Autobiography T J

8/13/2019 Autobiography T J

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AUTOBIOGRAPHY

1743 -- 1790

With the Declaration of Independence

January 6, 1821

At th a! "# 77, I $!%n t" &a' ("& &&"ran)a an) (tat ("& r*"++*t%"n( "# )at( #a*t(*"n*rn%n! &y(+#, #"r &y "n &"r ra)y r#rn* #"r th %n#"r&at%"n "# &y #a&%+y.

Th tra)%t%"n %n &y #athr/( #a&%+y a( that th%r an*(t"r *a& t" th%( *"untry #r"& a+(, an) #r"&

nar th &"unta%n "# n")"n, th h%!h(t %n Gr. Br. I n"t) "n* a *a( #r"& a+( %n th +a r"rt(

hr a r("n "# "ur na& a( %thr +. "r )#. an) "n "# th (a& na& a( *rtary t" th%r!%n%a *"&any. Th( ar th "n+y %n(tan*( %n h%*h I ha &t %th th na& %n that *"untry. I

ha #"un) %t %n "ur ar+y r*"r)(, $ut th #%r(t art%*u+ar %n#"r&at%"n I ha "# any an*(t"r a( &y

!ran)#athr h" +%) at th +a* %n 5h(tr#%+) *a++) O$"rn/( an) "n). th +an)( a#trar)( th!+$ "# th ar%(h. H ha) thr ("n(, Th"&a( h" )%) y"un!, %+) h" (tt+) "n th atr( "#

R"an"' an) +#t nu&r"u( )(*n)ant(, an) Ptr &y #athr, h" (tt+) "n th +an)( I (t%++ "n *a++)

ha)++ a)"%n%n! &y r(nt r(%)n*. H a( $"rn $. 29, 17078, an) %ntr&arr%) 1739. %th

Jan Ran)"+h, "# th a! "# 19. )aur "# I(ha& Ran)"+h "n "# th (n ("n( "# that na& #a&%+y(tt+) at :un!"n(( %n G""*h+). Thy tra* th%r )%!r #ar $a*' %n ;n!+an) *"t+an), t" h%*h

+t ry "n a(*r%$ th #a%th &r%t h *h""((.

+%tt+ $%n!

thn 'n"n $y"n) that r%)!. H a( th 3) "r 4th (tt+r "# th art "# th *"untry %n h%*h I +%,

h%*h a( a$"ut 1737. H )%) Au!. 17. 177, +a%n! &y &"thr a %)" h" +%) t%++ 1776, %th 6)aur( 2. ("n(, &y(+# th +)r. T" &y y"un!r $r"thr h +#t h%( (tat "n Ja&( r%r *a++)

n")n a#tr th (u"() $%rth-+a* "# th #a&%+y. T" &y(+# th +an)( "n h%*h I a( $"rn +%.

H +a*) & at th ;n!+%(h (*h""+ at . yar( "# a! an) at th at%n at 9. hr I *"nt%nu) unt%+ h%()ath. an) #r"& h%( *"nr(at%"n I !"t &y #%r(t %( "# th @an(%"n "# (*%n* "# th

(y(t& "# th%n!( %n h%*h ar +a*). "rtunat+y th Ph%+"("h%*a+ *ha%r $*a& a*ant (""n a#tr&y arr%a+ at *"++!, an) h a( a"%nt) t" #%++ %t r %ntr%&C an) h a( th #%r(t h" r !a %n

that *"++! r!u+ar +*tur( %n ;th%*(, Rht"r%* B++( +ttr(. H rturn) t" ;ur" %n 1762, ha%n!

r%"u(+y #%++) u th &a(ur "# h%( !"")n(( t" &, $y r"*ur%n! #"r &, #r"& h%( &"(t %nt%&at#r%n) G. yth, a r*t%"n a( a (tu)nt "# +a, un)r h%( )%r*t%"n, an) %ntr")u*) & t" th

a*=ua%ntan* an) #a&%+%ar ta$+ "# G"rn"r au=u%r, th a$+(t &an h" ha) r #%++) that "##%*.

%th h%&, an) at h%( ta$+, :r. &a++


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art% =uarr, t" th ha$%tua+ *"nr(at%"n( "n th( "**a(%"n( I ") &u*h %n(tru*t%"n. (u*h a( I hanr har) #r"& any "thr &an. H aar) t" & t" (a' a( H"&r r"t.


3/53


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Au! n(u%n!, t" *"n(%)r th (tat "# th *"+"ny, art%*u+ar+y t" a"%nt )+!at( t" a !nra+

5"n!r((, (h"u+) that &a(ur $ a**)) t" $y th *"&&( "# *"rr()* !nra++y. It a( a**))

t", Ph%+a)+h%a a( a"%nt) #"r th +a*, an) th th "# . #"r th t%& "# &t%n!. rturn)

h"&, an) %n "ur (ra+ *"unt%( %n%t) th *+r!y t" &t a((&$+%( "# th "+ "n th 1(t "# Jun,t" r#"r& th *r&"n%( "# th )ay, t" a))r(( t" th& )%(*"ur(( (u%t) t" th "**a(%"n. Th

"+ &t !nra++y, %th an@%ty a+ar& %n th%r *"untnan*(, an) th ##*t "# th )ay thr"/ th

h"+ *"+"ny a( +%' a (h"*' "# +*tr%*%ty, ar"u(%n! ry &an +a*%n! h%& r*t ("+%)+y "n h%(*ntr. Thy *h"( un%r(a++y )+!at( #"r th *"nnt%"n. B%n! +*t) "n #"r &y "n *"unty I

rar) a )rau!ht "# %n(tru*t%"n( t" $ !%n t" th )+!at( h"& (h"u+) (n) t" th 5"n!r((,

an) h%*h I &ant t" r""( at "ur &t%n!. In th%( I t""' th !r"un) h%*h, #r"& th $!%nn%n! I ha)th"u!ht th "n+y "n "rth")"@ "r tna$+, h%*h a( that th r+at%"n $tn Gr. Br. an) th(

*"+"n%( a( @a*t+y th (a& a( that "# ;n!+an) *"t+an) a#tr th a**((%"n "# Ja&( unt%+ th

Un%"n, an) th (a& a( hr r(nt r+at%"n( %th Han"r, ha%n! th (a& ;@*ut% *h%# $ut n""thr n*((ary "+%t%*a+ *"nn*t%"n> an) that "ur &%!rat%"n #r"& ;n!+an) t" th%( *"untry !a hr n"

&"r r%!ht( "r u(, than th &%!rat%"n( "# th :an( an) a@"n( !a t" th r(nt auth"r%t%( "# th

&"thr *"untry "r ;n!+an). In th%( )"*tr%n h"r I ha) nr $n a$+ t" !t any "n t" a!r

%th & $ut


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(* 1) See Girardin'sHistory of Virginia, Appendix No. 12, note.

an)


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*"n(%)r an) r"rt "n ). ?"rth/( *"n*%+%at"ry r("+ut%"n. Th an(r "# th %r!%n%a a((&$+y "n that

(u$*t ha%n! $n ar") I a( r=u(t) $y th *"&& t" rar th%( r"rt, h%*h %++ a**"unt

#"r th (%&%+ar%ty "# #atur %n th t" %n(tru&nt(.

On th 1th "#


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#"rtun(, "r, ha%n! u( (" &u*h %n th%r "r a( that )(rat )*+arat%"n "u+) +a* u(, thy "u+)

%n(%(t "n tr&( r""rt%"na$+y &"r har) an) ru)%*%a+C

That ha) +%tt+ ra("n t" @*t an a++%an* %th th"( t" h"& a+"n a( yt ha) *a(t "ur y(C

That ran* a%n ha) ra("n t" $ a+"u( "# that r%(%n! "r h%*h "u+) "n )ay *rta%n+y (tr%

th& "# a++ th%r A&r%*an "((((%"n(C

That %t a( &"r +%'+y thy (h"u+) #"r& a *"nn*t%"n %th th Br%t%(h *"urt, h", %# thy (h"u+) #%n)th&(+( una$+ "thr%( t" @tr%*at th&(+( #r"& th%r )%##%*u+t%(, "u+) a!r t" a art%t%"n

"# "ur trr%t"r%(, r(t"r%n! 5ana)a t" ran*, th +"r%)a( t" a%n, t" a**"&+%(h #"r th&(+( a

r*"ry "# th( *"+"n%(C

That %t "u+) n"t $ +"n! $#"r (h"u+) r*% *rta%n %n#"r&at%"n "# th )%("(%t%"n "# th rn*h*"urt, #r"& th a!nt h"& ha) (nt t" Par%( #"r that ur"(C

That %# th%( )%("(%t%"n (h"u+) $ #a"ra$+, $y a%t%n! th nt "# th r(nt *a&a%!n, h%*h a++

h") "u+) $ (u**((#u+, (h"u+) ha ra("n t" @*t an a++%an* "n $ttr tr&(C

That th%( "u+) %n #a*t "r' n" )+ay "# any ##*tua+ a%) #r"& (u*h a++y, a(, #r"& th a)an* "# th(a("n )%(tan* "# "ur (%tuat%"n, %t a( %&"((%$+ *"u+) r*% any a((%(tan* )ur%n! th%(

*a&a%!nC

That %t a( ru)nt t" #%@ a&"n! "ur(+( th tr&( "n h%*h (h"u+) #"r& a++%an*, $#"r

)*+ar) "u+) #"r& "n at a++ nt(C

An) that %# th( r a!r) "n, "ur :*+arat%"n "# In)n)an* ra)y $y th t%& "urA&$a((a)"r (h"u+) $ rar) t" (a%+, %t "u+) $ a( ++ a( t" !" %nt" that :*+arat%"n at th%( )ay.

On th "thr (%) %t a( ur!) $y J. A)a&(, , yth, an) "thr(

That n" !nt+&an ha) ar!u) a!a%n(t th "+%*y "r th r%!ht "# (arat%"n #r"& Br%ta%n, n"r ha)

(u"() %t "((%$+ (h"u+) r rn "ur *"nn*t%"n> that thy ha) "n+y ""() %t( $%n! n"

)*+ar)C

That th =u(t%"n a( n"t hthr, $y a )*+arat%"n "# %n)n)an*, (h"u+) &a' "ur(+( hat ar n"t> $ut hthr (h"u+) )*+ar a #a*t h%*h a+ra)y @%(t(C

That a( t" th "+ "r ar+%a&nt "# ;n!+an), ha) a+a%( $n %n)n)nt "# th&, th%r

r(tra%nt( "n "ur tra) )r%%n! ##%*a*y #r"& "ur a*=u%(*n* "n+y, n"t #r"& any r%!ht( thy

"(((() "# %&"(%n! th&, that (" #ar "ur *"nn*t%"n ha) $n #)ra+ "n+y a( n" )%(("+)$y th *"&&n*&nt "# h"(t%+%t%(C

That a( t" th F%n!, ha) $n $"un) t" h%& $y a++!%an*, $ut that th%( $"n) a( n" )%(("+) $y

h%( a((nt t" th +at a*t "# ar+%a&nt, $y h%*h h )*+ar( u( "ut "# h%( r"t*t%"n, an) $y h%( +y%n!

ar "n u(, a #a*t h%*h ha) +"n! a!" r") u( "ut "# h%( r"t*t%"n> %t $%n! a *rta%n "(%t%"n %n +athat a++!%an* r"t*t%"n ar r*%r"*a+, th "n *a(%n! hn th "thr %( %th)ranC

That Ja&( th II). nr )*+ar) th "+ "# ;n!+an) "ut "# h%( r"t*t%"n yt h%( a*t%"n( r") %t

th ar+%a&nt )*+ar) %tC

?" )+!at( thn *an $ )n%), "r r ant, a "r "# )*+ar%n! an @%(t%n! truthC

That th )+!at( #r"& th :+aar *"unt%( ha%n! )*+ar) th%r *"n(t%tunt( ra)y t" "%n, thrar "n+y t" *"+"n%( Pnn(y+an%a


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)ran, nar a t+&"nth a!", (%n* h%*h th #a* "# a##a%r( ha( t"ta++y *han!)C

That %th%n that t%& %t ha) $*"& aarnt that Br%ta%n a( )tr&%n) t" a**t n"th%n! +(( than a

*art-$+an*h, an) that th F%n!/( an(r t" th "r) an) %++ thr#"r ( %t th%r %ntr(t t" rnt a

*"a+%t%"n> $ut (h"u+) thy r#u(, (ha++ $ $ut hr ar> hra( %th"ut try%n! (ha++ nr

'n" hthr thy %++ a%) u( "r n"tC

That th r(nt *a&a%!n &ay $ un(u**((#u+, thr#"r ha) $ttr r""( an a++%an* h%+"ur a##a%r( ar a h"#u+ a(*tC

That t" aa%t th nt "# th%( *a&a%!n %++ *rta%n+y "r' )+ay, $*au( )ur%n! th%( (u&&r ran*

&ay a((%(t u( ##*tua++y $y *utt%n! "## th"( (u+%( "# r"%(%"n( #r"& ;n!+an) Ir+an) "n h%*h

th n&y/( ar&%( hr ar t" )n)> "r $y (tt%n! %n &"t%"n th !rat "r thy ha *"++*t) %nth (t In)%(, *a++%n! "ur n&y t" th )#n* "# th "((((%"n( thy ha thrC

That %t "u+) $ %)+ t" +"( t%& %n (tt+%n! th tr&( "# a++%an*, t%++ ha) #%r(t )tr&%n) "u+)

ntr %nt" a++%an*C


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That %t %( n*((ary t" +"( n" t%& %n "n%n! a tra) #"r "ur "+, h" %++ ant *+"th(, an) %++

ant &"ny t"" #"r th a%&nt "# ta@(C

An) that th "n+y &%(#"rtun %( that )%) n"t ntr %nt" a++%an* %th ran* (%@ &"nth( (""nr, a(

$(%)( "n%n! th%r "rt( #"r th nt "# "ur +a(t yar/( r")u*, thy &%!ht ha &ar*h) an ar&y%nt" Gr&any an) rnt) th tty r%n*( thr #r"& (++%n! th%r unhay (u$*t( t" (u$)u u(.

