Autobiography T J

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    AUTOBIOGRAPHY

    1743 -- 1790

    With the Declaration of Independence

    January 6, 1821

    At th a! "# 77, I $!%n t" &a' ("& &&"ran)a an) (tat ("& r*"++*t%"n( "# )at( #a*t(*"n*rn%n! &y(+#, #"r &y "n &"r ra)y r#rn* #"r th %n#"r&at%"n "# &y #a&%+y.

    Th tra)%t%"n %n &y #athr/( #a&%+y a( that th%r an*(t"r *a& t" th%( *"untry #r"& a+(, an) #r"&

    nar th &"unta%n "# n")"n, th h%!h(t %n Gr. Br. I n"t) "n* a *a( #r"& a+( %n th +a r"rt(

    hr a r("n "# "ur na& a( %thr +. "r )#. an) "n "# th (a& na& a( *rtary t" th%r!%n%a *"&any. Th( ar th "n+y %n(tan*( %n h%*h I ha &t %th th na& %n that *"untry. I

    ha #"un) %t %n "ur ar+y r*"r)(, $ut th #%r(t art%*u+ar %n#"r&at%"n I ha "# any an*(t"r a( &y

    !ran)#athr h" +%) at th +a* %n 5h(tr#%+) *a++) O$"rn/( an) "n). th +an)( a#trar)( th!+$ "# th ar%(h. H ha) thr ("n(, Th"&a( h" )%) y"un!, %+) h" (tt+) "n th atr( "#

    R"an"' an) +#t nu&r"u( )(*n)ant(, an) Ptr &y #athr, h" (tt+) "n th +an)( I (t%++ "n *a++)

    ha)++ a)"%n%n! &y r(nt r(%)n*. H a( $"rn $. 29, 17078, an) %ntr&arr%) 1739. %th

    Jan Ran)"+h, "# th a! "# 19. )aur "# I(ha& Ran)"+h "n "# th (n ("n( "# that na& #a&%+y(tt+) at :un!"n(( %n G""*h+). Thy tra* th%r )%!r #ar $a*' %n ;n!+an) *"t+an), t" h%*h

    +t ry "n a(*r%$ th #a%th &r%t h *h""((.

    +%tt+ $%n!

    thn 'n"n $y"n) that r%)!. H a( th 3) "r 4th (tt+r "# th art "# th *"untry %n h%*h I +%,

    h%*h a( a$"ut 1737. H )%) Au!. 17. 177, +a%n! &y &"thr a %)" h" +%) t%++ 1776, %th 6)aur( 2. ("n(, &y(+# th +)r. T" &y y"un!r $r"thr h +#t h%( (tat "n Ja&( r%r *a++)

    n")n a#tr th (u"() $%rth-+a* "# th #a&%+y. T" &y(+# th +an)( "n h%*h I a( $"rn +%.

    H +a*) & at th ;n!+%(h (*h""+ at . yar( "# a! an) at th at%n at 9. hr I *"nt%nu) unt%+ h%()ath. an) #r"& h%( *"nr(at%"n I !"t &y #%r(t %( "# th @an(%"n "# (*%n* "# th

    (y(t& "# th%n!( %n h%*h ar +a*). "rtunat+y th Ph%+"("h%*a+ *ha%r $*a& a*ant (""n a#tr&y arr%a+ at *"++!, an) h a( a"%nt) t" #%++ %t r %ntr%&C an) h a( th #%r(t h" r !a %n

    that *"++! r!u+ar +*tur( %n ;th%*(, Rht"r%* B++( +ttr(. H rturn) t" ;ur" %n 1762, ha%n!

    r%"u(+y #%++) u th &a(ur "# h%( !"")n(( t" &, $y r"*ur%n! #"r &, #r"& h%( &"(t %nt%&at#r%n) G. yth, a r*t%"n a( a (tu)nt "# +a, un)r h%( )%r*t%"n, an) %ntr")u*) & t" th

    a*=ua%ntan* an) #a&%+%ar ta$+ "# G"rn"r au=u%r, th a$+(t &an h" ha) r #%++) that "##%*.

