AUTOMATIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE...
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AUTOMATIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE FOR MULTI HOP WIRELESS FIDELITY WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK MOHD HUSAINI BIN MOHD FAUZI UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
Transcript of AUTOMATIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE...
AUTOMATIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE FOR MULTI
HOP WIRELESS FIDELITY WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
MOHD HUSAINI BIN MOHD FAUZI
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
AUTOMATIC APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE FOR MULTI
HOP WIRELESS FIDELITY WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
MOHD HUSAINI BIN MOHD FAUZI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JULY 2015
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To my beloved mother and father,
to my lecturers, for their guidance and encouragement.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks ALLAH for allowing me to finish my thesis for my master degree. I
would like to take opportunities here to express my sincere appreciation to my
supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sharifah Hafizah Syed Ariffin for her encouragement,
patience, and guidance toward finishing this project.
I also want to wish thank you all the researchers of the Telekom Laboratory
especially Abdul Hadi Fikri, Mohd Rozaini, and Hamdan for helping me a lot in
programming and hardware problem related to TelG.
Lastly, I would like to express my special thanks to my family for their moral
support and encouragement to overcome my problem.
I also want to acknowledge many people that involve directly or indirectly in
my project, especially to my friends Muhammad Affandy in making this thesis
successful.
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ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network that consists of low rate
devices, to sense, collect and transmit collected data using wireless communication.
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) is another communication standard that is rapidly being
implemented in smart devices like laptops and mobile devices. IEEE 802.11 has
faster data rate, wider coverage area and bigger data per packet compared to IEEE
802.15.4. This makes IEEE 802.11 suitable for big data transmission, such as
multimedia data. However, there is a limitation in IEEE 802.11 which only able to
send data in the same Service Set Identifier (SSID). The original IEEE 802.11 is
infrastructure based which does not allow multi-hopping transmission between
distributed nodes. Implementing IEEE 802.11 standard to WSN node requires new
software or Application Programming Interface (API) to handle communication
between the node and transmitter. In this thesis, an API is developed based on Serial
Interface Protocol provided by transmitter firmware. The API includes all the
configuration parameters that need to be configured when operating the transmitter
for normal operation such as sending and receiving packet data. An Auto-
configuration API is introduced to allow multi-hop transmission. Wi-Fi WSN node
can use Auto-configuration API to disconnect from current network and connect to
other nearby network and forward its data. This allows the data to be collected from
the nearby network and indirectly extends the coverage area. The end-to-end delay
for sending a picture in one hop transmission using Wi-Fi WSN is 20% faster
compared to IEEE 802.15.4 WSN. The Wi-Fi WSN is also able to transfer data from
a network to other network using Auto-configuration API using two methods which
are One Joiner and All Creator (OJAC) and Some Joiner and Some Creator (SJSC) in
two and three hops transmission. Result show OJAC performs 22% better in two
hops transmission while in three hops transmission, SJSC performs 18% better.
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ABSTRAK
Rangkaian Sensor Wayarles (WSN) adalah satu rangkaian yang terdiri
daripada peranti berkadar rendah, untuk mengesan, mengumpul dan menghantar data
menggunakan komunikasi wayarles. IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) adalah komunikasi
piawaian yang sedang pesat digunakan. IEEE 802.11 mempunyai kadar data yang
cepat, kawasan liputan yang luas dan kapasiti data yang besar berbanding IEEE
802.15.4. Ini membolehkan IEEE 802.11 sesuai untuk penghantaran data yang besar,
seperti data multimedia. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kekurangan pada IEEE
802.11 yang hanya boleh menghantar data di dalam rangkaian Pengecam Set
Pengenalan (SSID) yang sama. IEEE 802.11 yang asal adalah berasaskan
infrastruktur tidak membenarkan penghantaran berbilang hop. Pelaksanaan piawaian
IEEE 802.11 untuk nod WSN memerlukan Aplikasi Pengaturcaraan Antara muka
(API) untuk menangani komunikasi antara nod dan pemancar. Dalam tesis ini, API
dibangunkan berdasarkan protokol antara muka bersiri yang disediakan oleh perisian
pemancar. API termasuk semua konfigurasi pemancar yang perlu untuk operasi
normal seperti menghantar dan menerima data paket. Auto-konfigurasi API
diperkenalkan untuk membolehkan penghantaran berbilang hop. Nod WSN Wi-Fi
boleh menggunakan Auto-konfigurasi API untuk memutuskan sambungan rangkaian
semasa untuk bersambung ke rangkaian lain yang berdekatan dan menghantar data.
