automatic street light control based on the vehicle movement

7/22/2019 automatic street light control based on the vehicle movement

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STREET LIGHTS THAT GLOW FOR 1/2KM ONLY

ON DETECTING VEHICLE MOVEMENT


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ABSTRACT

IR Sensors used on either sides of the road send

logic commands for the LEDs at the output to get

glowing for a patch ahead.

Intensity control is also possible by pulse width

modulation based on sensing the movement and

density of vehicles.

Thus this way of dynamically changing intensity or

off to on helps in saving a lot of energy.

A programmable microcontroller is engaged to

provide different duty cycle for different intensities

at different density conditions.


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PREVIOUSTECHNOLOGY

High intensity discharge lamp (HID) presently used

for urban street light are based on principle of gas

discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by

any voltage reduction method as the discharge path

is broken.


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PRESENT DAYTECHNOLOGY

White Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are

soon replacing the HID lamps in street light.

As these LEDs can switch faster than HID lamps

we can apply PWM concept to these LEDs.

LEDs consume less power compared to HID lamps.

Life time of LEDs is also more.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verschiedene_LEDs.jpg


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BLOCKDIAGRAM


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HARDWAREREQUIREMENTS

TRANSFORMER (230 12 V AC)

VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)

RECTIFIER

FILTER

PIC MICROCONTROLLER (PIC16F877A)

LEDS

PHOTODIODES

POTENTIAL DIVIDER

BC547

1N4007

RESISTORS

CAPACITORS


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POWER SUPPLY

230 V AC

50 Hz

5V DC

12V step down

transformer Filter(470f) 5v RegulatorBridge rectifier


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DESCRIPTIONOFPOWERSUPPLY

The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of astep-down transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodesforming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dcwhich is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about470microf to 100microF.

The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used toget 5v constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dcvarying from 9v to 14v.

The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a smallelectrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise sogenerated by the circuit.

One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with aresistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltageto indicate 5v power supply availability.


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PICMICROCONTROLLER(PIC16F877A)

High-Performance RISC CPU:Only 35 single-word instructions.

All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two

cycle.

Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction

cycle

Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of

Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.

Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin, PIC16CXXX and

PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.


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Special Microcontroller Features100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical.

1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical.Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years.

Self-reprogrammable under software control.

In-Circuit Serial Programming(ICSP)via two pins.

Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming.

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliableoperation.

Programmable code protection.

Power saving Sleep mode.

Selectable oscillator options.

In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins.


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Peripheral FeaturesTimer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.

Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented

during Sleep via external crystal/clock.

Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and

postscaler.

Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns- PWM max resolution is 10-bit

Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and

I2C(Master/Slave).

Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

(USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection.Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and

CS controls (40/44-pin only).

Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).


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PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F877


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PWM(PULSEWIDTHMODULATION)

The term duty cycledescribes the proportion of on time to the regular

interval or period of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power,

because the power is off for most of the time.

Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.

The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is

very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is

on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch.

PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/offnature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.

The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the

power supplied to the load is.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_cycle


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PHOTODIODE

A photodiode is a type of photo detector

capable of converting light into either current

or voltage, depending upon the mode of

operation.

Photodiodes are similar to regular

semiconductor diodes except that they may

be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or

X-rays) or packaged with a window or

optical fibre connection to allow light to

reach the sensitive part of the device.


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IR LED

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a

special purpose LED that transmits infrared raysin the range of 760 nm wavelength.

Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenideor aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along withIR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.

The appearance is same as a common LED.Since the human eye cannot see the infraredradiations, it is not possible for a person toidentify whether the IR LED is working or not,unlike a common LED.

To overcome this problem, the cameraon a cellphone can be used. The camera can show us theIR rays being emanated from the IR LED in acircuit.
http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://www.surfcanyon.com/search?f=sl&q=camera&partner=wtiffrwahttp://www.surfcanyon.com/search?f=sl&q=camera&partner=wtiffrwahttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/led


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PWM(PULSEWIDTHMODULATION)


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OPERATIONOFPROJECT

There are two basic modes of operation,

1. Transition of streetlights from dark to bright state.

2. Transition of streetlights from dim to bright state.

In the first mode of operation, when the vehicle is not

present, all the streetlights will be in dark state. When a

vehicle is sensed then the window of streetlights is

illuminated in front of the vehicle.


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SECONDMODEOFOPERATION

In the second mode of operation, initially when the vehicle is not

sensed, all the streetlights will be in dim state. This is achieved by

use of pulse width modulation technique through the program stored

in the microcontroller.

When a vehicle is not present on the highway, then the streetlights

are made to glow for about 1ms and then for 100ms they are

switched off. Thus, we get streetlights with less brightness.

When a vehicle is sensed, all the streetlights are illuminated for 1ms

and the window of streetlights are illuminated for 100ms. Thus we

have a PWM wave of 99% duty cycle.


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APPLICATIONS

Highways

Industries

Museums


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ADVANTAGES

Power saving

LEDs consume less power

Easily implementable

Low cost


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automatic street light control based on the vehicle movement

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