    %th h%&, an) at h%( ta$+, :r. &a++

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    art% =uarr, t" th ha$%tua+ *"nr(at%"n( "n th( "**a(%"n( I ") &u*h %n(tru*t%"n. (u*h a( I hanr har) #r"& any "thr &an. H aar) t" & t" (a' a( H"&r r"t.

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    Au! n(u%n!, t" *"n(%)r th (tat "# th *"+"ny, art%*u+ar+y t" a"%nt )+!at( t" a !nra+

    5"n!r((, (h"u+) that &a(ur $ a**)) t" $y th *"&&( "# *"rr()* !nra++y. It a( a**))

    t", Ph%+a)+h%a a( a"%nt) #"r th +a*, an) th th "# . #"r th t%& "# &t%n!. rturn)

    h"&, an) %n "ur (ra+ *"unt%( %n%t) th *+r!y t" &t a((&$+%( "# th "+ "n th 1(t "# Jun,t" r#"r& th *r&"n%( "# th )ay, t" a))r(( t" th& )%(*"ur(( (u%t) t" th "**a(%"n. Th

    "+ &t !nra++y, %th an@%ty a+ar& %n th%r *"untnan*(, an) th ##*t "# th )ay thr"/ th

    h"+ *"+"ny a( +%' a (h"*' "# +*tr%*%ty, ar"u(%n! ry &an +a*%n! h%& r*t ("+%)+y "n h%(*ntr. Thy *h"( un%r(a++y )+!at( #"r th *"nnt%"n. B%n! +*t) "n #"r &y "n *"unty I

    rar) a )rau!ht "# %n(tru*t%"n( t" $ !%n t" th )+!at( h"& (h"u+) (n) t" th 5"n!r((,

    an) h%*h I &ant t" r""( at "ur &t%n!. In th%( I t""' th !r"un) h%*h, #r"& th $!%nn%n! I ha)th"u!ht th "n+y "n "rth")"@ "r tna$+, h%*h a( that th r+at%"n $tn Gr. Br. an) th(

    *"+"n%( a( @a*t+y th (a& a( that "# ;n!+an) *"t+an) a#tr th a**((%"n "# Ja&( unt%+ th

    Un%"n, an) th (a& a( hr r(nt r+at%"n( %th Han"r, ha%n! th (a& ;@*ut% *h%# $ut n""thr n*((ary "+%t%*a+ *"nn*t%"n> an) that "ur &%!rat%"n #r"& ;n!+an) t" th%( *"untry !a hr n"

    &"r r%!ht( "r u(, than th &%!rat%"n( "# th :an( an) a@"n( !a t" th r(nt auth"r%t%( "# th

    &"thr *"untry "r ;n!+an). In th%( )"*tr%n h"r I ha) nr $n a$+ t" !t any "n t" a!r

    %th & $ut

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    (* 1) See Girardin'sHistory of Virginia, Appendix No. 12, note.

    an)

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    *"n(%)r an) r"rt "n ). ?"rth/( *"n*%+%at"ry r("+ut%"n. Th an(r "# th %r!%n%a a((&$+y "n that

    (u$*t ha%n! $n ar") I a( r=u(t) $y th *"&& t" rar th%( r"rt, h%*h %++ a**"unt

    #"r th (%&%+ar%ty "# #atur %n th t" %n(tru&nt(.

    On th 1th "#

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    #"rtun(, "r, ha%n! u( (" &u*h %n th%r "r a( that )(rat )*+arat%"n "u+) +a* u(, thy "u+)

    %n(%(t "n tr&( r""rt%"na$+y &"r har) an) ru)%*%a+C

    That ha) +%tt+ ra("n t" @*t an a++%an* %th th"( t" h"& a+"n a( yt ha) *a(t "ur y(C

    That ran* a%n ha) ra("n t" $ a+"u( "# that r%(%n! "r h%*h "u+) "n )ay *rta%n+y (tr%

    th& "# a++ th%r A&r%*an "((((%"n(C

    That %t a( &"r +%'+y thy (h"u+) #"r& a *"nn*t%"n %th th Br%t%(h *"urt, h", %# thy (h"u+) #%n)th&(+( una$+ "thr%( t" @tr%*at th&(+( #r"& th%r )%##%*u+t%(, "u+) a!r t" a art%t%"n