Ini membolehkan data yang dikumpul dari rangkaian berdekatan dan secara tidak
langsung memperluaskan kawasan liputan. Masa hujung-ke-hujung bagi menghantar
gambar dalam satu hop penghantaran menggunakan Wi-Fi WSN adalah 20% lebih
cepat berbanding WSN IEEE 802.15.4. WSN Wi-Fi ini juga dapat memindahkan
data dari rangkaian ke rangkaian lain menggunakan Auto-konfigurasi API yang
menggunakan dua kaedah yang Satu Penyambung dan Semua Pencipta (OJAC) dan
Beberapa Penyambung dan Beberapa Pencipta (SJSC) penghantaran hop dua dan
tiga. Prestasi OJAC adalah lebih 22% baik semasa penghantaran dua hop manakala
semasa peghataran tiga hop, prestasi SJSC adalah 18% lebih baik.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Research Objectives
1.5 Scope of Work
1.6 Significant contributions of works
1.7 Organization of the thesis
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2 LITERITURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wireless Sensor Network
2.3 WSN Sensor Node
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2.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 based transmitter
2.3.2 IEEE 802.11 based transmitter and
Network Model
2.3.2.1 Creator Mode
2.3.2.2 Joiner Mode
2.4 XBEE Wi-Fi Radio Frequency (RF) Module
2.4.1 Comparison between IEEE 802.11 and
IEEE 802.15.4 based transmitter
2.5 Sensor Nodes
2.6 Operating System
2.6.1 Application Programming Interface (API)
2.6.2 Wise Operating System (WiseOS)
2.7 Multi-hops in WSN
2.8 The related work
2.9 Summary
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3 THE DESIGN OF IEEE 802.11 BASED WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORK
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Propose IEEE 802.11 based wireless sensor network
3.3 The Design of Ad-Hoc Wi-Fi Based Wireless
Sensor Network
3.3.1 System Setup
3.3.2 Serial Interface Protocol
3.3.3 Payload
3.3.4 One hop transmission
3.3.4.1 To send data
3.3.4.2 Acknowledgement packet
3.3.4.3 Receive packet
3.4 WiseOS Wi-Fi Application Programming Interface
(WiseOS Wi-Fi API)
3.4.1 Call event
3.4.1.1 XBEE Start
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3.4.1.2 Sending packet
3.4.1.3 Reboot
3.4.2 Trigger event
3.4.2.1 Turn On
3.4.2.2 Turn Off
3.4.2.3 Receiving a Packet
3.5 Auto-configuration Application Programming
Interface for Multi-hop operation
3.5.1 Change SSID
3.5.2 Swap and Send
3.5.3 Change Channel (for Creator mode only)
3.6 Summary
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4 AD-HOC SINGLE-HOP AND MULTI-HOP
EXPERIMENTAL TEST FOR WWSN
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wi-Fi Ad-Hoc Single-hop and Experimental Test
4.2.1 Sending picture using WWSN in one hop
4.2.2 Data Analysis
4.3 Wi-Fi Ad-Hoc Multi-Hop Scenarios and
Experimental Test
4.3.1 One Joiner and All Creators (OJAC)
scenario
4.3.1.1 Analysis for OJAC scenario
4.3.2 Some Joiner and Some Creator (SJSC)
scenario
4.3.2.1 Analysis of SJSC scenario
4.3.3 Comparison analysis for both OJAC and
SJSC scenarios
4.3.4 Summary
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5 CONCLUSION
5.1. Conclusion
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5.2. Recommendation for future works 88
REFERENCES 90
Appendix A 95
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 XBee® RF Modules specification 9
2.2 XBee® Wi-Fi RF Module specifications 10
2.3 Comparison of Transparent and API operations 17
2.4 Difference specification between IEEE 802.11 and IEEE
802.15.4
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2.5 Summaries of related works 27
3.1 a) APIID for both XBEE IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11,
b) The differences between both APIID
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3.2 Event, State and its notes 46
3.3 Core AT command details and their parameters 55
3.4 Association indicator value for commandAI 59
4.1 Single hop test-bed hardware and software specification 64
4.2 Others detail on send picture using WWSN in one hop
experiment
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4.3 Others detail on send small data using WWSN in one hop
experiment
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4.4 Multi-hops test-bed hardware and software specification 71