The Declaration of IndependenceIt aar%n! %n th *"ur( "# th( )$at( that th *"+"n%( "# ?. Y"r', ? Jr(y, Pnn(y+an%a,

:+aar,


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thy r*t a+(", I %++ (tat th #"r& "# th )*+arat%"n a( "r%!%na++y r"rt). Th art( (tru*' "ut $y

5"n!r(( (ha++ $ )%(t%n!u%(h) $y a $+a*' +%n )ran un)r th&> th"( %n(rt) $y th& (ha++ $

+a*) %n th &ar!%n "r %n a *"n*urrnt *"+u&n.

D;)%t"r( n"tC t@t %n boldfacea( r&") #"r th #%na+ r(%"n "# th :*+arat%"n, an) t@t %n italics

a( a)))E.

A Declaration by the epresentati!es of the

"nited States of A#erica, in General

$on%ress Asse#bled.

hn %n th *"ur( "# hu&an nt( %t $*"&( n*((ary #"r "n "+ t" )%(("+ th "+%t%*a+ $an)(

h%*h ha *"nn*t) th& %th an"thr, an) t" a((u& a&"n! th "r( "# th arth th (arat =ua+ (tat%"n t" h%*h th +a( "# natur an) "# natur/( G") nt%t+ th&, a )*nt r(*t t" th

"%n%"n( "# &an'%n) r=u%r( that thy (h"u+) )*+ar th *au(( h%*h %&+ th& t" th (arat%"n.

h"+) th( truth( t" $ (+#-%)ntC that a++ &n ar *rat) =ua+> that thy ar n)") $y th%r

*rat"r %th inherent andDcertainE %na+%na$+ r%!ht(> that a&"n! th( ar +%#, +%$rty, th ur(u%t"# ha%n((C that t" (*ur th( r%!ht(, !"rn&nt( ar %n(t%tut) a&"n! &n, )r%%n! th%r u(t

"r( #r"& th *"n(nt "# th !"rn)> that hnr any #"r& "# !"rn&nt $*"&( )(tru*t%

"# th( n)(, %t %( th r%!ht "# th "+ t" a+tr "r a$"+%(h %t, t" %n(t%tut n !"rn&nt, +ay%n! %t/(#"un)at%"n "n (u*h r%n*%+(, "r!an%%n! %t/( "r( %n (u*h #"r&, a( t" th& (ha++ (& &"(t +%'+y

t" ##*t th%r (a#ty ha%n((. Pru)n* %n)) %++ )%*tat that !"rn&nt( +"n! (ta$+%(h)

(h"u+) n"t $ *han!) #"r +%!ht tran(%nt *au((> an) a**"r)%n!+y a++ @r%n* hath (h"n that&an'%n) ar &"r )%("() t" (u##r h%+ %+( ar (u##ra$+, than t" r%!ht th&(+( $y a$"+%(h%n!

th #"r&( t" h%*h thy ar a**u(t"&). But hn a +"n! tra%n "# a$u(( u(urat%"n( be%&n at adistin%&ished period andur(u%n! %nar%a$+y th (a& "$*t, %n*( a )(%!n t" r)u* th& un)r

a$("+ut )("t%(&, %t %( th%r r%!ht, %t %( th%r )uty t" thr" "## (u*h !"rn&nt, t" r"%) n!uar)( #"r th%r #utur (*ur%ty. u*h ha( $n th at%nt (u##ran* "# th( *"+"n%(> (u*h %( n"

th n*((%ty h%*h *"n(tra%n( th& t" exp&n%eDalterE th%r #"r&r (y(t&( "# !"rn&nt. Th

h%(t"ry "# th r(nt '%n! "# Grat Br%ta%n %( a h%(t"ry "# &nre#ittin%DrepeatedE %nur%( u(urat%"n(, a#on% hich appears no solitary fact to contradict the &nifor# tenor of the rest b&t

all ha!eDall havingE %n )%r*t "$*t th (ta$+%(h&nt "# an a$("+ut tyranny "r th( (tat(. T"

r" th%( +t #a*t( $ (u$&%tt) t" a *an)%) "r+) for the tr&th of hich e pled%e a faith yet

&ns&llied by falsehood.

H ha( r#u() h%( a((nt t" +a( th &"(t h"+("& n*((ary #"r th u$+%* !"").

H ha( #"r$%))n h%( !"rn"r( t" a(( +a( "# %&&)%at r((%n! %&"rtan*, un+(( (u(n)) %nth%r "rat%"n t%++ h%( a((nt (h"u+) $ "$ta%n)> hn (" (u(n)), h ha( uttr+y n!+*t) t"

attn) t" th&.

H ha( r#u() t" a(( "thr +a( #"r th a**"&&")at%"n "# +ar! )%(tr%*t( "# "+, un+(( th"("+ "u+) r+%n=u%(h th r%!ht "# rr(ntat%"n %n th +!%(+atur, a r%!ht %n(t%&a$+ t" th&,

#"r&%)a$+ t" tyrant( "n+y.

H ha( *a++) t"!thr +!%(+at% $")%( at +a*( unu(ua+, un*""rta$+, an) )%(tant #r"& th

)"(%t"ry "# th%r u$+%* r*"r)(, #"r th ("+ ur"( "# #at%!u%n! th& %nt" *"&+%an* %th h%(


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&a(ur(.

H ha( )%(("+) rr(ntat% h"u(( rat)+y contin&ally#"r ""(%n! %th &an+y #%r&n(( h%(

%na(%"n( "n th r%!ht( "# th "+.

H ha( r#u() #"r a +"n! t%& a#tr (u*h )%(("+ut%"n( t" *au( "thr( t" $ +*t), hr$y th

+!%(+at% "r(, %n*aa$+ "# ann%h%+at%"n, ha rturn) t" th "+ at +ar! #"r th%r @r*%(, th(tat r&a%n%n! %n th &ant%& @"() t" a++ th )an!r( "# %na(%"n #r"& %th"ut *"nu+(%"n(

%th%n.

H ha( n)a"r) t" rnt th "u+at%"n "# th( (tat(> #"r that ur"( "$(tru*t%n! th +a( #"r

natura+%at%"n "# #"r%!nr(, r#u(%n! t" a(( "thr( t" n*"ura! th%r &%!rat%"n( h%thr, ra%(%n! th*"n)%t%"n( "# n ar"r%at%"n( "# +an)(.

H ha( s&fferedDobstructedE th a)&%n%(trat%"n "# u(t%* totally to cease in so#e of these statesDbyE

r#u(%n! h%( Dassent to laws for establishing judiciary powersE.

H ha( &a) o&ru)!( )n)ant "n h%( %++ a+"n, #"r th tnur "# th%r "##%*(, th a&"unt

a%&nt "# th%r (a+ar%(.

H ha( r*t) a &u+t%tu) "# n "##%*( by a self assed poeran) (nt h%thr (ar&( "# n

"##%*r( t" hara(( "ur "+ an) at "ut th%r (u$(tan*.

H ha( 't a&"n! u( %n t%&( "# a* (tan)%n! ar&%( and ships of ar%th"ut th *"n(nt "# "ur

+!%(+atur(.

H ha( a##*t) t" rn)r th &%+%tary %n)n)ant "#, (ur%"r t" th *%%+ "r.

H ha( *"&$%n) %th "thr( t" (u$*t u( t" a ur%()%*t%"n #"r%!n t" "ur *"n(t%tut%"n( una*'n"+)!) $y "ur +a(, !%%n! h%( a((nt t" th%r a*t( "# rtn)) +!%(+at%"n #"r =uartr%n! +ar!

$")%( "# ar&) tr""( a&"n! u(> #"r r"t*t%n! th& $y a &"*'-tr%a+ #r"& un%(h&nt #"r any

&ur)r( h%*h thy (h"u+) *"&&%t "n th %nha$%tant( "# th( (tat(> #"r *utt%n! "## "ur tra) %th a++art( "# th "r+)> #"r %&"(%n! ta@( "n u( %th"ut "ur *"n(nt> #"r )r%%n! u( D E Din many casesE "#

th $n#%t( "# tr%a+ $y ury> #"r tran("rt%n! u( $y"n) (a( t" $ tr%) #"r rtn)) "##n*(> #"r

a$"+%(h%n! th #r (y(t& "# ;n!+%(h +a( %n a n%!h$"r%n! r"%n*, (ta$+%(h%n! thr%n an ar$%trary!"rn&nt, an) n+ar!%n! %t/( $"un)ar%(, (" a( t" rn)r %t at "n* an @a&+ an) #%t %n(tru&nt #"r

%ntr")u*%n! th (a& a$("+ut ru+ %nt" th( statesDcoloniesE> #"r ta'%n! aay "ur *hartr(, a$"+%(h%n!

"ur &"(t a+ua$+ +a(, an) a+tr%n! #un)a&nta++y th #"r&( "# "ur !"rn&nt(> #"r (u(n)%n! "ur

"n +!%(+atur(, )*+ar%n! th&(+( %n(t) %th "r t" +!%(+at #"r u( %n a++ *a((hat("r.

H ha( a$)%*at) !"rn&nt hr ithdrain% his %o!ernors, and declarin% &s o&t of hisalle%iance protection. Dby declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.E

H ha( +un)r) "ur (a(, raa!) "ur *"a(t(, $urnt "ur t"n(, )(tr"y) th +%( "# "ur "+.

H %( at th%( t%& tran("rt%n! +ar! ar&%( "# #"r%!n &r*nar%( t" *"&+at th "r'( "# )ath,)("+at%"n tyranny a+ra)y $!un %th *%r*u&(tan*( "# *ru+ty an) r#%)y D E Dscarcely paralleled

in the most barbarous ages, & totallyE un"rthy th ha) "# a *%%+%) nat%"n.

H ha( *"n(tra%n) "ur #++" *%t%n( ta'n *at% "n th h%!h (a( t" $ar ar&( a!a%n(t th%r *"untry,

t" $*"& th @*ut%"nr( "# th%r #r%n)( $rthrn, "r t" #a++ th&(+( $y th%r han)(.

H ha( Dexcited domestic insurrection among us, & hasE n)a"r) t" $r%n! "n th %nha$%tant( "# "ur#r"nt%r( th &r*%+(( In)%an (aa!(, h"( 'n"n ru+ "# ar#ar %( an un)%(t%n!u%(h) )(tru*t%"n

"# a++ a!(, (@(, *"n)%t%"n( of existence.