    "# "ur trr%t"r%(, r(t"r%n! 5ana)a t" ran*, th +"r%)a( t" a%n, t" a**"&+%(h #"r th&(+( a

    r*"ry "# th( *"+"n%(C

    That %t "u+) n"t $ +"n! $#"r (h"u+) r*% *rta%n %n#"r&at%"n "# th )%("(%t%"n "# th rn*h*"urt, #r"& th a!nt h"& ha) (nt t" Par%( #"r that ur"(C

    That %# th%( )%("(%t%"n (h"u+) $ #a"ra$+, $y a%t%n! th nt "# th r(nt *a&a%!n, h%*h a++

    h") "u+) $ (u**((#u+, (h"u+) ha ra("n t" @*t an a++%an* "n $ttr tr&(C

    That th%( "u+) %n #a*t "r' n" )+ay "# any ##*tua+ a%) #r"& (u*h a++y, a(, #r"& th a)an* "# th(a("n )%(tan* "# "ur (%tuat%"n, %t a( %&"((%$+ *"u+) r*% any a((%(tan* )ur%n! th%(

    *a&a%!nC

    That %t a( ru)nt t" #%@ a&"n! "ur(+( th tr&( "n h%*h (h"u+) #"r& a++%an*, $#"r

    )*+ar) "u+) #"r& "n at a++ nt(C

    An) that %# th( r a!r) "n, "ur :*+arat%"n "# In)n)an* ra)y $y th t%& "urA&$a((a)"r (h"u+) $ rar) t" (a%+, %t "u+) $ a( ++ a( t" !" %nt" that :*+arat%"n at th%( )ay.

    On th "thr (%) %t a( ur!) $y J. A)a&(, , yth, an) "thr(

    That n" !nt+&an ha) ar!u) a!a%n(t th "+%*y "r th r%!ht "# (arat%"n #r"& Br%ta%n, n"r ha)

    (u"() %t "((%$+ (h"u+) r rn "ur *"nn*t%"n> that thy ha) "n+y ""() %t( $%n! n"

    )*+ar)C

    That th =u(t%"n a( n"t hthr, $y a )*+arat%"n "# %n)n)an*, (h"u+) &a' "ur(+( hat ar n"t> $ut hthr (h"u+) )*+ar a #a*t h%*h a+ra)y @%(t(C

    That a( t" th "+ "r ar+%a&nt "# ;n!+an), ha) a+a%( $n %n)n)nt "# th&, th%r

    r(tra%nt( "n "ur tra) )r%%n! ##%*a*y #r"& "ur a*=u%(*n* "n+y, n"t #r"& any r%!ht( thy

    "(((() "# %&"(%n! th&, that (" #ar "ur *"nn*t%"n ha) $n #)ra+ "n+y a( n" )%(("+)$y th *"&&n*&nt "# h"(t%+%t%(C

    That a( t" th F%n!, ha) $n $"un) t" h%& $y a++!%an*, $ut that th%( $"n) a( n" )%(("+) $y

    h%( a((nt t" th +at a*t "# ar+%a&nt, $y h%*h h )*+ar( u( "ut "# h%( r"t*t%"n, an) $y h%( +y%n!

    ar "n u(, a #a*t h%*h ha) +"n! a!" r") u( "ut "# h%( r"t*t%"n> %t $%n! a *rta%n "(%t%"n %n +athat a++!%an* r"t*t%"n ar r*%r"*a+, th "n *a(%n! hn th "thr %( %th)ranC

    That Ja&( th II). nr )*+ar) th "+ "# ;n!+an) "ut "# h%( r"t*t%"n yt h%( a*t%"n( r") %t

    th ar+%a&nt )*+ar) %tC

    ?" )+!at( thn *an $ )n%), "r r ant, a "r "# )*+ar%n! an @%(t%n! truthC

    That th )+!at( #r"& th :+aar *"unt%( ha%n! )*+ar) th%r *"n(t%tunt( ra)y t" "%n, thrar "n+y t" *"+"n%( Pnn(y+an%a

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    )ran, nar a t+&"nth a!", (%n* h%*h th #a* "# a##a%r( ha( t"ta++y *han!)C

    That %th%n that t%& %t ha) $*"& aarnt that Br%ta%n a( )tr&%n) t" a**t n"th%n! +(( than a