4.5 Others detail on multi-hops test-bed experimental test. 72
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 XBEE 802.15.4 RF Modules 9
2.2 XBee® Wi-Fi RF Module 10
2.3 (a) Infrastructure Network Model; (b) Ad-Hoc Network
Model; Difference between infrastructure and ad-hoc
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2.4 Permanent and temporary network 13
2.5 Channel divisions in IEEE 802.11 frequency spectrum 15
2.6 XBEE Wi-FI RF module connection and protocol for
communication
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2.7 TelG Sensor Node with XBEE Wi-Fi RF module 20
2.8 Overall relationships between user and device 22
2.9 Different API for a sound driver 23
3.1 The overview of WiseOS API System 31
3.2 An overview of Wi-Fi API public functions 32
3.3 An overview of Wi-Fi API Functions 33
3.4 WiseOS and Open System Interface (OSI) layer structure 34
3.5 Packet Structure Flow for each layer in TelG System that
involve in packet transmission
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3.6 API Operation Frame structure 37
3.7 Packet structure of API-specific structure. 38
3.8 One hop data transmissions 39
3.9 Communication between Wi-Fi Firmware and WiseOS for
data send.
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3.10 Serial Interface Protocol packet structure for data send. 41
3.11 Serial Interface Protocol packet structure for 42
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acknowledgement
3.12 Communication between Wi-Fi Firmware and WiseOS for
data receive.
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3.13 Serial Interface Protocol packet structure for data receive 44
3.14 WiseOS Application Layer State Diagram 45
3.15 Events in WiseOS operating system 46
3.16 Flow of XBEE_start function call event 48
3.17 Flow of sending packet in Wi-Fi API 50
3.18 Flow of Turn on event 51
3.19 Flow of receiving packet in Wi-Fi API 52
3.20 Auto-configuration overall views 54
3.21 Serial Interface protocol packet structure for each core AT
command
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3.22 XBEE command flowchart 56
3.23 Flow chart for Core AT Command for multi-hop operation 57
3.24 Flow Chart for Change SSID Function 58
3.25 Flow chart for Swap and Send function 60
3.26 (a) Modem status error flow chart; (b) Change channel flow
chart
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3.27 Packet Structure for commandCH 62
4.1 Flow chart for application program experimental sending
picture
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4.2 Comparison between IEEE 802.15.4 TelG and IEEE 802.11g
TelG in term of time taken to send pictures
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4.3 The number of pictures that can be sent at a time between
IEEE 802.15.4 TelG (100byte), IEEE 802.11 (1250byte) and
IEEE 802.11 TelG (200byte)
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4.4 Time taken for each node to send packets 69
4.5 Network topology for multi-hop WWSN. 71
4.6 Test bed network topology 71
4.7 OJAC scenario operation flow 73
4.8 Step by step data packet flow from the sender to the receiver
in multi-hopping transmission.
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4.9 Time diagram for two hops test bed. 75
4.10 Two hops (a) and three hops (b) nodes placement for OJAC
scenario test bed experiment.
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4.11 Number of packets over end-to-end delay for different hops
in OJAC scenario.
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4.12 SJSC scenario operation flow 78
4.13 Step by step the data flow from sender to receiver in SJSC
scenario.
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4.14 The timing diagram for two hops (a) and three hops (b)
experimental test-bed.
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4.15 Two hops (a) and three hops (b) nodes placement for SJSC
scenario test bed experiment.
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4.16 Performance of end-to-end delay for two hops and three hops
for SJSC scenario test-bed experiment.
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4.17 Comparison between Scenarios for two hops experimental
test.