12/53

e has incited treasonable ins&rrections of o&r fellociti+ens, ith the all&re#ents of forfeit&re

confiscation of o&r property.

e has a%ed cr&el ar a%ainst han nat&re itself, !iolatin% it's #ost sacred ri%hts of life and

liberty in the persons of a distant people ho ne!er offended hi#, capti!atin% carryin% the#

into sla!ery in another he#isphere, or to inc&r #iserable death in their transportation thither.

his piratical arfare, the opprobi of -N-D/0 poers, is the arfare of the $-S-AN

in% of Great ritain. Deter#ined to eep open a #aret here 3/N sho&ld be bo&%ht sold,he has prostit&ted his ne%ati!e for s&ppressin% e!ery le%islati!e atte#pt to prohibit or to restrain

this execrable co##erce. And that this asse#bla%e of horrors #i%ht ant no fact of distin%&ished

die, he is no excitin% those !ery people to rise in ar#s a#on% &s, and to p&rchase that liberty of

hich he has depri!ed the#, by #&rderin% the people on ho# he also obtr&ded the#4 th&s

payin% off for#er cri#es co##itted a%ainst the 0-/-/S of one people, ith cri#es hich he

&r%es the# to co##it a%ainst the 0-5/S of another.

In ry (ta! "# th( "r((%"n( ha t%t%"n) #"r r)r(( %n th &"(t hu&$+ tr&(C "ur

rat) t%t%"n( ha $n an(r) "n+y $y rat) %nur%(.

A r%n* h"( *hara*tr %( thu( &ar') $y ry a*t h%*h &ay )#%n a tyrant %( un#%t t" $ th ru+r

"# a D E DfreeE "+ ho #ean to be free. &t&re a%es ill scarcely belie!e that the hardiness ofone #an ad!ent&red, ithin the short co#pass of tel!e years only, to lay a fo&ndation so broad

so &ndis%&ised for tyranny o!er a people fostered fixed in principles of freedo# .

?"r ha $n ant%n! %n attnt%"n( t" "ur Br%t%(h $rthrn. ha arn) th& #r"& t%& t"t%& "# att&t( $y th%r +!%(+atur t" @tn) aDan unarranta$+E ur%()%*t%"n "r these o&r statesDusE. ha r&%n)) th& "# th *%r*u&(tan*( "# "ur &%!rat%"n (tt+&nt hr, no one of

hich co&ld arrant so stran%e a pretension4 that these ere effected at the expense of o&r on

blood treas&re, &nassisted by the ealth or the stren%th of Great ritain4 that in constit&tin%

indeed o&r se!eral for#s of %o!ern#ent, e had adopted one co##on in%, thereby layin% a

fo&ndation for perpet&al lea%&e a#ity ith the#4 b&t that s&b#ission to their parlia#ent as

no part of o&r constit&tion, nor e!er in idea, if history #ay be credited4 and , D E DhaveE aa+)

t" th%r nat% u(t%* an) &a!nan%&%ty as ell as toDand we have conjured them byE th t%( "# "ur*"&&"n '%n)r) t" )%(a" th( u(urat%"n( h%*h ere liely toDwould inevitablyE %ntrrut "ur*"nn*t%"n an) *"rr("n)n*. Thy t"" ha $n )a# t" th "%* "# u(t%* "# *"n(an!u%n%ty,

and hen occasions ha!e been %i!en the#, by the re%&lar co&rse of their las, of re#o!in% fro#

their co&ncils the dist&rbers of o&r har#ony, they ha!e, by their free election, reestablished the#

in poer. At this !ery ti#e too they are per#ittin% their chief #a%istrate to send o!er not only

soldiers of o&r co##on blood, b&t Scotch forei%n #ercenaries to in!ade destroy &s. hese

facts ha!e %i!en the last stab to a%oni+in% affection, and #anly spirit bids &s to reno&nce fore!er

these &nfeelin% brethren. 6e #&st 7We must therefore8 endea!or to for%et o&r for#er lo!e for

the#, and hold the# as e hold the rest of #anind, ene#ies in ar, in peace friends. 6e #i%ht

ha!e been a free and a %reat people to%ether9 b&t a co##&nication of %rande&r of freedo# it

see#s is belo their di%nity. e it so, since they ill ha!e it. he road to happiness to %lory isopen to &s too. 6e ill tread it apart fro# the#, anda*=u%(* %n th n*((%ty h%*h )n"un*(

"ur eternal(arat%"n D E Dand hold them as we hold the rest of manind, enemies in war, in peace

friends.EK

We therefore the representatives We therefore the representatives

of the United States of of the United States of

America in General Congress America in General Congress

assembled do in the name & assembled, appealing to the

by authority of the good supreme judge of the world

people of these states reject for the rectitude of our


13/53

& renounce all allegiance & intentions, do in the name, & by

subjection to the kings of the authority of the good

Great Britain & all others people of these colonies,

who may hereafter claim by, solemnly publish & declare that

through or under them: we these united colonies are &

utterly dissolve all political of right ought to be free &

connection which may independent states that they

heretofore have subsisted are absolved from all allegiance between us & the people or to the !ritish crown,

parliament of Great Britain: and that all political

& finally we do assert & connection between them & the

declare these colonies to be free state of Great !ritain is, &

& independent states, & that ought to be, totally

as free & independent states, dissolved & that as free &

they have full power to levy independent states they have

war, conclude peace, contract full power to levy war,

alliances, establish commerce, conclude peace, contract

& to do all other acts & alliances, establish commerce &

things which independent to do all other acts & things

states may of right do" which independent states

may of right do"

And for the support of And for the support of this

this declaration we mutually declaration, with a firm

pledge to each other our reliance on the protection of

lives, our fortunes, & our divine providence we mutually

sacred honor" pledge to each other our

lives, our fortunes, & our

sacred honor"

Th :*+arat%"n thu( (%!n) "n th 4th, "n ar a( n!r"(() "n ar*h&nt, (%!n) a!a%n "n th2). "# Au!u(t.

"& rr"n"u( (tat&nt( "# th r"*)%n!( "n th )*+arat%"n "# %n)n)n* ha%n! !"t $#"rth u$+%* %n +attr t%&(,


14/53

Un%t) tat(.


15/53

#r"& 8 t" "un) 12. h%+ %n th ?"rthrn %t a( !nra++y "un) 24.

$ut n"t (" a( t" (+a(. That @r%n* ha( (h"n that th"( *"+"n%( ha $n a+a%( a$+

t" ay &"(t h%*h ha th &"(t %nha$%tant(, hthr thy $ $+a*' "r h%t, an) th ra*t%* "# th"uthrn *"+"n%( ha( a+a%( $n t" &a' ry #ar&r ay "++ ta@( u"n a++ h%( +a$"urr( hthr

thy $ $+a*' "r h%t. H a*'n"+)!( %n)) that #r&n "r' th &"(t> $ut thy *"n(u& th

&"(t a+(". Thy )" n"t r")u* a !ratr (ur+u( #"r ta@at%"n. Th (+a %( n%thr #) n"r *+"th) ("@n(%+y a( a #r&an. A!a%n h%t "&n ar @&t) #r"& +a$"r !nra++y, $ut n!r" "&n

ar n"t. In th%( thn th "uthrn (tat( ha an a)anta! a( th art%*+ n" (tan)(. It ha( ("&t%&(

$n (a%) that (+ary %( n*((ary $*au( th *"&&")%t%( thy ra%( "u+) $ t"" )ar #"r &ar't %#

*u+t%at) $y #r&n> $ut n" %t %( (a%) that th +a$"r "# th (+a %( th )ar(t.

thr#"r thy a+(" (h"u+) $ ta@). It ha( $n (a%) t"" that %n *arry%n! (+a( %nt" th(t%&at "# th ta@( th (tat %( t" ay, )" n" &"r than th"( (tat( th&(+( )", h" a+a%( ta'

(+a( %nt" th (t%&at "# th ta@( th %n)%%)ua+ %( t" ay. But th *a(( ar n"t ara+++. In th

"uthrn *"+"n%( (+a( ra) th h"+ *"+"ny> $ut thy )" n"t ra) th h"+ *"nt%nnt. Thata( t" th "r%!%na+ r("+ut%"n "# 5"n!r(( t" r""rt%"n th =u"ta( a**"r)%n! t" th ("u+(, %t a(t&"rary "n+y, r+at) t" th &"n%( hrt"#"r &%tt)C hra( ar n" ntr%n! %nt" a n

*"&a*t, an) thr#"r (tan) "n "r%!%na+ !r"un).

Au! 1. Th =u(t%"n $%n! ut th a&n)&nt r""() a( r*t) $y th "t( "# ?. Ha&(h%r,


16/53

H a( "# "%n%"n th (&a++r *"+"n%( "u+) +"( th%r r%!ht(, %# thy r n"t %n ("& %n(tan*(

a++") an =ua+ "t> an) thr#"r that a )%(*r%&%nat%"n (h"u+) ta' +a* a&"n! th =u(t%"n( h%*h

"u+) *"& $#"r 5"n!r((. That th (&a++r (tat( (h"u+) $ (*ur) %n a++ =u(t%"n( *"n*rn%n! +%#

"r +%$rty th !ratr "n( %n a++ r(*t%n! r"rty. H thr#"r r""() that %n "t( r+at%n! t"&"ny, th "%* "# a*h *"+"ny (h"u+) $ r""rt%"n) t" th nu&$r "# %t( %nha$%tant(.

:r. ran'+%n th"u!ht that th "t( (h"u+) $ (" r""rt%"n) %n a++ *a((. H t""' n"t%* that th

:+aar *"unt%( ha) $"un) u th%r :+!at( t" )%(a!r t" th%( art%*+. H th"u!ht %t a ry@tra"r)%nary +an!ua! t" $ h+) $y any (tat, that thy "u+) n"t *"n#)rat %th u( un+(( "u+) +t th& )%("( "# "ur &"ny. 5rta%n+y %# "t =ua++y "u!ht t" ay =ua++y> $ut th

(&a++r (tat( %++ har)+y ur*ha( th r%%+! at th%( r%*. That ha) h +%) %n a (tat hr th

rr(ntat%"n, "r%!%na++y =ua+, ha) $*"& un=ua+ $y t%& a**%)nt h &%!ht ha (u$&%tt)rathr than )%(tur$ !"rn&nt> $ut that (h"u+) $ ry r"n! t" (t "ut %n th%( ra*t%* hn %t %( %n

"ur "r t" (ta$+%(h hat %( r%!ht. That at th t%& "# th Un%"n $tn ;n!+an) an) *"t+an) th

+attr ha) &a) th "$*t%"n h%*h th (&a++r (tat( n" )". But @r%n* ha) r") that n"un#a%rn(( ha) r $n (h"n th&. That th%r a)"*at( ha) r"!n"(t%*at) that %t "u+) a!a%n

han a( %n t%&( "# "+), that th ha+ "u+) (a++" J"na(, $ut h th"u!ht th r)%*t%"n rr()

%n nt an) that J"na( ha) (a++") th ha+, #"r th *"t*h ha) %n #a*t !"t "((((%"n "# th

!"rn&nt an) !a +a( t" th ;n!+%(h. H rr"$at) th "r%!%na+ a!r&nt "# 5"n!r(( t" "t $y*"+"n%( an) thr#"r a( #"r th%r "t%n! %n a++ *a(( a**"r)%n! t" th nu&$r "# ta@a$+(.