    *art-$+an*h, an) that th F%n!/( an(r t" th "r) an) %++ thr#"r ( %t th%r %ntr(t t" rnt a

    *"a+%t%"n> $ut (h"u+) thy r#u(, (ha++ $ $ut hr ar> hra( %th"ut try%n! (ha++ nr

    'n" hthr thy %++ a%) u( "r n"tC

    That th r(nt *a&a%!n &ay $ un(u**((#u+, thr#"r ha) $ttr r""( an a++%an* h%+"ur a##a%r( ar a h"#u+ a(*tC

    That t" aa%t th nt "# th%( *a&a%!n %++ *rta%n+y "r' )+ay, $*au( )ur%n! th%( (u&&r ran*

    &ay a((%(t u( ##*tua++y $y *utt%n! "## th"( (u+%( "# r"%(%"n( #r"& ;n!+an) Ir+an) "n h%*h

    th n&y/( ar&%( hr ar t" )n)> "r $y (tt%n! %n &"t%"n th !rat "r thy ha *"++*t) %nth (t In)%(, *a++%n! "ur n&y t" th )#n* "# th "((((%"n( thy ha thrC

    That %t "u+) $ %)+ t" +"( t%& %n (tt+%n! th tr&( "# a++%an*, t%++ ha) #%r(t )tr&%n) "u+)

    ntr %nt" a++%an*C

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    That %t %( n*((ary t" +"( n" t%& %n "n%n! a tra) #"r "ur "+, h" %++ ant *+"th(, an) %++

    ant &"ny t"" #"r th a%&nt "# ta@(C

    An) that th "n+y &%(#"rtun %( that )%) n"t ntr %nt" a++%an* %th ran* (%@ &"nth( (""nr, a(

    $(%)( "n%n! th%r "rt( #"r th nt "# "ur +a(t yar/( r")u*, thy &%!ht ha &ar*h) an ar&y%nt" Gr&any an) rnt) th tty r%n*( thr #r"& (++%n! th%r unhay (u$*t( t" (u$)u u(.

    The Declaration of IndependenceIt aar%n! %n th *"ur( "# th( )$at( that th *"+"n%( "# ?. Y"r', ? Jr(y, Pnn(y+an%a,

    :+aar,

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    thy r*t a+(", I %++ (tat th #"r& "# th )*+arat%"n a( "r%!%na++y r"rt). Th art( (tru*' "ut $y

    5"n!r(( (ha++ $ )%(t%n!u%(h) $y a $+a*' +%n )ran un)r th&> th"( %n(rt) $y th& (ha++ $

    +a*) %n th &ar!%n "r %n a *"n*urrnt *"+u&n.

    D;)%t"r( n"tC t@t %n boldfacea( r&") #"r th #%na+ r(%"n "# th :*+arat%"n, an) t@t %n italics

    a( a)))E.

    A Declaration by the epresentati!es of the

    "nited States of A#erica, in General

    $on%ress Asse#bled.

    hn %n th *"ur( "# hu&an nt( %t $*"&( n*((ary #"r "n "+ t" )%(("+ th "+%t%*a+ $an)(

    h%*h ha *"nn*t) th& %th an"thr, an) t" a((u& a&"n! th "r( "# th arth th (arat =ua+ (tat%"n t" h%*h th +a( "# natur an) "# natur/( G") nt%t+ th&, a )*nt r(*t t" th

    "%n%"n( "# &an'%n) r=u%r( that thy (h"u+) )*+ar th *au(( h%*h %&+ th& t" th (arat%"n.

    h"+) th( truth( t" $ (+#-%)ntC that a++ &n ar *rat) =ua+> that thy ar n)") $y th%r

    *rat"r %th inherent andDcertainE %na+%na$+ r%!ht(> that a&"n! th( ar +%#, +%$rty, th ur(u%t"# ha%n((C that t" (*ur th( r%!ht(, !"rn&nt( ar %n(t%tut) a&"n! &n, )r%%n! th%r u(t

    "r( #r"& th *"n(nt "# th !"rn)> that hnr any #"r& "# !"rn&nt $*"&( )(tru*t%

    "# th( n)(, %t %( th r%!ht "# th "+ t" a+tr "r a$"+%(h %t, t" %n(t%tut n !"rn&nt, +ay%n! %t/(#"un)at%"n "n (u*h r%n*%+(, "r!an%%n! %t/( "r( %n (u*h #"r&, a( t" th& (ha++ (& &"(t +%'+y

    t" ##*t th%r (a#ty ha%n((. Pru)n* %n)) %++ )%*tat that !"rn&nt( +"n! (ta$+%(h)

