port A

DDRA=0b00000000

Y = PINA // data from port A will be stored in variable Y.

C. PORTx register: PORTx is used for two purpose-

To O/P data: When port is configured as output i.e. when corresponding bits in

DDR is set DDRA=0b11111111

x=0b10101010

PORTA=x // now content of port A will be AA

To activate or deactivate pull up registers: When you configure a port as input

port and pull up is enabled, it will be in input mode which is default. So, even if

you don’t connect anything to the pin and if you try to read it, it will read as 1.

Now, when you drive pin to zero, only then it will read as 0[2].

E.g. To make port A as I/P with pull-up enable

DDRA=0b00000000

PORTA=0b11111111

y=PINA

To make port A as tri-stated I/P

DDRA=0b00000000

PORTA=0b00000000


Dept of C.S.E

1.4.2 ATMega16 Serial Communication using USART (UniversalSynchronous / Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

There are two methods for serial data communication Synchronous and Asynchronous

communication. In Synchronous communication method complete block (characters) is

sent at a time. It doesn’t require any additional bits (start, stop or parity) to be added for

the synchronization of frame. The devices are synchronized by clock. And in

asynchronous communication data transmission is done byte by byte i.e., one byte at a

time. The additional bits are added to complete a frame. In synchronous communication

the frame consists of data bits while in asynchronous communication the total number of

bits in a frame may be more than the data bits[10].

Fig.2.6. Data frame

Serial USART provides full-duplex communication between the transmitter and receiver.

Atmega16 is equipped with independent hardware for serial USART communication[2].

Pin-14 (RXD) and Pin-15 (TXD) provide receive and transmit interface to the

microcontroller.

Fig.2.7. USART pins in ATMega16


Dept of C.S.E

Atmega16 USART provides asynchronous mode of communication and do not have a

dedicated clock line between the transmitting and receiving end. The synchronization is

achieved by properly setting the baud rate, start and stop bits in a transmission sequence.

Start bit and stop bit: These bits are use to synchronize the data frame. Start bit is one

single low bit and is always given at the starting of the frame, indicating the next bits are

data bits. Stop bit can be one or two high bits at the end of frame, indicating the

completion of frame[10].

Baud Rate: In simple words baud rate is the rate at which serial data is being transferred.

Atmega16 USART has following features:

· Different Baud Rates.

· Variable data size with options ranging from 5bits to 9bits.

· One or two stop bits.

· Hardware generated parity check.

· USART can be configured to operate in synchronous mode.

· Three separate interrupts for RX Complete, TX complete and TX data register

empty.

To use the USART of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured:

UCSR: USART control and status register. It’s is basically divided into three parts

UCSRA, UCSRB and UCSRC. These registers are basically used to configure the

USART.

UBRR: USART Baud Rate Registers. Basically use to set the baud rate of USART

UDR: USART data register

Fig.2.8. Equation for one data frame


Dept of C.S.E

1) UCSRA: (USART Control and Status Register A)

RXC (USART Receive Complete): RXC flag is set to 1 if unread data exists in receive

buffer, and set to 0 if receive buffer is empty.

TXC (USART Transmit complete): TXC flag is set to 1 when data is completely

transmitted to Transmit shift register and no data is present in the buffer register UDR.

UDRE (USART Data Register Empty): This flag is set to logic 1 when the transmit

buffer is empty, indicating it is ready to receive new data. UDRE bit is cleared by writing

to the UDR register.

2) UCSRB: (USART Control and Status Register B)

RXCIE: RX Complete Interrupt Enable,

When 1 - RX complete interrupt is enabled.

When 0 - RX complete interrupt is disabled.

TXCIE: TX Complete Interrupt Enable,

When 1 - TX complete interrupt is enabled

When 0 - TX complete interrupt is disabled

Fig.2.9. UCSRA Register

Fig.2.10. UCSRB Register


Dept of C.S.E

UDRIE: USART Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable,

When 1 - UDRE flag interrupt is enabled.

When 0 - UDRE flag interrupt is disabled.

RXEN: Receiver Enabled,

When 1 - USART Receiver is enabled.

