Crude Oils Their Sampling Analysis and Evaluation Mnl68-Eb.618867-1
Automatic Sampling/Quality Measurement Crude Oil
Transcript of Automatic Sampling/Quality Measurement Crude Oil
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Automatic Sampling/Quality MeasurementCrude Oil
Crude Oil Quality AssociationSan Antonio, TXMarch 7, 2013
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Crude Quality – Why the sample is important“A sample is the basis upon which we acknowledge receipt of a crude oil cargo delivery and base our payment.” - BP Oil Refinery
•Physical evidence
•Statement of faith
•Proof of purchase
•Legal ‘document’
•Fair trade
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What defines the Crude Quality?
• < 1.0% of Sediment & Water• Density, • Viscosity• Sulfur content• Wax content• TAN• RVP• Etc.
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Quantity ± Quality = Net Batch Value
Reduce the risk of dispute
Quality Measurement Drivers• Custody Transfer
• Allocation /Taxation (Royalties)
• Legislative Compliance
• Other• System Balance• Tariff Incentives
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Automatic Sampling System Standards
• IP 6.2 1987
• ISO 3171 1988
• API 8.2 1995 (Re-approved 2000)
• API 8.3 1996 (Re-approved 2000)
• API 8.4 1995 (Re-approved 2000)
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API 8.2 – Automatic Sampler
A device used to extract a representative sample from the liquid flowing in a pipe that generally consists of a:• Probe• Sample Extractor• Associated Sample Controller• Flow Measuring Device• Sample Receiver
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API 8.2 - Automatic Sampling System
A system that consists of :• Stream Conditioning• An Automatic Sampler• Sample Handling & Mixing (Analysis)
Each step contains uncertainty
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The Chain of UncertaintyPipeline Mixing
Sample Extraction
Sample Collection
Sample Handling and Remixing
Sample Analysis
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Bunkering 180cst
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Time in seconds
Visc
osity
50
51
52
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55
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57
58
59
Tem
pera
ture
Tolerance band 162-180cst
Temperature
Kinematic Viscosity at 50degC
Crude oil tanks are not homogenous/consistent quality
VISCOSITY
DENSITY
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Mixing different crude oils is not easyQuote from a ‘tank mixer’ manufacturer’s website
MIXING ENERGY NEEDED IS VISCOSITY AND DENSITY DEPENDANT
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Pipeline Mixing - Sources
• Natural TurbulenceElbows, valves, reducers, velocity etc.
• MixersObstructive or dynamic
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Basic In-Line System
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Fast Loop System
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Sample handling• Minimum number of steps from
sampler to laboratory• Must have a facility for mixing
prior to extraction of sub-sample • Portable receivers recommended
for multi batch applications– Easier to handle – Easier to clean
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Laboratory analysis
• Receiver Mixing (API 8.3)•Avoid too much heating•Sub-sample must remain representative
• Analysis Methods•Water - Centrifuge (API 10.3 & 10.4) or Karl Fischer Titrator (ASTM D4928/ API 10.9)
•Sediment by Extraction (ASTM D473 / API 10.1)•RVP (ASTM D4928)•Density @ 15oC (ASTM D5002)•Salt content by conductivity (ASTM D3230)
• Sample storage/retention
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Sampler Location (Pipeline)
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Ratio Control Blending
Blend Controller
Flow PIDRatio PIDSet Point = Flow
Control Valve
FlowMeter
What about the Quality?
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Quality Trim Blending
Blend Controller
Trim PIDFlow PIDRatio PIDSet Point = Density
Control Valve
FlowMeter
Mixing & Analyzer Loop
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Quality Trim Analysis System
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System Certification Test
• Water Injection Proving Certification Test•Procedure outlined in API 8.2, Appendix A
•Designed to prove the entire sampling system operates within an acceptable uncertainty− Stream Conditioning− Automatic Sampler− Sample Handling, Mixing & Analysis
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Selecting the Right Solution
In-Line System Fast Loop System
What works best ?????
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Dead Volume Comparison
Minimal batch cross contamination
High batch cross contamination
Fast Loop System In-Line System
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In Line System (long sample line
Long sample line with water trap
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Outdoor Installations Need Love, Too!
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Look at the hoses!
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Selection Criteria• Measurement Requirements??
• Product Type(s) & Characteristics??
• Site Specifics?• Area Classification• Physical Layout• Available utilities
• Environmental Requirements?
• Material Specifications?
• Operational Requirements?
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Operational Considerations• Institute & follow procedures
• Train operators & third party inspectors
• Monitor performance factors
• Do the preventative maintenance
• Upgrade “old” installations
• Keep good records• Maintenance• System Performance
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Final Thoughts• Don’t “cherry pick” the standards!
• Think System not Components
• Demand accountability for system performance
• Focus on representivity & handling• From “Grab to Lab”
• Install system correctly & maintain it properly
QUALITY is as important as QUANTITY, so…DO IT RIGHT or DON’T BOTHER!!
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Alan Stearns – Sales Manager, The AmericasDesk: (281) 582 9670 Cell: (713) 449 4236
ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONwww.c-a-m.com/jiskoot
QUESTIONS??