    (h"u+) n"t $ *han!) #"r +%!ht tran(%nt *au((> an) a**"r)%n!+y a++ @r%n* hath (h"n that&an'%n) ar &"r )%("() t" (u##r h%+ %+( ar (u##ra$+, than t" r%!ht th&(+( $y a$"+%(h%n!

    th #"r&( t" h%*h thy ar a**u(t"&). But hn a +"n! tra%n "# a$u(( u(urat%"n( be%&n at adistin%&ished period andur(u%n! %nar%a$+y th (a& "$*t, %n*( a )(%!n t" r)u* th& un)r

    a$("+ut )("t%(&, %t %( th%r r%!ht, %t %( th%r )uty t" thr" "## (u*h !"rn&nt, t" r"%) n!uar)( #"r th%r #utur (*ur%ty. u*h ha( $n th at%nt (u##ran* "# th( *"+"n%(> (u*h %( n"

    th n*((%ty h%*h *"n(tra%n( th& t" exp&n%eDalterE th%r #"r&r (y(t&( "# !"rn&nt. Th

    h%(t"ry "# th r(nt '%n! "# Grat Br%ta%n %( a h%(t"ry "# &nre#ittin%DrepeatedE %nur%( u(urat%"n(, a#on% hich appears no solitary fact to contradict the &nifor# tenor of the rest b&t

    all ha!eDall havingE %n )%r*t "$*t th (ta$+%(h&nt "# an a$("+ut tyranny "r th( (tat(. T"

    r" th%( +t #a*t( $ (u$&%tt) t" a *an)%) "r+) for the tr&th of hich e pled%e a faith yet

    &ns&llied by falsehood.

    H ha( r#u() h%( a((nt t" +a( th &"(t h"+("& n*((ary #"r th u$+%* !"").

    H ha( #"r$%))n h%( !"rn"r( t" a(( +a( "# %&&)%at r((%n! %&"rtan*, un+(( (u(n)) %nth%r "rat%"n t%++ h%( a((nt (h"u+) $ "$ta%n)> hn (" (u(n)), h ha( uttr+y n!+*t) t"

    attn) t" th&.

    H ha( r#u() t" a(( "thr +a( #"r th a**"&&")at%"n "# +ar! )%(tr%*t( "# "+, un+(( th"("+ "u+) r+%n=u%(h th r%!ht "# rr(ntat%"n %n th +!%(+atur, a r%!ht %n(t%&a$+ t" th&,

    #"r&%)a$+ t" tyrant( "n+y.

    H ha( *a++) t"!thr +!%(+at% $")%( at +a*( unu(ua+, un*""rta$+, an) )%(tant #r"& th

    )"(%t"ry "# th%r u$+%* r*"r)(, #"r th ("+ ur"( "# #at%!u%n! th& %nt" *"&+%an* %th h%(

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    &a(ur(.

    H ha( )%(("+) rr(ntat% h"u(( rat)+y contin&ally#"r ""(%n! %th &an+y #%r&n(( h%(

    %na(%"n( "n th r%!ht( "# th "+.

    H ha( r#u() #"r a +"n! t%& a#tr (u*h )%(("+ut%"n( t" *au( "thr( t" $ +*t), hr$y th

    +!%(+at% "r(, %n*aa$+ "# ann%h%+at%"n, ha rturn) t" th "+ at +ar! #"r th%r @r*%(, th(tat r&a%n%n! %n th &ant%& @"() t" a++ th )an!r( "# %na(%"n #r"& %th"ut *"nu+(%"n(

    %th%n.

    H ha( n)a"r) t" rnt th "u+at%"n "# th( (tat(> #"r that ur"( "$(tru*t%n! th +a( #"r

    natura+%at%"n "# #"r%!nr(, r#u(%n! t" a(( "thr( t" n*"ura! th%r &%!rat%"n( h%thr, ra%(%n! th*"n)%t%"n( "# n ar"r%at%"n( "# +an)(.