When 0 - USART Receiver is disabled.

TXEN: Transmitter Enabled,

When 1 - USART Transmitter is enabled.

When 0 - USART Transmitter is disabled.

3) UCSRC: (USART Control and Status Register C)

The transmitter and receiver are configured with the same data features as configured in

this register for proper data transmission.

URSEL: USART Register select. This bit must be set due to sharing of I/O location by

UBRRH and UCSRC

UMSEL: USART Mode Select,

When 1 - Synchronous Operation

When 0 - Asynchronous Operation

Fig.2.11. UCSRC Register


Dept of C.S.E

UPM[0:1]: USART Parity Mode, Parity mode selection bits.

USBS: USART Stop Select Bit,

When 0-> 1 Stop Bit

When 1 -> 2 Stop Bits

UCSZ[0:1]: The UCSZ[1:0] bits combined with the UCSZ2 bit in UCSRB sets size of

data frame i.e., the number of data bits. The table shows the bit combinations with

respective character size.

UCSZ2 UCSZ1 UCSZ0 Character Size

0 0 0 5-bit

0 0 1 6-bit

0 1 0 7-bit

0 1 1 8-bit

1 0 0 Reserved

1 0 1 Reserved

1 1 0 Reserved

1 1 1 9-bit

Table 2.6 UCSZ[0:1] initializations

4) UDR: (USART Data Register)

The USART Data receive and data transmit buffer registers share the same address

referred as USART UDR register, when data is written to the register it is written in

transmit data buffer register (TXB). Received data is read from the Receive data buffer

register (RXB).

Fig.2.12. UDR Register


Dept of C.S.E

5) UBRRH & UBRRL (USART Baud Rate Registers)

The UBRRH register shares the same I/O address with the UCSRC register, the

differentiation is done on the basis of value of URSEL bit.

When URSEL=0; write operation is done on UBRRH register.

When URSEL=1; write operation is done on UCSRC register.

The UBRRH and UBRRL register together stores the 12-bit value of baud rate, UBRRH

contains the 4 most significant bits and UBRRL contains the other 8 least significant bits.

Baud rates of the transmitting and receiving bodies must match for successful

communication to take place[10].

Fig.2.13.UBRR Register


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 2

Introduction

2.1. Objective

Our project enables the user to control and monitor the electrical loads in an organization.

Through the Graphical User Interface (GUI) provided by the Android application, the

user is able to monitor and switch the electrical loads. This process will be achieved using

Internet. The Android application is user friendly and easy to understand.

2.2. Modules

In this project, we are making use of four modules which themselves will describe what

we intend to do. The modules are:

Module 1: Android application.

Module 2: Communication between Android application and router.

Module 3: Communication between router and embedded system.

Module 4: Embedded system.

2.3. Basics

The user sets and enters his username and password to enter the android application.

After proper authentication, the user selects a particular room in the organization. From

here the user will be able to view the status and control the electrical loads. The Android

application sends a specific signal over the internet to the router via Domain Name

System (DNS). The router forwards the received signal to the embedded system via port

forwarding. The embedded system receives the signal and switches the state of the

corresponding relay. The same is reflected on the respective electrical load. The various

modules of the system are:


Dept of C.S.E

The first module is the Android application that provides a GUI and authentication of the

user. Using this, user sends a signal to switch the state of an electrical load.

The second module manages the communication between the android application and the

router. This is done via DNS Server as the router does not have a static Internet Protocol

(IP).

The third module deals with communication between the router and the embedded

system. This is established using port forwarding facility provided by the router.

The fourth and the last module is the embedded system which receives the signal from

the router and switches the corresponding relay which in turn switches the load.

2.4. Problem Definition

To build an automation system that comprises of an embedded system and an Android

application. The Android application will control the embedded system by sending

messages through Internet using GPRS or Wi-Fi. The Embedded System will in turn

switch ON/OFF the electrical load and send an acknowledgement to the user. The

communication between the Embedded System and the application is intermediated

through a router. The concept of Port Forwarding is used here. Thus remote access to any

electrical appliance in an organization can be achieved.