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4.18 Comparison between Scenarios for three hops experimental
test.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WSN - Wireless Sensor Network
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
API - Application Programming Interface
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
UTM - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
BSS - Basic Service Set
AP - Access Point
MAC - Media Access Control
SSID - Service Set Identifier
IP - Internet Protocol
RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication
UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface
RF - Radio Frequency
OS - Operating System
WBSN - Wireless Biomedical Sensor Network
CMOS - Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
MANET - Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Mbps - Megabit per second
WWSN - Wi-Fi for WSN
APIID - API Identifier
IDdata - ID specific Data
IBSS - Independent Basic Service Set
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
OJAC - One Joiner and All Creators
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SJSC - Some Joiner and Some Creator
P2P - Peer to Peer
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Calculation of one hop experimental test 95
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network of wireless sensor nodes that
are used to monitor and collect data in any remote area. This technology is widely
used around the world and it enables monitoring system at low cost which is easy to
maintain compared to wired system. WSN can be easily deployed in the most
difficult places. Nowadays, all systems are required to be intelligent and flexible. It is
hard to implement if wired system is used because it will not be cost effective just to
make a system with several sensors.
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) is a standard that is well-known across the world. It is
one of the main feature in mobile devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and
tablets. Wi-Fi standard became so popular due to its abilities to send bigger data in a
single packet and the abilities to integrate with Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol. It also has bigger data rate transfer thus
is is an alternative for WSN because it is able to support more nodes or intermediate
device at the same time compared to WSN with IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
1.2 Motivation
Currently the implementations of most of WSN systems are using IEEE
802.15.4 as its standard to communicate with each other. With IEEE 802.15.4, all
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nodes are able to directly transmit the data to the base station. The base station will
be connected to a computer which will transfer all the data collected. Without the
base station, there is no other way to send the data from the source to the destination.
WSN with IEEE 802.15.4 only able to send small data because IEEE 802.15.4 can
support data rate up to 250 kbps with coverage range of 10 meters. Thus, it is
usually impossible to send any captured picture to the base system because it will
take a lot of time with many packets for only one picture.
IEEE 802.11g1 is a popular standard that is able to support up to 54Mbps with
range 100 meters. This standard is also being used in many wireless devices such as
laptops, and mobile phones. Using IEEE 802.11 standard, the WSN do not need any
base station and the laptop can directly connected to the WSN to collect data. IEEE
802.11 standard also enables the WSN node data to be retrieved over the Internet
using TCP/IP standard.
Both IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 communication standards have their
pros and cons. IEEE 802.15.4 has small coverage range with lower data rate. IEEE
802.15.4 standard is suitable to be used in small data transmit. Even though IEEE
802.15.4 is an alternative to send small packet, IEEE 802.11 has better coverage
range, and faster data rate. It is more suitable in a situation that requires big data
(large number of packet) to be sent from one point to another, with larger covering
area. IEEE 802.15.4 can handle big data but data could be loss in the middle of a
transmission.
There are also other advantages of IEEE 802.11 in WSN is that it has good
non-line-of-sight transmission, very cost-effective, can be easily expanded, robust
and small disturbance of links2. Wi-Fi has a good transmission through the barrier
(i.e. walls) compared to IEEE 802.15.4 and it also has the ability to communicate in
non-line-of-sight. Wi-Fi is very cost effective because it deployment can be done
using the existing network. The high data rate allows Wi-Fi to support up to 100
1 IEEE 802.11g is the only data rate the particular hardware (TelG) can support in ad-hoc mode
2 L. Li, H. Xiaoguang, C. Ke and H. Ketai, The applications of wifi-based wireless sensor network in
internet of things and smart grid, Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2011 6th IEEE
Conference on, IEEE, 2011, pp. 789-793.
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wireless connections at a time. This will make the network can go large and have
many nodes at a single place. The ability to handle network better and to recover
fault in the network make it more stable compared to IEEE 802.15.4. It also has
advantages in the architecture support. Multi-channel in Wi-Fi helps to reduce
interference due to single channel transmission, even though there are many
networks in one place.
TelG mote is an in-house wireless sensor mote based on IEEE 802.15.4
developed by the Telematics Research Group Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
The drawback of the low rate IEEE 802.15.4 is that the delay in sending multimedia
data is high.