    H ha( s&fferedDobstructedE th a)&%n%(trat%"n "# u(t%* totally to cease in so#e of these statesDbyE

    r#u(%n! h%( Dassent to laws for establishing judiciary powersE.

    H ha( &a) o&ru)!( )n)ant "n h%( %++ a+"n, #"r th tnur "# th%r "##%*(, th a&"unt

    a%&nt "# th%r (a+ar%(.

    H ha( r*t) a &u+t%tu) "# n "##%*( by a self assed poeran) (nt h%thr (ar&( "# n

    "##%*r( t" hara(( "ur "+ an) at "ut th%r (u$(tan*.

    H ha( 't a&"n! u( %n t%&( "# a* (tan)%n! ar&%( and ships of ar%th"ut th *"n(nt "# "ur

    +!%(+atur(.

    H ha( a##*t) t" rn)r th &%+%tary %n)n)ant "#, (ur%"r t" th *%%+ "r.

    H ha( *"&$%n) %th "thr( t" (u$*t u( t" a ur%()%*t%"n #"r%!n t" "ur *"n(t%tut%"n( una*'n"+)!) $y "ur +a(, !%%n! h%( a((nt t" th%r a*t( "# rtn)) +!%(+at%"n #"r =uartr%n! +ar!

    $")%( "# ar&) tr""( a&"n! u(> #"r r"t*t%n! th& $y a &"*'-tr%a+ #r"& un%(h&nt #"r any

    &ur)r( h%*h thy (h"u+) *"&&%t "n th %nha$%tant( "# th( (tat(> #"r *utt%n! "## "ur tra) %th a++art( "# th "r+)> #"r %&"(%n! ta@( "n u( %th"ut "ur *"n(nt> #"r )r%%n! u( D E Din many casesE "#

    th $n#%t( "# tr%a+ $y ury> #"r tran("rt%n! u( $y"n) (a( t" $ tr%) #"r rtn)) "##n*(> #"r

    a$"+%(h%n! th #r (y(t& "# ;n!+%(h +a( %n a n%!h$"r%n! r"%n*, (ta$+%(h%n! thr%n an ar$%trary!"rn&nt, an) n+ar!%n! %t/( $"un)ar%(, (" a( t" rn)r %t at "n* an @a&+ an) #%t %n(tru&nt #"r

    %ntr")u*%n! th (a& a$("+ut ru+ %nt" th( statesDcoloniesE> #"r ta'%n! aay "ur *hartr(, a$"+%(h%n!

    "ur &"(t a+ua$+ +a(, an) a+tr%n! #un)a&nta++y th #"r&( "# "ur !"rn&nt(> #"r (u(n)%n! "ur

    "n +!%(+atur(, )*+ar%n! th&(+( %n(t) %th "r t" +!%(+at #"r u( %n a++ *a((hat("r.

    H ha( a$)%*at) !"rn&nt hr ithdrain% his %o!ernors, and declarin% &s o&t of hisalle%iance protection. Dby declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.E

    H ha( +un)r) "ur (a(, raa!) "ur *"a(t(, $urnt "ur t"n(, )(tr"y) th +%( "# "ur "+.

    H %( at th%( t%& tran("rt%n! +ar! ar&%( "# #"r%!n &r*nar%( t" *"&+at th "r'( "# )ath,)("+at%"n tyranny a+ra)y $!un %th *%r*u&(tan*( "# *ru+ty an) r#%)y D E Dscarcely paralleled

    in the most barbarous ages, & totallyE un"rthy th ha) "# a *%%+%) nat%"n.

    H ha( *"n(tra%n) "ur #++" *%t%n( ta'n *at% "n th h%!h (a( t" $ar ar&( a!a%n(t th%r *"untry,

    t" $*"& th @*ut%"nr( "# th%r #r%n)( $rthrn, "r t" #a++ th&(+( $y th%r han)(.

    H ha( Dexcited domestic insurrection among us, & hasE n)a"r) t" $r%n! "n th %nha$%tant( "# "ur#r"nt%r( th &r*%+(( In)%an (aa!(, h"( 'n"n ru+ "# ar#ar %( an un)%(t%n!u%(h) )(tru*t%"n

    "# a++ a!(, (@(, *"n)%t%"n( of existence.