2.5. Software Requirement Specification

Languages used: AVR Studio 4, Java and Android SDK.

Platform (OS): Any Android Smartphone with Android version 2.1 +.

The Android Smartphone should support API version 14 to support switch widget

in the GUI.

2.6. Hardware Requirement Specification

Components: AVR Development Board with ATMega16 microcontroller,

Ethernet to Serial converter, Relay circuit.


Dept of C.S.E

2.7. Scope

The user can access the electrical loads of his organization remotely. The automation

required can be customized as per the requirement of the organization.


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 3

Use-Case Diagram & Sequence Diagram

3.1. Use-Case Diagram

The use-case diagram is as given below:

Fig.3.1. Use Case diagram

After proper authentication the user can act as a client and requests the services provided

by the embedded system, which acts as server. The user interacts with the Android

application to select a room or a sector of the organization and changes the state of the

electrical load. The application generates a signal and transmits the message over internet

using GPRS or Wi-Fi. The message is received by a router at the organization. The router

forwards the message to appropriate port using Port Forwarding. The forwarded message

is converted into serial data by an Ethernet-to-Serial converter. This serial data is


Dept of C.S.E

received by the microcontroller of the core system using USART (Universal

Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). The microcontroller changes the

logic state of the selected electrical load with the help of a relay module. Thus the

electrical load is switched ON/OFF and the user is provided with an appropriate

acknowledgement. Hence automation can be obtained remotely.

3.2. Sequence Diagram

The Sequence diagram describing the working of the system is given below and is

self-explanatory.

Fig.3.2. Sequence diagram


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 4

System Design

4.1. Dataflow Model

The Dataflow model of the system is given below:

A simplified working of the system is explained through the dataflow diagram. The only

data in the system is the signal and acknowledgements. After authentication, the user

enters the Android application. At this moment, the application retrieves the current IP of

the router at the organization through DNS server. After selecting a specific room, the

application generates a signal to receive the current state of the electrical loads in that

room and the same is reflected in the application. Then, the user toggles the state of any

load of that room shown in the application. This generates a signal which is transmitted

over the Internet using TCP to the specified router IP. The router receives the data and

forwards it to the system. The data is converted into serial data by the Ethernet-Serial

Fig.4.1.Dataflow Model


Dept of C.S.E

converter (refer Appendix A). The controller reads the serial data and changes the state of

the corresponding load. After the action, the controller generates an acknowledgement

and the same is converted into TCP from serial and transmitted back to the user. This is

how the data in the system undergoes conversion and traverses from the user to the

system and vice versa.

4.2. Hardware Design

Power Supply Socket: This power supply socket which actually named as

AC/DC Socket provides the functionality to user to connect external power

supply from Transformer, Battery or Adapter via DC jack. User can provide

maximum of 15V AC/DC power supply through AC/DC socket. This is power

supply designed into maximum protection consideration so that it can even

prevent reverse polarity DC power supply as well as AC power Supply. It also

includes 7805 Voltage Regulator which provides regulated 5V DC for

Microcontroller and other I/O connectors.

Fig.4.2. AVR Development Board


Dept of C.S.E

GND, VCC and VIN Connector: This board also provides user to have an extra

pins for Power supplies as shown in figure. These pins are GND (0V), VCC (5V

from Voltage Regulator) and VIN (Voltage supplied to AC/DC Socket minus

1.4V denoted as +12V on board). Four pins are provided for each type of supply.

User can connect these pins to external device by using Single Berg Wire.

On/Off Switch and Reset Switch: On/Off switch is type of Push on – push off

DPDT switch which is used for only make power supply on/off provided through

AC/DC Socket. Reset Switch is type of Push on DPST tactile switch which is

used as program reset.

10 pin Box Header Connector: Pin Headers with plastic guide box around them

are known as “Box Headers” or “Shrouded Headers” and are normally only used

in combination with a Flat Ribbon Cable (FRC) connector. A notch (key) in the

guide box normally prevents placing the connector the wrong way around. Box

Header can be connected using FRCs connections.

