Automation in the long-haul · Automation in the long-haul Challenges and opportunities of...
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Transcript of Automation in the long-haul · Automation in the long-haul Challenges and opportunities of...
Automation in the long-haulChallenges and opportunities of autonomous
heavy-duty trucking in the U.S.
Ben Sharpe, PhD
3 Revolutions Policy Conference
Univ. of California, Davis
February 26, 2018
Outline
1. Autonomous trucking: full speed ahead vs. pumping the
brakes
2. Levels of automation and commercial status in trucking
3. Automation: enabling technologies and applications
4. Industry survey: methods and results
5. Summary and future work
ICCT’s mission
To improve the environmental performance and energy efficiency of all modes of motorized transportation –passenger cars, heavy-duty trucks and buses, ocean-going ships, and commercial aviation – and the fuels they burn to address air pollution and climate change.
Autonomous trucking…
Perception is preconception
4
Fleets and industry Truck drivers
Society
• Safety benefits
• Acceptance of fully driverless trucks?
• Long-term: potential labor cost savings
• Operational cost savings
• Higher levels of
automation can ease
the burden of driving
• Long-term: potential
for massive
disruptions to labor
markets
Levels of automation and commercial status in trucking
5
LEVEL NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLESTECHNOLOGY
STATUS
0 No automationHuman performs all driving tasks, even if
enhanced by active safety systems.Navistar LT, Peterbilt 579
Commercially
available
1 Driver assistanceVehicle can perform sustained control of either
steering or acceleration/deceleration.
Peloton Platooning System,
Volvo VNL
Commercially
available
2 Partial automationVehicle can perform sustained control of both
steering and acceleration/deceleration.Embark, Starsky Robotics Pre-commercial
3Conditional
automation
All tasks can be controlled by the system in
some situations. Human intervention may be
required.
Freightliner Inspiration, Uber
ATG / OttoPrototype retrofit
4 High automation
All tasks can be handled by the system without
human intervention, but in limited
environments (e.g., dedicated lanes or zones).
Not currently availableResearch and
development
5 Full automationAutomated system can handle all roadway
conditions and environments.Not currently available
Research and
development
Enabling technologies, applications, and examples
6
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES USEDCOMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE?EXAMPLE COMPANIES
Lane departure warningSensors such as cameras, processing
softwareYes Mobileye, Meritor WABCO
Blind spot detectionSensors such as cameras and radar,
processing softwareYes Mobileye, Meritor WABCO, Volvo
Automatic brakingSensors such as cameras and radar,
processing softwareYes
Scania, DAF, Daimler, Meritor
WABCO, Volvo, Bendix
Automated manual
transmissions
Electronic control unit, hydraulics,
softwareYes Eaton, Volvo, Daimler
Eco-driving systemsOn-board diagnostics, monitoring and
processing software, telematicsYes TomTom, Ruptela, SmartDrive
Enabling technologies, applications, and examples (2 of 2)
7
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES USEDCOMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE?EXAMPLE COMPANIES
Automated lane keepingSensors such as cameras or radar,
processing softwareYes Scania, Meritor WABCO
Adaptive cruise control (ACC)Sensors such as radar, processing
softwareYes
Meritor WABCO, DAF, Volvo,
Bendix
Predictive cruise control (PCC)GPS, topographical mapping data,
processing softwareYes Kenworth, DAF
Platooning
Sensors such as radar, processing
software, could also include vehicle
communications using DSRC
Yes (Level 1), Level 2 systems
are pre-commercialPeloton, Volvo, Uber ATG, Daimler
Highly automated truckingWill likely include cameras, radar,
LiDAR, DSRC, processing software.No Daimler, Uber ATG
Telematics
GPS, DSRC or other wireless
communications technology, asset
management software
Yes Zonar, Geotab, Openmatics
8
Industry survey
STAKEHOLDER GROUP NUMBER OF INTERVIEWS
Telematics providers 3
Trucking industry research or consultants 5
Communications, radar or LiDAR suppliers2
Truck drivers and fleet representatives
5
(informal interviews during Run on
Less event on September 24, 2017)
9
Rank the motivations for developing or researching
autonomous trucking technology
1 - most
important
5 - least
important
Fuel
savingsSafety
Ease of
driving
Operations
efficiency
Reduced
labor costs
10
Rank the following sources in terms of information
regarding new technologies
1 - most
trusted
5 - least
trusted
Manufacturer
or supplier
marketing
Government3rd
party
testing
Trucking
assoc. or
other fleets
Fleet’s own
testing
11
Expectations for commercial availability of Level 3, 4, and
5 freight trucksLevel 3:
Conditional automation
Level 4:High automation
Level 5:Full automation
5 years 10 15 20
12
Enabling technologies and autonomous trucking applications are
quickly emerging
Perceived benefits and drawbacks of autonomous trucking vary by
stakeholder group (i.e., fleets vs. truck drivers vs. general public)
Industry survey of different stakeholders revealed this ‘perception is
preconception’ phenomenon
Future work: how can policy at the federal, state, and local level
guide the development and deployment of autonomous trucking?
Summary and future work