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    e has incited treasonable ins&rrections of o&r fellociti+ens, ith the all&re#ents of forfeit&re

    confiscation of o&r property.

    e has a%ed cr&el ar a%ainst han nat&re itself, !iolatin% it's #ost sacred ri%hts of life and

    liberty in the persons of a distant people ho ne!er offended hi#, capti!atin% carryin% the#

    into sla!ery in another he#isphere, or to inc&r #iserable death in their transportation thither.

    his piratical arfare, the opprobi of -N-D/0 poers, is the arfare of the $-S-AN

    in% of Great ritain. Deter#ined to eep open a #aret here 3/N sho&ld be bo&%ht sold,he has prostit&ted his ne%ati!e for s&ppressin% e!ery le%islati!e atte#pt to prohibit or to restrain

    this execrable co##erce. And that this asse#bla%e of horrors #i%ht ant no fact of distin%&ished

    die, he is no excitin% those !ery people to rise in ar#s a#on% &s, and to p&rchase that liberty of

    hich he has depri!ed the#, by #&rderin% the people on ho# he also obtr&ded the#4 th&s

    payin% off for#er cri#es co##itted a%ainst the 0-/-/S of one people, ith cri#es hich he

    &r%es the# to co##it a%ainst the 0-5/S of another.

    In ry (ta! "# th( "r((%"n( ha t%t%"n) #"r r)r(( %n th &"(t hu&$+ tr&(C "ur

    rat) t%t%"n( ha $n an(r) "n+y $y rat) %nur%(.

    A r%n* h"( *hara*tr %( thu( &ar') $y ry a*t h%*h &ay )#%n a tyrant %( un#%t t" $ th ru+r

    "# a D E DfreeE "+ ho #ean to be free. &t&re a%es ill scarcely belie!e that the hardiness ofone #an ad!ent&red, ithin the short co#pass of tel!e years only, to lay a fo&ndation so broad

    so &ndis%&ised for tyranny o!er a people fostered fixed in principles of freedo# .

    ?"r ha $n ant%n! %n attnt%"n( t" "ur Br%t%(h $rthrn. ha arn) th& #r"& t%& t"t%& "# att&t( $y th%r +!%(+atur t" @tn) aDan unarranta$+E ur%()%*t%"n "r these o&r statesDusE. ha r&%n)) th& "# th *%r*u&(tan*( "# "ur &%!rat%"n (tt+&nt hr, no one of

    hich co&ld arrant so stran%e a pretension4 that these ere effected at the expense of o&r on

    blood treas&re, &nassisted by the ealth or the stren%th of Great ritain4 that in constit&tin%

    indeed o&r se!eral for#s of %o!ern#ent, e had adopted one co##on in%, thereby layin% a

    fo&ndation for perpet&al lea%&e a#ity ith the#4 b&t that s&b#ission to their parlia#ent as

    no part of o&r constit&tion, nor e!er in idea, if history #ay be credited4 and , D E DhaveE aa+)

    t" th%r nat% u(t%* an) &a!nan%&%ty as ell as toDand we have conjured them byE th t%( "# "ur*"&&"n '%n)r) t" )%(a" th( u(urat%"n( h%*h ere liely toDwould inevitablyE %ntrrut "ur*"nn*t%"n an) *"rr("n)n*. Thy t"" ha $n )a# t" th "%* "# u(t%* "# *"n(an!u%n%ty,

    and hen occasions ha!e been %i!en the#, by the re%&lar co&rse of their las, of re#o!in% fro#

    their co&ncils the dist&rbers of o&r har#ony, they ha!e, by their free election, reestablished the#

    in poer. At this !ery ti#e too they are per#ittin% their chief #a%istrate to send o!er not only

    soldiers of o&r co##on blood, b&t Scotch forei%n #ercenaries to in!ade destroy &s. hese

    facts ha!e %i!en the last stab to a%oni+in% affection, and #anly spirit bids &s to reno&nce fore!er

    these &nfeelin% brethren. 6e #&st 7We must therefore8 endea!or to for%et o&r for#er lo!e for

    the#, and hold the# as e hold the rest of #anind, ene#ies in ar, in peace friends. 6e #i%ht

    ha!e been a free and a %reat people to%ether9 b&t a co##&nication of %rande&r of freedo# it

    see#s is belo their di%nity. e it so, since they ill ha!e it. he road to happiness to %lory isopen to &s too. 6e ill tread it apart fro# the#, anda*=u%(* %n th n*((%ty h%*h )n"un*(