Fig.4.3. VCC, GNDand VIN connector

Fig.4.4. On/Off andReset switch

Fig4.5.Box Header Fig.4.6. Box header


Dept of C.S.E

A, B, C and D Port Connector: 40 pin ATMega series microcontroller has four

I/O ports generally. These Four Port are expanded from Microcontroller IC

separately by using 10 pin Box Header for each port (A, B, C and D port). Among

10 pins 8 pins represents I/O pin of respective port and 9th & 10th pin represents

GND and VCC respectively. This is shown in figure.

LED Connector: Eight LEDs used for I/O testing are connected in common

cathode configuration. Other terminal (anode) of LED connected to the LED port.

This LED port can be directly connected to any of A, B, C or D port's Box Header

through Flat Ribbon Cable (FRC).

Fig4.7. Port A header

Fig.4.8. LED connector


Dept of C.S.E

ISPConnector: ISP (In System Programming) port provides connection between

AVR Development Board and AVR Programmer Kit. It has following

configuration. It also used as a power supply from USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Cable. As this functionality provided by Microcontroller IC itself, thus pins are

directly connected to respective pins.

Fig.4.9. ISP Port


Dept of C.S.E

4.3. Android application development design

The diagram for android application development given below explains all the stages of

application development stepwise.

Fig.4.10. Android Application Development Flow


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 5Implementation

5.1. AVR Programming:

The code follows:

#include<avr/io.h>#include<compat/deprecated.h>#include<avr/delay.h>#include<stdlib.h>#define BIT0 0b00000001;#define BIT1 0b00000010;

//Initialize USARTvoid USART_Init(){

/* Set baud rate */UBRRH = 0;UBRRL = 51;/* Enable receiver and transmitter */UCSRB|= (1<<RXEN)|(1<<TXEN);/* Set frame format: 8data---ucsz0=1,ucsz1=1, 1stop bit ---usbs=0*/UCSRC|= (1 << URSEL)|(3<<UCSZ0);

}

//Transmissionvoid USART_Transmit( unsigned char data ){

/* Wait for empty transmit buffer */while ( !( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE)) );/* Put data into buffer, sends the data */UDR = data;

}


Dept of C.S.E

//Receptionunsigned char USART_Receive( void ){

while (!(UCSRA & (1 << RXC)) );// Do nothing until data have been received and is ready to be read from UDRreturn UDR;

}

void main(){

DDRA=255;USART_Init(51); //4800 buad rate

while(1){

unsigned char data = USART_Receive();

if(data=='a'){

PORTA|=BIT0; //PORT A turns ON the relayUSART_Transmit('a'); //ACK is sent

}if(data=='b'){

PORTA&=~BIT0; //PORT A turns OFF the relayUSART_Transmit('b'); //ACK is sent

}if(data=='c'){

PORTA|=BIT1; //PORT B turns ON the relayUSART_Transmit('c'); //ACK is sent

}if(data=='d'){

PORTA&=~BIT1; //PORT B turns OFF the relayUSART_Transmit('d'); //ACK is sent

}}

}


Dept of C.S.E

5.2. Android Application:

The Android application contains 5 activities:

5.2.1. UsernameActivity.java

This is the activity screen we get when we start the application for the first time after

installation. It follows the following algorithm:

STEP-1: Accept username from the text field.

STEP-2: Store the username in SHARED PREFFERENCES.

STEP-3: Navigate to next screen

The code snippet is:

void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.activity_first);acceptUsernameBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.usernameBtn);usernameEt = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.usernameEt);

acceptUsernameBtn.setOnClickListener(this);SharedPreferences preferences =

PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);String username = preferences.getString("username", null);String password = preferences.getString("password", null);Log.e("user and password", "" + username + " " + password);if (username != null && password != null) {

Intent j = new Intent(FirstActivity.this, LoginActivity.class);startActivity(j);finish();

}}Public void onClick(View arg0){

if (arg0.getId() == R.id.usernameBtn){

saveUserNameToSharedPrefs();Toast.makeText(FirstActivity.this, "Username Saved Successfully",

Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();Intent i = new Intent(FirstActivity.this, PasswordActivity.class);startActivity(i);

}}


Dept of C.S.E

5.2.2. PasswordActivity.java

This activity is generated after the UsernameActivity. Here we store the password given

as input by the user. The algorithm follows:

STEP-1: Accept password from the text field.