:r. %thr(""n ""() ry a+trat%"n "# th art%*+. A++ &n a)&%t that a *"n#)ra*y %( n*((ary.

h"u+) th %)a !t a$r"a) that thr %( +%'+y t" $ n" un%"n a&"n! u(, %t %++ )a& th &%n)( "# th"+, )%&%n%(h th !+"ry "# "ur (tru!!+, +((n %t/( %&"rtan*> $*au( %t %++ "n t" "ur %

#utur r"(*t( "# ar )%((n(%"n a&"n! "ur(+(. I# an =ua+ "t $ r#u(), th (&a++r (tat(

%++ $*"& a((a+( t" th +ar!r> a++ @r%n* ha( (h"n that th a((a+( (u$*t( "# #r (tat(

ar th &"(t n(+a). H %n(tan*) th H+"t( "# arta th r"%n*( "# R"&. H "$(r) that#"r%!n "r( )%(*"r%n! th%( $+&%(h "u+) &a' %t a han)+ #"r )%(n!a!%n! th (&a++r (tat( #r"&

(" un=ua+ a *"n#)ra*y. That th *"+"n%( (h"u+) %n #a*t $ *"n(%)r) a( %n)%%)ua+(> an) that a(

(u*h, %n a++ )%(ut( thy (h"u+) ha an =ua+ "t> that thy ar n" *"++*t) a( %n)%%)ua+( &a'%n! a

$ar!a%n %th a*h "thr, "# *"ur( ha) a r%!ht t" "t a( %n)%%)ua+(. That %n th ;a(t In)%a *"&anythy "t) $y r("n(, n"t $y th%r r""rt%"n "# (t"*'. That th B+!%* *"n#)ra*y "t) $y

r"%n*(. That %n =u(t%"n( "# ar th (&a++r (tat( r a( &u*h %ntr(t) a( th +ar!r, thr#"r(h"u+) "t =ua++y> an) %n)) that th +ar!r (tat( r &"r +%'+y t" $r%n! ar "n th *"n#)ra*y

%n r""rt%"n a( th%r #r"nt%r a( &"r @tn(%. H a)&%tt) that =ua+%ty "# rr(ntat%"n a( an

@*++nt r%n*%+, $ut thn %t &u(t $ "# th%n!( h%*h ar *""r)%nat> that %(, "# th%n!( (%&%+ar "# th

(a& naturC that n"th%n! r+at%n! t" %n)%%)ua+( *"u+) r *"& $#"r 5"n!r((> n"th%n! $ut hat"u+) r(*t *"+"n%(. H )%(t%n!u%(h) $tn an %n*"r"rat%n! a #)ra+ un%"n. Th un%"n "#

;n!+an) a( an %n*"r"rat%n! "n> yt *"t+an) ha) (u##r) $y that un%"nC #"r that %t/( %nha$%tant( r

)ran #r"& %t $y th h"( "# +a*( &+"y&nt(. ?"r a( %t an %n(tan* "# =ua+%ty "#rr(ntat%"n> $*au( h%+ *"t+an) a( a++") nar+y a th%rtnth "# rr(ntat%"n thy r t"

ay "n+y "n #"rt%th "# th +an) ta@. H @r(() h%( h"( that %n th r(nt n+%!htn) (tat "#&n/( &%n)( &%!ht @*t a +a(t%n! *"n#)ra*y, %# %t a( #"un)) "n #a%r r%n*%+(.

J"hn A)a&( a)"*at) th "t%n! %n r""rt%"n t" nu&$r(. H (a%) that (tan) hr a( thrr(ntat%( "# th "+. That %n ("& (tat( th "+ ar &any, %n "thr( thy ar #> that

thr#"r th%r "t hr (h"u+) $ r""rt%"n) t" th nu&$r( #r"& h"& %t *"&(. Ra("n, u(t%*,

=u%ty nr ha) %!ht n"u!h "n th #a* "# th arth t" !"rn th *"un*%+( "# &n. It %( %ntr(ta+"n h%*h )"( %t, an) %t %( %ntr(t a+"n h%*h *an $ tru(t). That thr#"r th %ntr(t( %th%n

)""r( (h"u+) $ th &ath&at%*a+ rr(ntat%( "# th %ntr(t( %th"ut )""r(. That th %n)%%)ua+%ty


17/53

"# th *"+"n%( %( a &r ("un). :"( th %n)%%)ua+%ty "# a *"+"ny %n*ra( %t/( a+th "r nu&$r(. I# %t

)"(, ay =ua++y. I# %t )"( n"t a)) %!ht %n th (*a+ "# th *"n#)ra*y, %t *ann"t a)) t" th%r r%!ht(,

n"r %!h %n ar!u&nt. A. ha( "un) 0. B. "un) 00. 5. "un) 1000. %n artnr(h%. I( %t u(t thy

(h"u+) =ua++y )%("( "# th &"n%( "# th artnr(h% It ha( $n (a%) ar %n)n)nt%n)%%)ua+( &a'%n! a $ar!a%n t"!thr. Th =u(t%"n %( n"t hat ar n", $ut hat "u!ht t" $

hn "ur $ar!a%n (ha++ $ &a). Th *"n#)ra*y %( t" &a' u( "n %n)%%)ua+ "n+y> %t %( t" #"r& u(,

+%' (arat ar*+( "# &ta+, %nt" "n *"&&"n &a((. (ha++ n" +"n!r rta%n "ur (arat%n)%%)ua+%ty, $ut $*"& a (%n!+ %n)%%)ua+ a( t" a++ =u(t%"n( (u$&%tt) t" th *"n#)ra*y. Thr#"r

a++ th"( ra("n( h%*h r" th u(t%* @)%n*y "# =ua+ rr(ntat%"n %n "thr a((&$+%(,

h"+) !"") hr. It ha( $n "$*t) that a r""rt%"na+ "t %++ n)an!r th (&a++r (tat(. an(r that an =ua+ "t %++ n)an!r th +ar!r. %r!%n%a, Pnn(y+an%a, an) that (" #ar a( %t )art( #r"& th%( %t$*"&( %&r#*t. It ha( $n (a%) that 5"n!r(( %( a rr(ntat%"n "# (tat(> n"t "# %n)%%)ua+(. I (ay

that th "$*t( "# %t( *ar ar a++ th %n)%%)ua+( "# th (tat(. It %( (tran! that ann@%n! th na& "#

tat t" tn th"u(an) &n, (h"u+) !% th& an =ua+ r%!ht %th #"rty th"u(an). Th%( &u(t $ th##*t "# &a!%*, n"t "# ra("n. A( t" th"( &attr( h%*h ar r#rr) t" 5"n!r((, ar n"t (" &any

(tat(, ar "n +ar! (tat. +ay a(%) "ur %n)%%)ua+%ty, hnr *"& hr. Th Gr&an%*

$")y %( a $ur+(=u "n !"rn&nt> an) th%r ra*t%* "n any "%nt %( a (u##%*%nt auth"r%ty r""# that%t %( r"n!. Th !rat(t %&r#*t%"n %n th *"n(t%tut%"n "# th B+!%* *"n#)ra*y %( th%r "t%n! $y

r"%n*(. Th %ntr(t "# th h"+ %( *"n(tant+y (a*r%#%*) t" that "# th (&a++ (tat(. Th h%(t"ry "#


18/53

th ar %n th r%!n "# M. Ann (u##%*%nt+y r"( th%(. It %( a(') (ha++ n%n *"+"n%( ut %t %nt" th

"r "# #"ur t" !"rn th& a( thy +a( I %nrt th =u(t%"n, an) a(' (ha++ t" &%++%"n( "# "+

ut %t %n th "r "# "n &%++%"n t" !"rn th& a( thy +a( It %( rtn)) t"" that th (&a++r

*"+"n%( %++ $ %n )an!r #r"& th !ratr. a' %n h"n(t +an!ua! (ay th &%n"r%ty %++ $ %n)an!r #r"& th &a"r%ty. An) %( thr an a((&$+y "n arth hr th%( )an!r &ay n"t $ =ua++y

rtn)) Th truth %( that "ur r"*)%n!( %++ thn $ *"n(ntan"u( %th th %ntr(t( "# th

&a"r%ty, an) (" thy "u!ht t" $. Th r"$a$%+%ty %( &u*h !ratr that th +ar!r (tat( %++ )%(a!rthan that thy %++ *"&$%n. I )#y th %t "# &an t" %nnt a "((%$+ *a( "r t" (u!!(t any "n th%n!

"n arth h%*h (ha++ $ #"r th %ntr(t( "# %r!%n%a, Pnn(y+an%a "ur(, ('%r&%(h( %n )ta%+, an) th r*"ry "# (&a++ a)anta!(


19/53

h%*h, +%tt+ (%n!+y, r %&"rtant a+t"!thr. Y"u nr 'n hn y"u r *+ar "# h%&, $ut r

hara(() $y h%( r(ran* unt%+ th at%n* a( "rn )"n "# a++ h" ha) +(( "# %t than h%&(+#.

A)) t" th%( that h a( "n "# th &"(t %rtu"u( $n"+nt "# &n, th '%n)(t #r%n), th &"(t

a&%a$+ +a(ant "# *"&an%"n(, h%*h n(ur) a #a"ra$+ r*t%"n t" hatr *a& #r"& h%&.%n)%n! that th !nra+ r%n*%+ "# nta%+( *"u+) n"t $ &a%nta%n), h t""' h%( (tan) "n an

a&n)&nt h%*h h r""(), %n(ta) "# an a$("+ut a$"+%t%"n, t" r&%t th tnant %n ta%+ t" *"ny %n

# (%&+, %# h *h"( %tC an) h a( %th%n a # "t( "# (a%n! (" &u*h "# th "+) +a. But th $%++a(() #%na++y #"r nt%r a$"+%t%"n.

In that "n "# th $%++( #"r "r!an%%n! "ur u)%*%ary (y(t& h%*h r""() a *"urt "# *han*ry, I ha)

r"%)) #"r a tr%a+ $y ury "# a++ &attr( "# #a*t %n that a( ++ a( %n th *"urt( "# +a. H )#at) %t $y

th %ntr")u*t%"n "# 4. "r)( "n+y, $if either party chuse%$Th *"n(=un* ha( $n that a( n" (u%t"r%++ (ay t" h%( u)!, %r, I )%(tru(t y"u, !% & a ury ur%( ar rar+y, I &%!ht (ay rha( nr

(n %n that *"urt, $ut hn *a++) #"r $y th 5han*++"r "# h%( "n a**"r).

Th #%r(t (ta$+%(h&nt %n %r!%n%a h%*h $*a& r&annt a( &a) %n 1607. I ha #"un) n"

&nt%"n "# n!r"( %n th *"+"ny unt%+ a$"ut 160. Th #%r(t $r"u!ht hr a( (+a( r $y a :ut*h(h%> a#tr h%*h th ;n!+%(h *"&&n*) th tra) an) *"nt%nu) %t unt%+ th r"+ut%"nary ar. That

(u(n)), %(" #a*t", th%r #urthr %&"rtat%"n #"r th r(nt, an) th $u(%n(( "# th ar r((%n!

*"n(tant+y "n th +!%(+atur, th%( (u$*t a( n"t a*t) "n #%na++y unt%+ th yar 78. hn I $r"u!ht %n a$%++ t" rnt th%r #urthr %&"rtat%"n. Th%( a(() %th"ut ""(%t%"n, an) (t") th %n*ra( "# th

%+ $y %&"rtat%"n, +a%n! t" #utur ##"rt( %t( #%na+ ra)%*at%"n.

Th #%r(t (tt+r( "# th%( *"+"ny r ;n!+%(h&n, +"ya+ (u$*t( t" th%r '%n! an) *hur*h, an) th !rant

t" r. a+tr Ra+%!h *"nta%n) an @r(( Pr"%(" that th%r +a( (h"u+) n"t $ a!a%n(t th tru5hr%(t%an #a%th, n" r"#(() %n th *hur*h "# ;n!+an). A( (""n a( th (tat "# th *"+"ny a)&%tt), %t

a( )%%)) %nt" ar%(h(, %n a*h "# h%*h a( (ta$+%(h) a &%n%(tr "# th An!+%*an *hur*h, n)")

%th a #%@) (a+ary, %n t"$a**", a !+$ h"u( an) +an) %th th "thr n*((ary an)a!(. T" &tth( @n(( a++ th %nha$%tant( "# th ar%(h( r a((((), hthr thy r "r n"t, &&$r( "#

th (ta$+%(h) *hur*h. T"ar)( Mua'r( h" *a& hr thy r &"(t *ru++y %nt"+rant, )r%%n!

th& #r"& th *"+"ny $y th (r(t na+t%(. In r"*(( "# t%& h"r, "thr (*tar%(&( r%ntr")u*), *h%#+y "# th Pr($ytr%an #a&%+y> an) th (ta$+%(h) *+r!y, (*ur #"r +%# %n th%r !+$(an) (a+ar%(, a))%n! t" th( !nra++y th &"+u&nt( "# a *+a((%*a+ (*h""+, #"un) &+"y&nt

n"u!h, %n th%r #ar&( an) (*h""+r""&( #"r th r(t "# th ', an) )"t) un)ay "n+y t" th

)%#%*at%"n "# th%r #+"*', $y (r%*, an) a (r&"n at th%r ar%(h *hur*h. Th%r "thr a(t"ra+ #un*t%"n(r +%tt+ attn)) t". A!a%n(t th%( %na*t%%ty th a+ an) %n)u(try "# (*tar%an ra*hr( ha) an "n

an) un)%(ut) #%+)> an) $y th t%& "# th r"+ut%"n, a &a"r%ty "# th %nha$%tant( ha) $*"&