1.3 Problem Statement
A sensor node is a self-developed node that is specifically design to transmit
data from the source node to sink node. The node is equipped with IEEE 802.15.4
radio frequency (RF) transmitter. The characteristic of IEEE 802.15.4 is that it is able
to transmit small packet data and the sensor nodes are easy to communicate with
each other using multi-hopping transmission. However, IEEE 802.15.4 has a small
coverage area and have a slow transmission rate. These limitations will lead to many
packet losses and require more nodes to deliver large data in a bigger area. Handling
big data like multimedia data would require large bandwidth and fast data rate to
avoid data loss. This can be done by using IEEE 802.11 based WSN which has wider
coverage area, higher bandwidth and fast data transmission rate at the expense of
higher power requirement per transmission.
There is an in house sensor mote called TelG Sensor Mote. As mention in
previous section, this sensor mote is based on IEEE 802.15.4. The TelG sensor mote
require improvement to increase it’s performance. In order to add IEEE 802.11
transmitter to the TelG mote, Application Programming Interface (API) is required to
handle its communication between transmitter and sensor node operating system.
API is similar to a driver where it will bridge software-to-software while the driver is
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a bridge between hardware-to-software. However, there is a limitation in IEEE
802.11 that it only allows communication between nodes in the same SSID.
This limitation caused by the hardware configuration in IEEE 802.11. IEEE
802.11 can support both infrastructure and ad-hoc mode, however, both modes are
constraint to the network mode configuration. There are two network/infrastructure
mode which are creator mode and joiner mode. The problem with these mode is that
the node will be in a joiner mode, when it is sending data and at the same time if any
other node needs to send data and scanning for a creator mode, it will not able to
locate the nodes that are in joiner mode. Creator mode will host the network and
joiner mode will connect to the network. The limitation can be overcome by using an
auto configuration API that work together with the TelG IEEE 802.11 API. The auto
configuration API is expected to provide IEEE 802.11 based WSN to do multi-hops
transmission.
1.4 Research Objectives
There are three main objectives of this research in order to solve the
problems.
1. To develop the application programming interface (API) code to support
communication between IEEE 802.11 RF module firmware with the
operating system.
2. To develop an auto-configuration API to support multi-hops operations.
3. To analyze IEEE 802.11 based sensor node to verify the workability and
measure the end to end delay for multi-hop operation.
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1.5 Scope of Work
This research has involved programming and test-beds experiments. The
programming language used in the research is C programming language and it uses a
lot of pointers and interrupt technique. The programming structure is based on
object-oriented programming where all codes are being grouped in specific function
based on its purpose.
Test-beds experiment is conducted using TelG sensor node as the main
device. TelG is equipped with XBEE IEEE 802.11 b/g/n RF module and operating
system. Some experiment involves laptop as a sink node for data final destination
target. Most of test-bed experiments are conducted in an indoor environment. The
experiment of multi-hopping is using static routing where the data transmission path
is manually configured.
1.6 Significant Contribution of Research
The contribution of the research is the design of the API for TelG operating
system to support IEEE 802.11 transmitter. The design of the API provides TelG
sensor to fully utilize the transmitter and allows multi-hopping transmission. The
significant contribution of research are as follows:
The API for WiseOS to support IEEE 802.11 b/g/n transmitter. With IEEE
802.11 transmitter, TelG mote is able to transmit many packets over 20 meter
distance at the expense of high current usage.
The Auto-configuration API to support multi-hopping transmission in Wi-Fi
TelG. Multi-hopping transmission allows the data transmission range extend
from a network to another nearby network.
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1.7 Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of five chapters and is organized as follows:
The first chapter discuss on the problem of the research, the objective of the
research, the scope of the research and the significance of the research.
The second chapter presents related work and facts related to the research.
The research is related to wireless sensor network, IEEE 802.11 wireless standard
and multi-hop operation. The details on the advantages and disadvantages of those
keywords are also discuss.
The third chapter discuss the design of IEEE 802.11 based WSN. This
chapter provides the detail on the design of the API code and auto-configuration API
for the multi-hop operation. All flow charts explaining the flow of the code and
design are also included.
The fourth chapter presents the experimental test-beds. There are two
experiments conducted. The first experiment is to verify the working of the API code
by sending data in single-hop transmission using ad-hoc mode. The second
experiment is to verify the workings of the auto - configuration API in sending data
in multi-hop manner. Multi-hop are done in two methods and they are explain in
detail in this chapter. The results of experiment are also present in this chapter.
The final chapter discuss on the conclusion of the research, the limitation and
problem occured in the research. This chapter also suggest the future works to
overcome the limitation.
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