STEP-2: Store the password in SHARED PREFFERENCES.

STEP-3: Navigate to the next screen.

The code snippet is:void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.activity_first);acceptPasswordBtn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.usernameBtn);passwordEt = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.usernameEt);acceptPasswordBtn.setText("Get Password");passwordEt.setHint("Please enter password");acceptPasswordBtn.setOnClickListener(this);

}public void onClick(View arg0){

if(arg0.getId() == R.id.usernameBtn){

savePasswordToSharedPrefs();Toast.makeText(PasswordActivity.this, "Password Saved Successfully",

Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();Intent j = new Intent(PasswordActivity.this, LoginActivity.class);startActivity(j);

}}private void savePasswordToSharedPrefs(){

SharedPreferences preferences = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);

SharedPreferences.Editor editor = preferences.edit();Log.e("password in passwordactivity", passwordEt.getText().toString());editor.putString("password", passwordEt.getText().toString());editor.commit();

}


Dept of C.S.E

5.2.3. LoginActivity.java

This activity is the start screen for after-installation run. It authenticates the user by the

earlier stored username and password. The algorithm is:

STEP-1: Check if the username and password is not NULL in SHARED

PREFFERENCES.

STEP-2: If username and password are not stored in SHARED PREFFERENCES start

the UsernameActivity.java.

STEP-3: Else take input for username and password.

STEP-4: Verify the data fields with the data stored in SHARED PREFFERENCES.


public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.activity_login);username = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.username);password = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.password);login = (Button) findViewById(R.id.login);login.setOnClickListener(this);SharedPreferences preferences =

PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);usernameStored = preferences.getString("username", null);passwordStored = preferences.getString("password", null);Log.e("user and password in login activity", "" + usernameStored + " "

+ passwordStored);}

public void onClick(View arg0){

if (arg0.getId() == R.id.login){

if (username.getText().toString().equals(usernameStored)&& password.getText().toString().equals(passwordStored))

{

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Login Successfully !!!",

Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();Intent intent = new Intent(LoginActivity.this,


Dept of C.S.E

ConnectActivity.class);startActivity(intent);

}

elseToast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),

"Login Not Successful !!!",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();

}}

}

5.2.4. MainActivity.java

This activity is the Main Activity i.e. it is the home activity of the application. Here the

user is provided buttons to choose the room to switch the state of an electrical load in the

room.

The algorithm is:

STEP-1: Provide the interface consisting of buttons.

STEP-2: Navigate to the respective room activity that the user has choosen.


protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

}

public void navigate1(View view){

Intent intent = new Intent(this, Navigate1Activity.class);startActivity(intent);

}

public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu){

getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);return true;

}


Dept of C.S.E

5.2.5. Navigate1Activity.java

This activity provides an interface containing switches that resemble the actual loads in

the room. Its function is to record current statues, sends signals and waits for

acknowledgements.

The algorithm is:

STEP-1: Update the current statues of the loads in the room.

STEP-2: Create a socket and send the signal to turn on/off any load when selected by the

user.

STEP-3: Wait for the acknowledgement and then reflect the change in the application.


void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.activity_navigate1);

swit1 = (Switch)findViewById(R.id.switch1);swit2 = (Switch)findViewById(R.id.switch2);swit3 = (Switch)findViewById(R.id.switch3);

swit1.setOnClickListener(this);swit2.setOnClickListener(this);swit3.setOnClickListener(this);

}

public void onClick(final View v){

Thread t = new Thread (new Runnable(){public void run(){

try{

InetAddress serverAddr =InetAddress.getByName("192.168.0.10");client = new Socket(serverAddr,100);printwriter = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new

OutputStreamWriter(client.getOutputStream())), true);printwriter.println(msg1);


Dept of C.S.E

switch(v.getId()){

case R.id.switch1:printwriter.println(msg1);break;



}

printwriter.close();client.close();}catch (UnknownHostException e){

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Host Exception",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();

}catch (IOException e){

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "IO Exception",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();

}}

}


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 6

Results

6.1 Snapshots of the Android application:

When the application is installed for the first time, the activity to accept username

appears.

