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Automated fault detection for persistent energy savings in commercial buildings Dr Josh Wall | Research Project Leader
March 2013
CSIRO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
2013 Australian summer study on energy efficiency & decentralised energy Brighton Le Sands, Sydney
Emerging HVAC Technologies for energy efficiency
Commissioning of HVAC systems / potential savings
Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) methods
Automated tools for FDD
CSIRO evaluation of automated FDD tools
Case studies
Next steps
Overview
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Optimal Controls Commissioning / Automated FDD
Behaviour
Change
High Efficiency Equipment /
Renewable Energy
Performance optimization and diagnostics technology options
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Option Potential Savings Availability
Demand-Controlled Ventilation 10% Commercially available
Duct-Leakage Diagnostics 7% R&D / Emerging
Retro Commissioning 13% Commercially available
Ongoing Commissioning/FDD 17% Commercially available / Emerging
Building Energy Information Systems 20% Commercially available
Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioner FDD 13% R&D / Emerging
(source: Goetzler et al., 2011)
Properly commissioned and ‘tuned’ building systems are important… – Improved Energy Performance
– Reduced maintenance needs
– Increased equipment life
– Maximises impact from optimal controls!
Benefits of Commissioning
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1. 2. 3.
End Goal: Ensure energy systems are performing as per their design intent or “as best they can”.
Types of building commissioning (Cx) – Initial Cx: Design Post Handover / Fine-tuning
– Re Cx: perform commissioning procedures for existing buildings during their lifetime following the initial commissioning.
– Retro Cx: set of procedures, like an extensive tune-up, that are applied to buildings that have been changed or have never been commissioned.
– Ongoing Cx: a more automated commissioning process that is performed and evaluated on a frequent or continuous basis.
Best practise Cx guides:
– AIRAH DA27
– CIBSE Cx Codes
– ASHRAE Guidelines (new Standard 202P Cx Process to be released 2013)
Building Commissioning
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U.S. building commissioning meta-analysis (source: Mills, 2009)
– 16% median whole-building energy savings in existing buildings
– payback time of 1.1 years.
NSW OEH Energy Saver Program - building tuning/recommissioning practices – 5-10% savings of their utility cost (source: AIRAH Discussion Paper - Transition to Low Emission HVAC&R, 2013)
– simple payback is less than 2 years, some less than 1 year
Common HVAC fault types – Stuck and leaking chilled and hot water valves
– Stuck and leaking air dampers
– Leaking air ducts, blocked air filters
– Sensor calibration (drifts, offsets)
– Oscillating local control loops
– Faults on Air handling fans, Pumps, VSDs
Potential Savings from Existing Building Cx
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Excess energy consumption between re-commissioning cycles
How can we ensure persistent energy savings? – Re-commissioning procedures - labour intensive, perceived as expensive
– Expert building operator monitoring 24/7
– Automate elements of the commissioning process
– Automated Fault Detection & Diagnostics (AFDD) tools
– Automated Ongoing Cx tools
Persistent Energy Savings?
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Measurement Data: BMCS, EMCS, smart meters, wireless sensors, weather
Detect faults in systems, sub-systems and components
Isolate the cause(s) of the fault
Suggest remedial actions / reconfigure controls
Generic FDD Process for Building Systems
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Hybrid Approach? – Rule-Based
– Black-Box / Grey-Box
– Advanced Analytics + Prediction
Classification of FDD Methods
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(Source: Katipamula & Brambley, 2005)
Sophisticated algorithms/expert rules- exists as software – Stand-alone or online (SaaS / Cloud)
Connects to existing data sources: – Building Management & Control System (BMCS)
– Smart meters / Energy Management & Control Systems (EMCS)
– Wireless Sensors
– Weather data
Continually analyse operational data and compares with known rules/models – E.g. every 15mins, determine potential faults every hour
Can provide certainty about operational problems and wasted energy
For building operators it can be the difference between I think and I know!
What are AFDD tools?