)%((ntr( #r"& th (ta$+%(h) *hur*h, $ut r (t%++ "$+%!) t" ay *"ntr%$ut%"n( t" (u"rt th Pa(t"r("# th &%n"r%ty. Th%( unr%!ht"u( *"&u+(%"n t" &a%nta%n ta*hr( "# hat thy )&) r+%!%"u( rr"r(

a( !r%"u(+y #+t )ur%n! th r!a+ !"rn&nt, an) %th"ut a h" "# r+%#. But th #%r(t ru$+%*an

+!%(+atur h%*h &t %n 76. a( *r")) %th t%t%"n( t" a$"+%(h th%( (%r%tua+ tyranny. Th( $r"u!ht

"n th (r(t *"nt(t( %n h%*h I ha r $n n!a!). Our !rat ""nnt( r an) a#tr )(rat *"nt(t( %n that *"&&%tt, a+&"(t

)a%+y #r"& th 11th "# O*t"$. t" th th "# :*&$r, ra%+) (" #ar "n+y a( t" ra+ th +a(h%*h rn)r) *r%&%na+ th &a%ntnan* "# any r+%!%"u( "%n%"n(, th #"r$aran* "# ra%r%n! t"

*hur*h, "r th @r*%( "# any &") "# "r(h%C an) #urthr, t" @&t )%((ntr( #r"& *"ntr%$ut%"n( t"

th (u"rt "# th (ta$+%(h) *hur*h> an) t" (u(n), "n+y unt%+ th n@t (((%"n +%( "n th &&$r("# that *hur*h #"r th (a+ar%( "# th%r "n %n*u&$nt(. "r a+th"u!h th &a"r%ty "# "ur *%t%n( r

)%((ntr(, a( ha( $n "$(r), a &a"r%ty "# th +!%(+atur r *hur*h&n. A&"n! th( h"r


20/53

r ("& ra("na$+ an) +%$ra+ &n, h" na$+) u(, "n ("& "%nt(, t" "$ta%n #$+ &a"r%t%(. But

"ur ""nnt( *arr%) %n th !nra+ r("+ut%"n( "# th *"&& "# ?". 19. a )*+arat%"n that r+%!%"u(

a((&$+%( "u!ht t" $ r!u+at), an) that r"%(%"n "u!ht t" $ &a) #"r *"nt%nu%n! th (u**((%"n "#

th *+r!y, an) (ur%ntn)%n! th%r *"n)u*t. An) %n th $%++ n" a(() a( %n(rt) an @r((r(rat%"n "# th =u(t%"n hthr a !nra+ a((((&nt (h"u+) n"t $ (ta$+%(h) $y +a, "n ry

"n, t" th (u"rt "# th a(t"r "# h%( *h"%*> "r hthr a++ (h"u+) $ +#t t" "+untary *"ntr%$ut%"n(>

an) "n th%( =u(t%"n, )$at) at ry (((%"n #r"& 76 t" 79 ("& "# "ur )%((nt%n! a++%(, ha%n! n"(*ur) th%r art%*u+ar "$*t, !"%n! "r t" th a)"*at( "# a !nra+ a((((&nt *"u+) "n+y

"$ta%n a (u(n(%"n #r"& (((%"n t" (((%"n unt%+ 79. hn th =u(t%"n a!a%n(t a !nra+ a((((&nt

a( #%na++y *arr%), an) th (ta$+%(h&nt "# th An!+%*an *hur*h nt%r+y ut )"n. In u(t%* t" tht" h"n(t $ut a+"u( ""nnt(, h" ha $n na&) I &u(t a)) that a+th"/, #r"& th%r natura+

t&ra&nt(, thy r &"r )%("() !nra++y t" a*=u%(* %n th%n!( a( thy ar, than t" r%('

%nn"at%"n(, yt hnr th u$+%* %++ ha) "n* )*%)), n"n r &"r #a%th#u+ "r @a*t %n th%r"$)%n* t" %t.

Th (at "# "ur !"rn&nt ha) $n "r%!%na++y #%@) %n th n%n(u+a "# Ja&(t"n, th #%r(t

(tt+&nt "# th *"+"n%(t(> an) ha) $n a#trar)( r&") a # &%+( %n+an) t" %++%a&($ur!. But

th%( a( at a t%& hn "ur (tt+&nt( ha) n"t @tn)) $y"n) th t%) atr. ?" thy ha) *r"(()

th A++!hany> an) th *ntr "# "u+at%"n a( ry #ar r&") #r"& hat %t ha) $n. Yt%++%a&($ur! a( (t%++ th )"(%t"ry "# "ur ar*h%(, th ha$%tua+ r(%)n* "# th G"rn"r &any

"thr "# th u$+%* #un*t%"nar%(, th (ta$+%(h) +a* #"r th (((%"n( "# th +!%(+atur, an) th

&a!a%n "# "ur &%+%tary (t"r(C an) %t/( (%tuat%"n a( (" @"() that %t &%!ht $ ta'n at any t%& %nar, an), at th%( t%& art%*u+ar+y, an n&y &%!ht %n th n%!ht run u %thr "# th r%r( $tn

h%*h %t +%(, +an) a #"r* a$", an) ta' "((((%"n "# th +a*, %th"ut th "((%$%+%ty "# (a%n!

%thr r("n( "r th%n!(. I ha) r""() %t/( r&"a+ (" ar+y a( O*t"$. 76. $ut %t )%) n"t ra%+ unt%+th (((%"n "#


21/53

(u$*t %nt" a%n )*+a&at%"n, $ut ur(u%n! %t *+"(+y %n +an!ua! ur, *+a((%*a+, an) *"%"u(, (""th%n!

a+ay( th #+%n!( "# h%( a)r(ar%( $y *%%+%t%( an) ("#tn(( "# @r((%"n, h r"( t" th &%nnt

(tat%"n h%*h h h+) %n th !rat ?at%"na+ *"nnt%"n "# 1787. an) %n that "# %r!%n%a h%*h #"++"),

h (u(ta%n) th n *"n(t%tut%"n %n a++ %t( art(, $ar%n! "## th a+& a!a%n(t th +"!%* "# G"r! h%*h a( a(() "n th

24th. "# O*t"$r, an) "n th th. "# ?"&$r th Br%t%(h (tatut(

#r"& that r%") t" th r(nt )ay t"


22/53

ar %n h%( "r( ant(, %th h%( $r"thr( an) (%(tr(, h (h"u+) $ "n a ar a+(" %n th art%t%"n "#

th atr%&"ny, an) (u*h a( th )*%(%"n "# th "thr &&$r(.

On th (u$*t "# th 5r%&%na+ +a, a++ r a!r) that th un%(h&nt "# )ath (h"u+) $ a$"+%(h),

@*t #"r tra("n an) &ur)r> an) that, #"r "thr #+"n%( (h"u+) $ (u$(t%tut) har) +a$"r %n th u$+%*"r'(, an) %n ("& *a((, th @ ta+%"n%(. H" th%( +a(t r"+t%n! r%n*%+ *a& t" "$ta%n "ur

ar"$at%"n, I )" n"t r&&$r. Thr r&a%n) %n)) %n "ur +a( a (t%! "# %t %n a (%n!+ *a( "# a

(+a. It a( th ;n!+%(h +a %n th t%& "# th An!+"-a@"n(, *"%) r"$a$+y #r"& th H$r +a "#an y #"r an y, a t""th #"r a t""th, an) %t a( th +a "# (ra+ ant%nt "+. But th &")rn&%n) ha) +#t %t #ar %n th rar "# %t/( a)an*(. Th( "%nt( h"r $%n! (tt+), ra%r) t" "ur

r(*t% h"&( #"r th rarat%"n "# th "r'.

$. 6. In th @*ut%"n "# &y art I th"u!ht %t &atr%a+ n"t t" ary th )%*t%"n "# th ant%nt (tatut( $y

&")rn%%n! %t, n"r t" !% r%( t" n =u(t%"n( $y n @r((%"n(. Th t@t "# th( (tatut( ha)$n (" #u++y @+a%n) an) )#%n) $y nu&r"u( a)u)%*at%"n(, a( (*ar*+y r n" t" r")u* a

=u(t%"n %n "ur *"urt(. I th"u!ht %t "u+) $ u(#u+ a+(", %n a++ n )rau!ht(, t" r#"r& th (ty+ "# th

+atr Br%t%(h (tatut(, an) "# "ur "n a*t( "# a((&$+y, h%*h #r"& th%r r$"(%ty, th%r n)+((taut"+"!%(, th%r %n"+ut%"n( "# *a( %th%n *a(, an) arnth(%( %th%n arnth(%(, an) th%r

&u+t%+%) ##"rt( at *rta%nty $ysaidsan) aforesaids, $y orsan) $y ands, t" &a' th& &"r +a%n, )"

ra++y rn)r th& &"r r+@) an) %n*"&rhn(%$+, n"t "n+y t" *"&&"n ra)r(, $ut t" th+ayr( th&(+(. r &+"y) %n th%( "r' #r"& that t%& t" $. 1779, hn &t at

%++%a&($ur!, that %( t" (ay, $ut th &a%n $")y "# th "r' a( n"t ntr) "n $y th +!%(+atur unt%+ a#tr th!nra+ a*, %n 178. hn $y th unar%) @rt%"n( "# $ut, %th

("& &ut%+at%"n( %n th ra&$+, %t a( #%na++y a(()> an) a (%n!u+ar r""(%t%"n r") that %t/(r"t*t%"n "# "%n%"n a( &ant t" $ un%r(a+. hr th ra&$+ )*+ar( that *"r*%"n %( a

)artur #r"& th +an "# th h"+y auth"r "# "ur r+%!%"n, an a&n)&nt a( r""(), $y %n(rt%n!

th "r) J(u( 5hr%(t, (" that %t (h"u+) ra) a )artur #r"& th +an "# J(u( 5hr%(t, th h"+y

auth"r "# "ur r+%!%"n. Th %n(rt%"n a( r*t) $y a !rat &a"r%ty, %n r""# that thy &ant t"*"&rhn), %th%n th &ant+ "# %t/( r"t*t%"n, th J an) th Gnt%+, th 5hr%(t%an an)


23/53

r""rt%"n%n! *r%&( an) un%(h&nt( a( +"(t %n th H"u( "# :+!at( $y a &a"r%ty "# a (%n!+

"t. I +arnt a#trar)( that th (u$(t%tut "# har) +a$"r %n u$+%* a( tr%) I $+% %t a( %n

Pnn(y+an%a %th"ut (u**((. ;@h%$%t) a( a u$+%* (*ta*+, %th (ha) ha)( an) &an *+"th%n!,

"r'%n! "n th h%!h r"a)( r")u*) %n th *r%&%na+( (u*h a r"(trat%"n "# *hara*tr, (u*h ana$an)"n&nt "# (+#-r(*t, a(, %n(ta) "# r#"r&%n!, +un!) th& %nt" th &"(t )(rat

har)n) )ra%ty "# &"ra+( an) *hara*tr. -- Pur(u th (u$*t "# th%( +a. -- I a( r%ttn t" %n 178

$%n! thn %n Par%( $y :%r*t"r( a"%nt) t" (ur%ntn) th $u%+)%n! "# a 5a%t"+ %n R%*h&"n), t"a)%( th& a( t" a +an, an) t" a)) t" %t "n "# a r%("n. Th%n'%n! %t a #a"ra$+ ""rtun%ty "#

%ntr")u*%n! %nt" th (tat an @a&+ "# ar*h%t*tur %n th *+a((%* (ty+ "# ant%=u%ty, an) th


24/53

h" r %n a(y *%r*u&(tan*(. An) 3). an u+t%&at !ra) #"r ta*h%n! th (*%n*( !nra++y, %n

th%r h%!h(t )!r. Th #%r(t $%++ r""() t" +ay "## ry *"unty %nt" Hun)r)( "r ar)(, "# a r"r

(% an) "u+at%"n #"r a (*h""+, %n h%*h ra)%n!, r%t%n!, an) *"&&"n ar%th&t%* (h"u+) $ tau!ht>

an) that th h"+ (tat (h"u+) $ )%%)) %nt" 24 )%(tr%*t(, %n a*h "# h%*h (h"u+) $ a (*h""+ #"r*+a((%*a+ +arn%n!, !ra&&ar, !"!rahy, an) th h%!hr $ran*h( "# nu&r%*a+ ar%th&t%*. Th (*"n)

$%++ r""() t" a&n) th *"n(t%tut%"n "# &. #"r I a& a+ra)y t%r) "# ta+'%n!

a$"ut &y(+#.