Fig.6.1. Username Activity


Dept of C.S.E

The activity to accept password in its first run follows.

Fig.6.2. Password Activity


Dept of C.S.E

If the username and password is stored in its first run, the application begins with login

activity.

Fig.6.3. Password Saved Toast


Dept of C.S.E

The application matches the username and password entered by the user with the one

stored in shared preferences during the first run.

Fig.6.4. Login activity


Dept of C.S.E

If the entered username and password doesn’t match it stays in the same activity and

displays “Login not successful”.

Fig.6.5. Login Activity – unsuccessful login


Dept of C.S.E

After valid login the application enters its main activity which is the home page. The user

selects desired room here.

Fig.6.6. Main Activity


Dept of C.S.E

The application navigates into selected room.

Fig.6.7. Navigate Activity


Dept of C.S.E

The application checks for connectivity prior to enable the user to switch the state of the

load. Also it retrieves the current state of the load.

Fig.6.8. Navigate activity - Connecting


Dept of C.S.E

After the connectivity check, the user can switch the state of any load in the room.

Fig.6.9. Navigate Activity – Switch On/Off


Dept of C.S.E

6.2. Snapshot of the embedded system:

The complete embedded system connected to a router.

Fig.6.10. Embedded System with Router


Dept of C.S.E

Chapter 7

Conclusion and Future Improvements

It was interesting experience to work on the latest technology like Android and merge its

application to an automation embedded system. This establishes a new prototype and a

benchmark of one of a kind application.

We are happy to say that our project i.e. “Organization Automation using Android” is

successfully completed. The working of the established system is flawless and as desired.

All the four modules discussed earlier were developed with great care using trusted third

party facilities like DNS and technical support like JAVA programming.

The application reserves user’s identity to avoid unauthorized access and efficient

acknowledgement transmission over internet secures proper implementation of user

inputs. To sum up, the established prototype provides application programmed switches

in an organization. The main functionality of the system to automate an organization

remotely is tested and perfectly working.

This project can be extended to work on iOS and Windows-OS Smartphones in the

future. Some of the other future enhancements can be:

Adding the facility of scheduled switching using functions of Android or by

adding timer circuits.

Heavy loads like Air Conditioner can also be handled through application.

Automation can be extended as per the user’s need

More secured system by continuously ping to the router for the system status.

Integrating sensors like light sensors and water-leak sensors.

Integrating CCTV surveillance.


Dept of C.S.E

APPENDIX A

DATA SHEET FOR ETHERNET TO SERIAL CONVERTER

MODEL SC10TK


Dept of C.S.E

Bibliography

[1] Donn Felker, Android Application Development for Dummies, Paperback, 1st

Edition December 2010, ISBN: 978-0-470-77018-4.

[2] Steven Steven Frank Barrett, Daniel J. Pack, Atmel AVR microcontroller

primer: programming and interfacing, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2008.

[3] R.Piyare, M.Tazil, “ Bluetooth Based Home Automation System Using Cell

Phone,” 2011 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics.

[4] Muhammad Izhar Ramli, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Nabihah, “TOWARDS

SMART HOME: CONTROL ELECTRICAL DEVICES ONLINE,” Nornabihah

Ahmad International Conference on Science and Technology: Application in

Industry and Education (2006)

[5] http://developer.android.com/training/index.html

[6] http://developer.android.com/guide/components/index.html

[7] Elliot Rusty Harold, Java Network Programming, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 09-Feb-

2009.

[8] http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_networking.html

[9] http://www.howtogeek.com/66214/how-to-forward-ports-on-your-router

[10] http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc2466.pdf

Automation using Android - Final Year Project for B.E

Engineering

Transcript of Automation using Android - Final Year Project for B.E