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Monitoring and Visualisation
Fault Detection – Detect faults in systems, sub-systems and components
– Energy Analytics, Estimate Energy Wastage
Fault Diagnostics – Isolate the cause(s) of the fault
– Suggest remedial actions
– Prioritise based on severity or energy wastage
– Condition monitoring
Automated Cx – Automatically re-tune / re-calibrate controls
Non-Energy Benefits: – Improved occupant comfort, indoor air quality
– Reduced equipment size, reduced noise
– Reduced maintenance needs, extended equipment life
Automated FDD Functionality
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(source: Greensense)
Automated Commissioning work by Brambley, Katipamula et al. – ‘Self-correcting’ controls
– After a fault is detected, automatically adjust controls to compensate
– May require a re-design of BMCS control logic
– Not commercially available (R&D)
Automated Ongoing Commissioning
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AFDD tools emerging… – PACRAT
– Infometrics (Cimetrics)
– Enforma (Arch Energy)
– APAR & VPACC (NIST)
– DABO (ADMS Technologies)
– SCIWatch (Scienergy)
– Skyspark (Skyfoundry)
– Panoptix Continuous Diagnostics Advisor (Johnson Controls)
– (Ezenics)
– (Coppertree Analytics)
– Synergy (Fielddiagnostics)
– Accenture
– Tririga (IBM)
– Clockworks (KGS Buildings)
– (Iconics)
– (Glacial Energy)
Emerging Automated FDD Tools
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(source: Johnson Controls)
(source: ADMS Technologies)
(source: KGS Buildings)
(source: Skyfoundry)
CSIRO undertaking initial evaluation of commercially available AFDD tools
Currently evaluating 2 tools: – DABO (ADMS Technologies)
– SkySpark (SkyFoundry)
Additional tools being considered for implementation: – ClockWorks (KGS Buildings)
– Panoptix Continuous Diagnostics Advisor (Johnson Controls)
CSIRO seeking Government / Industry support for comprehensive evaluation – Lab testing: AHRAE 1312-RP Fault Simulation Tool
– Real building case studies: CSIRO Energy Centre, others buildings to be identified
– Outcome (shared IP): Cost-benefit analysis – quantify cost, implementation effort, data requirements, FDD performance, energy savings ...
CSIRO Evaluation of AFDD Tools
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DABO™ (Diagnostic Agent for Building Operators) – Distributed by ADMS Technologies
– Initially developed by CanmetENERGY (Natural Resources Canada)
– Stand alone software application
– Rule-Based FDD
– over 800 expert rules
– more than 275 performance indicators
Advertised Features: – Ongoing commissioning reports
– Energy metering, HVAC, water-system and lighting-control efficiency tracking
– Hourly fault detection diagnostics (FDD)
– Detailed performance dashboard
Case Study - DABO
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(source: ADMS Technologies)
Building: Palais des congrès de Montréal, Montréal Canada – 130,000 m2 Convention centre
– Annual energy bill: $2 million CAD
– Detection of 211 HVAC faults in 1st year
– Achieved a persistent 25% energy savings
Case Study - DABO
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(source: ADMS Technologies)
DABO – Screen Shots
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(source: ADMS Technologies)
ClockWorks – Developed and distributed by KGS Buildings
– Cloud-based software application
– Rule-Based FDD
Key Advertised Features: – Automated Diagnostics
– Cross-Platform Data Integration
– Customizable Reports
– Secure Enterprise-Level Network
– Access Anywhere
– Unlimited Cloud-Based Storage
– Link to External Management Systems
Case Study - ClockWorks
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(source: KGS Buildings)
(source: KGS Buildings)
Building: Research laboratory, Boston U.S. – 41,806 m2 (5-year-old)
Building: Office Building , Massachusetts U.S. – 17-story multi-tenant office building
Case Study - ClockWorks
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(source: KGS Buildings)
ClockWorks – Screen Shots
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Commissioning / fine-tuning key to low-energy buildings
Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD) tools are emerging....
Automated Commissioning (self-correcting controls) at R&D stage
Case Studies and literature showing Auto. FDD energy savings potential 5-40%
CSIRO looking to perform comprehensive evaluation of Automated FDD tools commercially available – Initial evaluation looking at 2+ tools (2 more being investigated)
– Seeking Government / Industry support for larger evaluation in Australian context
– Cost-benefit analysis – quantify cost, implementation effort, data requirements, FDD performance, energy savings ...
Automated FDD Tools could be key to high impact persistent energy savings!
Summary & Next Steps
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Thank you Dr Josh Wall Research Project Leader
CSIRO Energy Technology t: +61 2 4960 6108 e: [email protected]
CSIRO ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
AIRAH application manual DA 27 - Building Commissioning, 2011
ASHRAE – ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005 - The Commissioning Process
– ASHRAE Guideline 1.1-2007- HVAC&R Technical Requirements for The Commissioning Process
– ASHRAE Standard 202P - Commissioning Process for Buildings & Systems, estimated released 2013
CIBSE Commissioning Codes: – Code A: Air Distribution Systems, Code B: Boilers, Code C: Automatic Controls, Code L: Lighting,
Code M: Management, Code R: Refrigeration, Code W: Water Distribution Systems
BSRIA Soft Landings Framework http://www.bsria.co.uk/services/design/soft-landings/anz/
Initial Cx Resources (additional slides)
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DOE EEB-HUB Project (ongoing) See: http://www.eebhub.org/
IEA ECBCS Annex 47 - Annex 47 Cost Effective Commissioning of Existing and Low Energy Buildings (completed 2005-2010) See: http://www.ecbcs.org/annexes/
PIER Advanced Automated HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostics Commercialization Program. (completed 2006) See: http://www.archenergy.com/pier-fdd/default.htm
IEA ECBCS Annex 40 - Commissioning of Building HVAC Systems for Improving Energy Performance. (completed 2001-2004) See: http://www.ecbcs.org/annexes/
Ongoing Cx / FDD Resources (additional slides)
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