Th $%++ "n th (u$*t "# (+a( a( a &r )%!(t "# th @%(t%n! +a( r(*t%n! th&, %th"ut any

%nt%&at%"n "# a +an #"r a #utur !nra+ &an*%at%"n. It a( th"u!ht $ttr that th%( (h"u+) $ 't$a*', an) att&t) "n+y $y ay "# a&n)&nt hnr th $%++ (h"u+) $ $r"u!ht "n. Th r%n*%+(

"# th a&n)&nt h"r r a!r) "n, that %( t" (ay, th #r)"& "# a++ $"rn a#tr a *rta%n )ay,

an) )"rtat%"n at a r"r a!. But %t a( #"un) that th u$+%* &%n) "u+) n"t yt $ar thr""(%t%"n, n"r %++ %t $ar %t n at th%( )ay. Yt th )ay %( n"t )%(tant hn %t &u(t $ar an) a)"t %t,

"r "r( %++ #"++". ?"th%n! %( &"r *rta%n+y r%ttn %n th $""' "# #at than that th( "+ ar t"$ #r. ?"r %( %t +(( *rta%n that th t" ra*(, =ua++y #r, *ann"t +% %n th (a& !"rn&nt.

?atur, ha$%t, "%n%"n ha( )ran %n)+%$+ +%n( "# )%(t%n*t%"n $tn th&. It %( (t%++ %n "ur "r t")%r*t th r"*(( "# &an*%at%"n an) )"rtat%"n a*a$+y an) %n (u*h (+" )!r a( that th %+

%++ ar "## %n(n(%$+y, an) th%r +a* $ ar% a((u #%++) u $y #r h%t +a$"rr(. I# "n th *"ntrary

%t %( +#t t" #"r* %t(+# "n, hu&an natur &u(t (hu))r at th r"(*t h+) u. (h"u+) %n a%n +""'#"r an @a&+ %n th an%(h )"rtat%"n "r )+t%"n "# th #"r th (ta$+%(h&nt a( tru+y "# th r+%!%"n "#th r%*h, th )%((nt%n! (*t( $%n! nt%r+y *"&"() "# th +(( a+thy "+> an) th(, $y th $%++

#"r a !nra+ )u*at%"n, "u+) $ =ua+%#%) t" un)r(tan) th%r r%!ht(, t" &a%nta%n th&, an) t" @r*%(

%th %nt++%!n* th%r art( %n (+#-!"rn&ntC an) a++ th%( "u+) $ ##*t) %th"ut th %"+at%"n "# a

(%n!+ natura+ r%!ht "# any "n %n)%%)ua+ *%t%n. T" th( t"" &%!ht $ a))), a( a #urthr (*ur%ty, th


25/53

%ntr")u*t%"n "# th tr%a+ $y ury, %nt" th 5han*ry *"urt(, h%*h ha a+ra)y %n!u+#) an) *"nt%nu t"

%n!u+#, (" !rat a r""rt%"n "# th ur%()%*t%"n "r "ur r"rty.

(overnor of "irginia

On th 1(t "# Jun 1779. I a( a"%nt) G"rn"r "# th 5"&&"na+th an) rt%r) #r"& th

+!%(+atur. B%n! +*t) a+(" "n "# th %(%t"r( "# &. an)

th n!"t%at%"n a( %n #a*t nr ntr) "n. But, %n th autu&n "# th n@t yar 1782 5"n!r((r*%%n! a((uran*( that a !nra+ a* "u+) $ *"n*+u)) %n th %ntr an) (r%n!, thy rn)

&y a"%nt&nt "n th 13th. "# ?". "# that yar. I ha) t" &"nth( $#"r that +"(t th *hr%(h)

*"&an%"n "# &y +%#, %n h"( a##*t%"n(, una$at) "n $"th (%)(, I ha) +%) th +a(t tn yar( %nun*h=ur) ha%n((. %th th u$+%* %ntr(t(, th (tat "# &y &%n) *"n*urr) %n r*"&&n)%n! th

*han! "# (*n r""()> an) I a**t) th a"%nt&nt, an) +#t


26/53

thr#"r rturn) h"&, hr I arr%) "n th 1th. "#


27/53

Th r&%((n(( "# 5"n!r((, an) th%r r&annt (((%"n, $!an t" $ a (u$*t "# una(%n(( an) n

("& "# th +!%(+atur( ha) r*"&&n)) t" th& %ntr&%((%"n(, an) r%")%*a+ (((%"n(. A( th

5"n#)rat%"n ha) &a) n" r"%(%"n #"r a %(%$+ ha) "# th !"rn&nt )ur%n! a*at%"n( "#

5"n!r((, an) (u*h a "n a( n*((ary t" (ur%ntn) th @*ut% $u(%n((, t" r*% an)*"&&un%*at %th #"r%!n &%n%(tr( nat%"n(, an) t" a((&$+ 5"n!r(( "n (u))n an) @tra"r)%nary

&r!n*%(, I r""() ar+y %n Ar%+ th a"%nt&nt "# a *"&& t" $ *a++) th 5"&&%tt "# th

(tat(, t" *"n(%(t "# a &&$r #r"& a*h (tat, h" (h"u+) r&a%n %n (((%"n )ur%n! th r*(( "#5"n!r((C that th #un*t%"n( "# 5"n!r(( (h"u+) $ )%%)) %nt" ;@*ut% an) !%(+at%, th +attr t"

$ r(r), an) th #"r&r, $y a !nra+ r("+ut%"n t" $ )+!at) t" that 5"&&%tt. Th%( r""(%t%"n

a( a#trar)( a!r) t"> a 5"&&%tt a"%nt), h" ntr) "n )uty "n th (u$(=unt a)"urn-&nt "# 5"n!r((, =uarr++) ry (""n, (+%t %nt" t" art%(, a$an)"n) th%r "(t, an) +#t th

!"rn&nt %th"ut any %(%$+ ha) unt%+ th n@t &t%n! %n 5"n!r((. ha (%n* (n th (a&

th%n! ta' +a* %n th :%r*t"ry "# ran*> an) I $+% %t %++ #"rr ta' +a* %n any ;@*ut%*"n(%(t%n! "# a +ura+%ty. Our +an, $(t I $+%, *"&$%n( %()"& an) ra*t%*a$%+%ty, $y r"%)%n! a

+ura+%ty "# 5"un(++"r(, $ut a (%n!+ Ar$%tr #"r u+t%&at )*%(%"n. I a( %n ran* hn har) "#

th%( (*h%(&, an) (arat%"n "# "ur 5"&&%tt, an), (a'%n! %th :r. ran'+%n "# th%( (%n!u+ar

)%("(%t%"n "# &n t" =uarr+ an) )%%) %nt" art%(, h !a h%( (nt%&nt( a( u(ua+ $y ay "#A"+"!u. H &nt%"n) th ;))y(t"n +%!hth"u( %n th Br%t%(h *hann+ a( $%n! $u%+t "n a r"*' %n th

&%)-*hann+, t"ta++y %na**((%$+ %n %ntr, #r"& th $"%(tr"u( *hara*tr "# that (a, %n that (a("n.

That thr#"r, #"r th t" 'r( &+"y) t" ' u th +%!ht(, a++ r"%(%"n( #"r th %ntr rn*((ar%+y *arr%) t" th& %n autu&n, a( thy *"u+) nr $ %(%t) a!a%n t%++ th rturn "# th &%+)r

(a("n. That "n th #%r(t ra*t%*a$+ )ay %n th (r%n! a $"at ut "## t" th& %th #r(h (u+%(. Th

$"at&n &t at th )""r "n "# th 'r( an) a**"(t) h%& %th a H" !"( %t #r%n) ry ++.H" %( y"ur *"&an%"n I )" n"t 'n". :"n/t 'n" I( n"t h hr I *an/t t++. Ha n"t y"u (n h%&

t"-)ay ?". hn )%) y"u ( h%& ?"t (%n* +a(t #a++. Y"u ha '%++) h%& ?"t I, %n)). Thy r

a$"ut t" +ay h"+) "# h%&, a( ha%n! *rta%n+y &ur)r) h%( *"&an%"n> $ut h )(%r) th& t" !" u

(ta%r( @a&%n #"r th&(+(. Thy nt u, an) thr #"un) th "thr 'r. Thy ha) =uarr++)%t (&( (""n a#tr $%n! +#t thr, ha) )%%)) %nt" t" art%(, a((%!n) th *ar( $+" t" "n, an)

th"( a$" t" th "thr, an) ha) nr ("'n t" "r (n "n an"thr (%n*.

But t" rturn t" "ur 5"n!r(( at Anna"+%(, th )#%n%t% traty "# a* h%*h ha) $n (%!n) at Par%(

"n th 3). "# . 1783. an) r*%) hr, *"u+) n"t $ rat%#%) %th"ut a H"u( "# 9. (tat(. On th23). "# :*. thr#"r a))r(() +ttr( t" th (ra+ !"rn"r(, (tat%n! th r*%t "# th )#%n%t%

traty, that 7 (tat( "n+y r %n attn)an*, h%+ 9. r n*((ary t" %t( rat%#%*at%"n, an) ur!%n! th&

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30/53

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31/53

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32/53

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33/53

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34/53

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35/53

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th F%n! t" (n) 4. &&$r( t" th Ba(t%+, "# h"& th h%*ha++t"!thr *"n(t%tut) a !rat &a(( "# %&r"&nt %n th *"n)%t%"n "# th nat%"n. Th (ta$+%(h&nt "#

th Pr"%n*%a+ a((&$+%( a( %n %t(+# a #un)a&nta+ %&r"&nt. Thy "u+) $ "# th *h"%* "# th

"+, "n th%r) rn) ry yar, %n th"( r"%n*( hr thr ar n" tat(, that %( t" (ay "r

a$"ut thr #"urth( "# th '%n!)"&. Thy "u+) $ art+y an ;@*ut% th&(+(, art+y an;@*ut% *"un*%+ t" th Intn)ant, t" h"& th ;@*ut% "r, %n h%( r"%n* ha) $n hrt"#"r

nt%r+y )+!at). 5h"(n $y th "+, thy "u+) ("#tn th @*ut%"n "# har) +a(, ha%n! a

r%!ht "# rr(ntat%"n t" th F%n!, thy "u+) *n(ur $a) +a(, (u!!(t !"") "n(, @"( a$u((,an) th%r rr(ntat%"n(, hn un%t), "u+) *"&&an) r(*t. T" th "thr a)anta!( &%!ht $

a))) th r*)nt %t(+# "# *a++%n! th A((&$+ )( ?"ta$+(, h%*h "u+) rha( !r" %nt" ha$%t.

Th h" a( that th %&r"&nt( thu( r"&%() "u+) $ *arr%) %nt" ##*t, that thy "u+) $&a%nta%n) )ur%n! th r(nt r%!n, that that "u+) $ +"n! n"u!h #"r th& t" ta' ("& r""t %n th

*"n(t%tut%"n, (" that thy &%!ht *"& t" $ *"n(%)r) a( a art "# that, an) $ r"t*t) $y t%&, an)

th atta*h&nt "# th nat%"n.

Th 5"unt ) r!nn( ha) )%) a # )ay( $#"r th &t%n! "# th A((&$+y, th 5"unt )


36/53


37/53

r!u+ar tr""( a!a%n(t th *%ty "# Utr*ht, hr th tat( r %n (((%"n. Thy r ru+() $y th

&%+%t%a. H%( %ntr(t( n" $*a& &ar(ha++) %th th"( "# th u$+%* n&y a!a%n(t h%( "n

*"untry. Th tat( thr#"r, @r*%(%n! th%r r%!ht( "# ("r%!nty, )r%) h%& "# a++ h%( "r(. Th

!rat r)r%* ha) )%) %n Au!u(t 86. (* =)H ha) nr %ntn)) t" $ra' %th ran* %n (u"rt "#th Pr%n* "# Oran!. :ur%n! th %++n(( "# h%*h h )%), h ha) thr"/ th :u' "# Brun(%*', )*+ar)

t" th ) %(t"n, at


38/53

r(a%++( an) (nt t" "n)"n #"r ar"$at%"n. Thy r ar") thr, ra*h) Par%( at 1 "/*+"*' "#

th 27th. an) r (%!n) that n%!ht at r(a%++(. It a( (a%) an) $+%) at Par%( that


39/53

r("n un)r th un%ntrrut) r"t*t%"n "# th Ha$a( *"ru(, tr%a+ $y ury %n *%%+ a( ++ a( %n

*r%&%na+ *a(( @*%t) &y a+"u(y> an) th r-+%!%$%+%ty "# th Pr(%)nt #"r +%#, I =u%t )%(ar"). I

@r(() #r+y %n +ttr( t" &y #r%n)(, an) &"(t art%*u+ar+y t"


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1B)any )#n* %( &a), $#"r &n "# "r)%nary ru)%*( a((%"n(, that "ur u)!( ar ##*tua++y

%n)n)nt "# th nat%"n. But th%( "u!ht n"t t" $. I "u+) n"t %n)) &a' th& )n)ant "n th

;@*ut% auth"r%ty, a( thy #"r&r+y r %n ;n!+an)> $ut I )& %t %n)%(n(a$+ t" th *"nt%nuan*

"# th%( !"rn&nt that thy (h"u+) $ (u$&%tt) t" ("& ra*t%*a+ %&art%a+ *"ntr"u+C an) that th%(,t" $ %&art), &u(t $ *"&"un)) "# a &%@tur "# (tat an) #)ra+ auth"r%t%(. It %( n"t n"u!h that

h"n(t &n ar a"%nt) u)!(. A++ 'n" th %n#+un* "# %ntr(t "n th &%n) "# &an, an) h"

un*"n(*%"u(+y h%( u)!&nt %( ar) $y that %n#+un*. T" th%( $%a( a)) that "# th (r%t ) *"r(, "#th%r *u+%ar &a@%& an) *r) that %t %( th "##%* "# a !"") u)! t" n+ar! h%( ur%()%*t%"n, an) th

a$(n* "# r("n(%$%+%ty, an) h" *an @*t %&art%a+ )*%(%"n $tn th Gnra+ !"rn&nt,

"# h%*h thy ar th&(+( (" &%nnt a art, an) an %n)%%)ua+ (tat #r"& h%*h thy ha n"th%n!t" h" "r #ar. ha (n t"" that, *"ntrary t" a++ *"rr*t @a&+, thy ar %n th ha$%t "# !"%n! "ut

"# th =u(t%"n $#"r th&, t" thr" an an*h"r aha) an) !ra+ #urthr h"+) #"r #utur a)an*( "#

"r. Thy ar thn %n #a*t th *"r( "# (ar( &%nr(, (ta)%+y "r'%n! t" un)r&%n th%n)n)ant r%!ht( "# th tat(, t" *"n("+%)at a++ "r %n th han)( "# that !"rn&nt %n h%*h

thy ha (" %&"rtant a #rh"+) (tat. But %t %( n"t $y th *"n("+%)at%"n, "r *"n*ntrat%"n "# "r(,

$ut $y th%r )%(tr%$ut%"n, that !"") !"rn&nt %( ##*t). r n"t th%( !rat *"untry a+ra)y )%%))

%nt" (tat(, that )%%(%"n &u(t $ &a), that a*h &%!ht )" #"r %t(+# hat *"n*rn( %t(+# )%r*t+y, an)hat %t *an (" &u*h $ttr )" than a )%(tant auth"r%ty. ;ry (tat a!a%n %( )%%)) %nt" *"unt%(, a*h t"

ta' *ar "# hat +%( %th%n %t/( +"*a+ $"un)(> a*h *"unty a!a%n %nt" t"n(h%( "r ar)(, t" &ana!

&%nutr )ta%+(> an) ry ar) %nt" #ar&(, t" $ !"rn) a*h $y %t/( %n)%%)ua+ r"r%t"r. r )%r*t) #r"& a(h%n!t"n hn t" (", hn t" ra, (h"u+) (""n ant $ra). It %( $y th%(

art%t%"n "# *ar(, )(*n)%n! %n !ra)at%"n #r"& !nra+ t" art%*u+ar, that th &a(( "# hu&an a##a%r(

&ay $ $(t &ana!) #"r th !"") an) r"(r%ty "# a++. I rat that I )" n"t *har! th u)!( %th%+#u+ an) %++-%ntnt%"n) rr"r> $ut h"n(t rr"r &u(t $ arr(t) hr %t/( t"+rat%"n +a)( t" u$+%*

ru%n. A(, #"r th (a#ty "# ("*%ty, *"&&%t h"n(t &an%a*( t" B)+a&, (" u)!( (h"u+) $

%th)ran #r"& th%r $n*h, h"( rr"n"u( $%a(( ar +a)%n! u( t" )%(("+ut%"n. It &ay %n)) %nur

th& %n #a& "r %n #"rtun> $ut %t (a( th ru$+%*, h%*h %( th #%r(t an) (ur& +a.

(* 1B) -n the i#peach#ent of C&d%e icerin% of Ne a#psire, a habit&al #aniac dr&nard, no defence as#ade. ad there been, the party !ote of #ore than one third of the Senate o&ld ha!e acE&itted hi#.

A&"n! th )$%+%t%( "# th !"rn&nt "# th 5"n#)rat%"n, n" "n a( &"r )%(t%n!u%(h) "r &"r

)%(tr((%n! than th uttr %&"((%$%+%ty "# "$ta%n%n!, #r"& th (tat(, th &"n%( n*((ary #"r th

ay&nt "# )$t(, "r n #"r th "r)%nary @n(( "# th !"rn&nt. "& *"ntr%$ut) a +%tt+, ("&+((, ("& n"th%n!, an) th +a(t #urn%(h) at +n!th an @*u( #"r th #%r(t t" )" n"th%n! a+(". a(


41/53

)artur #r"& "n)"n $y a +ttr #r"& an) a( n"th%n! ur!nt #"r$a) %t, I )tr&%n)

t" rturn a+"n! th $an'( "# th Rh%n t" tra($ur!, an) thn* (tr%' "## t" Par%(. I a**"r)%n!+y +#tA&(tr)a& "n th 30th "#


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(%r%t "# "ur *%t%n(, that 5"n!r(( %thh+) th%r rat%#%*at%"n, an) (nt %t $a*' t" & %th %n(tru*t%"n(

t" !t th"( art%*+( @un!) "r &")%#%) (" a( t" rn)r th& *"&at%$+ %th "ur +a(. Th &%n%(tr

rt%r) un%++%n!+y #r"& th( *"n*((%"n(, h%*h %n)) auth"r%) th @r*%( "# "r( ry

"##n(% %n a #r (tat. A#tr &u*h )%(*u((%"n %t a( r#"r&) %n a *"n(%)ra$+ )!r, an) th5"nnt%"n a( (%!n) $y th 5"unt th (ha*'+(

"n 5"&&r* $y &"n""+%(> "n In)u(try $y !%+)( *"r"rat%"n(> "n th #r)"& "# *"n(*%n*, "#

th"u!ht, an) "# (*h> "n th Pr(( $y th 5n(ur> an) "# r("n $y +ttr( ) 5a*ht> th *ru+ty "#

th *r%&%na+ *") !nra++y, th atr"*%t%( "# th Ra*', th na+%ty "# u)!(, an) th%r art%a+%t%( t" thr%*h> th th r%*h(, +u@ury, %n)"+n* %&&"ra+%ty "# th

*+r!y. ur+y un)r (u*h a &a(( "# &%(ru+ an) "r((%"n, a "+ &%!ht u(t+y r(( #"r a th"r"/r#"r&at%"n, an) &%!ht n )%(&"unt th%r r"u!h-(h") r%)r(, +a th& t" a+' "n th%r "n +!(.

Th )%*t( r+at% t" th *"r( #r *%r*u+at%"n "# !ra%n, r #%r(t r(nt) t" th ar+%a&nt an)

r!%(tr). But th"( #"r th %&"t trr%t"r%a+, (ta& ta@, "##r) ("& t%& a#tr, r r#u() $y thar+%a&nt, h%*h r""() a *a++ "# th tat( Gnra+ a( a+"n *"&tnt t" th%r auth"r%at%"n. Th%r

r#u(a+ r")u*) a B) "# u(t%*, an) th%r @%+ t" Tr"y(. Th a)"*at( h"r r#u(%n! t" attn)

th&, a (u(n(%"n %n th a)&%n%(trat%"n "# u(t%* t""' +a*. Th Par+%a&nt h+) "ut #"r ah%+, $utth nnu% "# th%r @%+ an) a$(n* #r"& Par%( $!un at +n!th t" $ #+t, an) ("& )%("(%t%"n( #"r

*"&r"&%( t" aar. On th%r *"n(nt thr#"r t" r"+"n! ("& "# th #"r&r ta@(, thy rr*a++) #r"& @%+, th F%n! &t th& %n (((%"n ?". 19. 87. r"&%() t" *a++ th tat( Gnra+ %n

th yar 92. an) a &a"r%ty @r(() th%r a((nt t" r!%(tr an )%*t #"r (u**((% an) annua+ +"an(#r"& 1788. t" 92. But a r"t(t $%n! ntr) $y th :u' "# Or+an( an) th%( n*"ura!%n! "thr( %n a

)%("(%t%"n t" rtra*t, th F%n! "r)r) r&t"r%+y th r!%(try "# th )%*t, an) +#t th a((&$+y

a$rut+y. Th ar+%a&nt %&&)%at+y r"t(t) that th "t( #"r th nr!%(try ha) n"t $n +!a++yta'n, an) that thy !a n" (an*t%"n t" th +"an( r""(). Th%( a( n"u!h t" )%(*r)%t an) )#at

th&. Hru"n %((u) an"thr )%*t #"r th (ta$+%(h&nt "# a *"ur +n%r, an) th (u(n(%"n "# a++

th ar+%a&nt( %n th '%n!)"&. Th%( $%n! ""() a( &%!ht $ @*t) $y r*+a&at%"n( #r"& a++ thar+%a&nt( r"%n*(, th F%n! !a ay an) $y an )%*t "# Ju+y . 88 rn"un*) h%( *"ur +n%r,

r"&%() th tat( Gnra+ #"r th 1(t. "# $ut thy *"++*t) th n@t )ay %n !rat nu&$r(, $urnt 10."r 12. !uar) h"u((, '%++) t" "r thr "# th !uar)(, +"(t 6. "r 8. &"r "# th%r "n nu&$r. Th

*%ty a( hru"n ut un)r &art%a+ +a, an) a#tr ah%+ th tu&u+t (u$(%)). Th ##*t "# th%( *han!

"# &%n%(tr(, an) th r"&%( "# th tat( Gnra+ at an ar+y )ay, tran=u%++%) th nat%"n. But t"!rat =u(t%"n( n" "**urr). 1. hat r""rt%"n (ha++ th nu&$r "# )ut%( "# th t%r( tat $ar t"


43/53

th"( "# th ?"$+( an) 5+r!y An) 2. (ha++ thy (%t %n th (a&, "r %n )%(t%n*t aart&nt( )! $+" that "#

Rau&ur. A++ "ut-)""r +a$"r a( (u(n)), an) th ""r, %th"ut th a!( "# +a$"r, r "# *"ur(

%th"ut %thr $ra) "r #u+. Th !"rn&nt #"un) %t/( n*((%t%( a!!raat) $y that "# r"*ur%n!%&&n( =uant%t%( "# #%r-""), an) "# '%n! !rat #%r( at a++ th *r"((-(trt(, ar"un) h%*h th

"+ !athr) %n *r")( t" a"%) r%(h%n! %th *"+). Bra) t"" a( t" $ $"u!ht, an) )%(tr%$ut)

)a%+y !rat%(, unt%+ a r+a@-at%"n "# th (a("n (h"u+) na$+ th "+ t" "r'C an) th (+n)r (t"*' "#$ra)-(tu## ha) #"r ("& t%& thratn) #a&%n, an) ha) ra%() that art%*+ t" an n"r&"u( r%*. "

!rat %n)) a( th (*ar*%ty "# $ra) that #r"& th h%!h(t t" th +"(t *%t%n, th $a'r( r

r&%tt) t" )a+ $ut a (*anty a++"an* r ha), n t" th"( h" a%) #"r %t> an) %n *ar)( "#%n%tat%"n t" )%n %n th r%*h(t h"u((, th !u(t a( n"t%#%) t" $r%n! h%( "n $ra). T" ' "ut th

@%(tn* "# th "+, ry r("n h" ha) th &an(, a( *a++) "n #"r a '+y (u$(*r%t%"n,

h%*h th 5ur( *"++*t) an) &+"y) %n r"%)%n! &((( #"r th n"ur%(h&nt "# th ""r, an) %)

%th a*h "thr %n )%(%n! (u*h *"n"&%*a+ *"&"(%t%"n( "# #"") a( "u+) (u$(%(t th !rat(t nu&$r%th th (&a++(t &an(. Th%( ant "# $ra) ha) $n #"r(n #"r ("& t%& a(t an)


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r%"t(, "n "r)%nary %n*%)nt(, ha) ta'n +a*, a( at "thr t%&(, %n )%##rnt art( "# th '%n!)"&, %n

h%*h ("& +%(, rha( a )"n "r tnty, ha) $n +"(t, $ut %n th &"nth "# Ar%+ a &"r (r%"u(

"n "**urr) %n Par%(, un*"nn*t) %n)) %th th r"+ut%"nary r%n*%+, $ut &a'%n! art "# th

h%(t"ry "# th )ay. Th au@$"ur! t. Ant"%n %( a =uartr "# th *%ty %nha$%t) nt%r+y $y th *+a(( "#)ay-+a$"rr( an) "urny&n %n ry +%n. A ru&"r a( (ra) a&"n! th& that a !rat ar

&anu#a*turr, "# th na& "# R%++"n, ha) r""(), "n ("& "**a(%"n, that th%r a!( (h"u+) $

+"r) t" 1 ("u( a )ay. In#+a&) at "n* %nt" ra!, %th"ut %n=u%r%n! %nt" %t/( truth, thy #+ t" h%(h"u( %n a(t nu&$r(, )(tr"y) ryth%n! %n %t, an) %n h%( &a!a%n( "r' (h"(, %th"ut

(*rt%n! h"r a %n/( "rth t" th&(+(, an) r *"nt%nu%n! th%( "r' "# )a(tat%"n hn th

r!u+ar tr""( r *a++) %n. A)&"n%t%"n( $%n! )%(r!ar)), thy r "# n*((%ty #%r) "n, an) ar!u+ar a*t%"n n(u), %n h%*h a$"ut 100. "# th& r '%++), $#"r th r(t "u+) )%(r(. Thr

ha) rar+y a(() a yar %th"ut (u*h a r%"t %n ("& art "r "thr "# th F%n!)"&> an) th%( %(

)%(t%n!u%(h) "n+y a( *"t&"rary %th th r"+ut%"n, a+th"/ n"t r")u*) $y %t.

Th tat( Gnra+ r "n) "n th th. "# h%+ th%r (ur%"r( r *"n(u&%n! th%r r%n*+y rnu( %n a+a*( "#

+u@ury %n)"+n*.

Th "$*t( #"r h%*h th%( $")y a( *"nn) $%n! "# th #%r(t "r)r "# %&"rtan*, I #+t %t ry

%ntr(t%n! t" un)r(tan) th %( "# th art%( "# h%*h %t a( *"&"(), an) (*%a++y th %)a(

ra+nt a( t" th "r!an%at%"n *"nt&+at) #"r th%r !"rn&nt. I nt thr#"r )a%+y #r"& Par%( t"

r(a%++(, an) attn)) th%r )$at(, !nra++y t%++ th h"ur "# a)"urn&nt. Th"( "# th ?"$+((r %&a((%"n) an) t&(tu"u(. Thy ha) ("& a$+ &n "n $"th (%)(, an) a*tuat) $y =ua+ a+.

Th )$at( "# th 5"&&"n( r t&rat, rat%"na+ an) %n#+@%$+y #%r&. A( r+%&%nary t" a++ "thr

$u(%n((, th a#u+ =u(t%"n( *a& "n, ha++ th tat( (%t %n "n, "r %n )%(t%n*t aart&nt( An) (ha++thy "t $y ha)( "r h"u(( Th ""(%t%"n a( (""n #"un) t" *"n(%(t "# th ;%(*"a+ "r)r a&"n!

th *+r!y, an) t" th%r)( "# th ?"$+((> h%+ th t%r( tat r, t" a &an, un%t) an) )tr&%n).

A#tr ar%"u( r""(%t%"n( "# *"&r"&%( ha) #a%+), th 5"&&"n( un)rt""' t" *ut th G"r)%an 'n"t.Th A$$ %y(, th &"(t +"!%*a+ ha) "# th nat%"n, auth"r "# th a&h+t Mu/(t * =u + t%r(

tat h%*h ha) +*tr%#%) that *"untry, a( Pa%n/( 5"&&"n (n( )%) u( a#tr an %&r((% (*h "n


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th 10th "# Jun, &") that a +a(t %n%tat%"n (h"u+) $ (nt t" th ?"$+( an) 5+r!y, t" attn) %n th

Ha++ "# th tat(, *"++*t%+y "r %n)%%)ua++y #"r th r%#%*at%"n "# "r(, t" h%*h th *"&&"n(

"u+) r"*) %&&)%at+y, %thr %n th%r r(n* "r a$(n*. Th%( r%#%*at%"n $%n! #%n%(h), a

&"t%"n a( &a), "n th 1th. that thy (h"u+) *"n(t%tut th&(+( a ?at%"na+ a((&$+y> h%*h a()*%)) "n th 17th. $y a &a"r%ty "# #"ur #%#th(. :ur%n! th )$at( "n th%( =u(t%"n, a$"ut tnty "#

th 5ur( ha) "%n) th&, an) a r""(%t%"n a( &a) %n th *ha&$r "# th *+r!y that th%r h"+

$")y (h"u+) "%n th&. Th%( a( r*t) at #%r(t $y a (&a++ &a"r%ty "n+y> $ut, $%n! a#trar)(("&hat &")%#%), %t a( )*%)) a##%r&at%+y, $y a &a"r%ty "# +n. h%+ th%( a( un)r )$at

an) un'n"n t" th *"urt, t" %t, "n th 19th. a *"un*%+ a( h+) %n th a#trn""n at th "+ %n *"n(trnat%"n. I

a( =u%t a+ar&) at th%( (tat "# th%n!(. Th ("+)%ry ha) n"t yt %n)%*at) h%*h (%) thy (h"u+) ta',

an) that h%*h thy (h"u+) (u"rt "u+) $ (ur t" ra%+. I *"n(%)r) a (u**((#u+ r#"r&at%"n "#!"rn&nt %n ran*, a( n(ur%n! a !nra+ r#"r&at%"n thr" ;ur", an) th r(urr*t%"n, t" a n

+%#, "# th%r "+, n" !r"un) t" )u(t $y th a$u(( "# th !"rn%n! "r(. I a( &u*h a*=ua%nt)

%th th +a)%n! atr%"t( "# th a((&$+y. B%n! #r"& a *"untry h%*h ha) (u**((#u++y a(() thr"/ a

(%&%+ar r#"r&at%"n, thy r )%("() t" &y a*=ua%ntan*, an) ha) ("& *"n#%)n* %n &. I ur!)&"(t (trnu"u(+y an %&&)%at *"&r"&%(> t" (*ur hat th !"rn&nt a( n" ra)y t" y%+),

an) tru(t t" #utur "**a(%"n( #"r hat &%!ht (t%++ $ ant%n!. It a( ++ un)r(t"") that th F%n!

"u+) !rant at th%( t%& 1. r)"& "# th r("n $y Ha$a( *"ru(. 2. r)"& "# *"n(*%n*. 3.r)"& "# th r((. 4. Tr%a+ $y ury. . A rr(ntat% +!%(+atur. 6. Annua+ &t%n!(. 7. Th

"r%!%nat%"n "# +a(. 8. Th @*+u(% r%!ht "# ta@at%"n an) ar"r%at%"n. An) 9. Th r("n(%$%+%ty "#

&%n%(tr(> an) %th th @r*%( "# th( "r( thy "u+) "$ta%n %n #utur hatr &%!ht $ #urthrn*((ary t" %&r" an) r(r th%r *"n(t%tut%"n. Thy th"u!ht "thr%( h"r, an) nt( ha

r") th%r +a&nta$+ rr"r. "r a#tr 30. yar( "# ar, #"r%!n an) )"&(t%*, th +"(( "# &%++%"n( "#

+%(, th r"(trat%"n "# r%at ha%n((, an) #"r%!n (u$u!at%"n "# th%r "n *"untry #"r a t%&, thy


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ha "$ta%n) n" &"r, n"r n that (*ur+y. Thy r un*"n(*%"u( "# #"r h" *"u+) #"r( th

&+an*h"+y (=u+ "# th%r ++-&ant r(ran*> that th%r hy(%*a+ #"r* "u+) $ u(ur) $y a

#%r(t tyrant t" tra&+ "n th %n)n)an*, an) n th @%(tn*, "# "thr nat%"n(C that th%( "u+)

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th h"+, th ##"rt( "# any art, t" &")rat th%r a$u(( an) "r((%"n(.

hn th F%n! a((), th n@t )ay, thr"/ th +an #"r&) #r"& th 5hatau t" th H"t+ )( tat(, thra( a )a) (%+n*. H a( a$"ut an h"ur %n th H"u( )+%r%n! h%( (*h )*+arat%"n. On h%(*"&%n! "ut a #$+ *ry "# % + R"y a( ra%() $y ("& *h%+)rn, $ut th "+ r&a%n) (%+nt

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r""& "#


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#r"& h"& h r*%) th&. : 5"rny a)%() th "+ thn t" rt%r, an) rt%r) h%&(+#> $ut th

"+ t""' "((((%"n "# th ar&(. It a( r&ar'a$+ that n"t "n+y th Ina+%)( th&(+( &a) n"""(%t%"n, $ut that a $")y "# 000. #"r%!n tr""(, %th%n 400. yar)(, nr (t%rr).


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+an)) at th H"t+ ) %++. Thr an) hr ""(%t%"n t" %t hr

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"u+) ha h"n(t+y @r*%(), a**"r)%n! t" th &a(ur "# h%( un)r(tan)%n!. In th%( ay n" "%)

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nat%"n( a")+y an) %n )ta%+, $ut *"ntr"u+%n! $y th%r ar&%( th #"r&( %n h%*h thy %++ r&%t

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th *r%&%na+ a((%"n( h%*h r#u() t" th "r+) a #a"ra$+ "**a(%"n "# (a%n! %t #r"& th a##+%*t%"n( %t

ha( (%n* (u##r).

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th !"rn&nt "# ran* (h"u+) $ &"nar*h%*a+ hr)%tary. ha++ th '%n! ha a n!at% "n th

+a( (ha++ that n!at% $ a$("+ut, "r (u(n(% "n+y ha++ thr $ t" *ha&$r( "# +!%(+at%"n"r "n "n+y I# t", (ha++ "n "# th& $ hr)%tary "r #"r +%# "r #"r a #%@) tr& an) na&) $y th

'%n! "r +*t) $y th "+ Th( =u(t%"n( #"un) (tr"n! )%##rn*( "# "%n%"n, an) r")u*)

ru+(% *"&$%nat%"n( a&"n! th Patr%"t(. Th Ar%(t"*ra*y a( *&nt) $y a *"&&"n r%n*%+ "#

r(r%n! th an*%nt r!%&, "r hatr (h"u+) $ nar(t t" %t.


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a*h "thr, an) n"t a#ra%) thr#"r t" un$"("& th&(+( &utua++y. Th%( +a(t a( a &atr%a+ r%n*%+

%n th (+*t%"n. %th th%( % th th%r "n (at++%t( %++ *at*h %t, an) th *"n)%t%"n "# &an thr"/ th *%%+%) "r+)%++ $ #%na++y an) !rat+y a&+%"rat). Th%( %( a "n)r#u+ %n(tan* "# !rat nt( #r"& (&a++ *au((.

" %n(*ruta$+ %( th arran!&nt "# *au(( *"n(=un*( %n th%( "r+) that a t"-nny )uty "n ta,

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*u+%ar+y #a"ra$+ #"r a 'n"+)! "# th truth. P"((((%n! th *"n#%)n* an) %nt%&a*y "# th

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*"un*%+( an) r"*)%n!(, !a & a 'n"+! "# th( a+(".


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Th( ""rtun%t%( "# %n#"r&at%"n *a() at th%( r%"), %th &y rt%r&nt #r"& th%

Autobiography T J

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