    "ur eternal(arat%"n D E Dand hold them as we hold the rest of manind, enemies in war, in peace

    friends.EK

    We therefore the representatives We therefore the representatives

    of the United States of of the United States of

    America in General Congress America in General Congress

    assembled do in the name & assembled, appealing to the

    by authority of the good supreme judge of the world

    people of these states reject for the rectitude of our

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    & renounce all allegiance & intentions, do in the name, & by

    subjection to the kings of the authority of the good

    Great Britain & all others people of these colonies,

    who may hereafter claim by, solemnly publish & declare that

    through or under them: we these united colonies are &

    utterly dissolve all political of right ought to be free &

    connection which may independent states that they

    heretofore have subsisted are absolved from all allegiance between us & the people or to the !ritish crown,

    parliament of Great Britain: and that all political

    & finally we do assert & connection between them & the

    declare these colonies to be free state of Great !ritain is, &

    & independent states, & that ought to be, totally

    as free & independent states, dissolved & that as free &

    they have full power to levy independent states they have

    war, conclude peace, contract full power to levy war,

    alliances, establish commerce, conclude peace, contract

    & to do all other acts & alliances, establish commerce &

    things which independent to do all other acts & things

    states may of right do" which independent states

    may of right do"

    And for the support of And for the support of this

    this declaration we mutually declaration, with a firm

    pledge to each other our reliance on the protection of

    lives, our fortunes, & our divine providence we mutually

    sacred honor" pledge to each other our

    lives, our fortunes, & our

    sacred honor"

    Th :*+arat%"n thu( (%!n) "n th 4th, "n ar a( n!r"(() "n ar*h&nt, (%!n) a!a%n "n th2). "# Au!u(t.

    "& rr"n"u( (tat&nt( "# th r"*)%n!( "n th )*+arat%"n "# %n)n)n* ha%n! !"t $#"rth u$+%* %n +attr t%&(,

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    Un%t) tat(.

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    #r"& 8 t" "un) 12. h%+ %n th ?"rthrn %t a( !nra++y "un) 24.

    $ut n"t (" a( t" (+a(. That @r%n* ha( (h"n that th"( *"+"n%( ha $n a+a%( a$+

    t" ay &"(t h%*h ha th &"(t %nha$%tant(, hthr thy $ $+a*' "r h%t, an) th ra*t%* "# th"uthrn *"+"n%( ha( a+a%( $n t" &a' ry #ar&r ay "++ ta@( u"n a++ h%( +a$"urr( hthr

    thy $ $+a*' "r h%t. H a*'n"+)!( %n)) that #r&n "r' th &"(t> $ut thy *"n(u& th

    &"(t a+(". Thy )" n"t r")u* a !ratr (ur+u( #"r ta@at%"n. Th (+a %( n%thr #) n"r *+"th) ("@n(%+y a( a #r&an. A!a%n h%t "&n ar @&t) #r"& +a$"r !nra++y, $ut n!r" "&n

    ar n"t. In th%( thn th "uthrn (tat( ha an a)anta! a( th art%*+ n" (tan)(. It ha( ("&t%&(

    $n (a%) that (+ary %( n*((ary $*au( th *"&&")%t%( thy ra%( "u+) $ t"" )ar #"r &ar't %#

    *u+t%at) $y #r&n> $ut n" %t %( (a%) that th +a$"r "# th (+a %( th )ar(t.

    thr#"r thy a+(" (h"u+) $ ta@). It ha( $n (a%) t"" that %n *arry%n! (+a( %nt" th(t%&at "# th ta@( th (tat %( t" ay, )" n" &"r than th"( (tat( th&(+( )", h" a+a%( ta'

    (+a( %nt" th (t%&at "# th ta@( th %n)%%)ua+ %( t" ay. But th *a(( ar n"t ara+++. In th

    "uthrn *"+"n%( (+a( ra) th h"+ *"+"ny> $ut thy )" n"t ra) th h"+ *"nt%nnt. Thata( t" th "r%!%na+ r("+ut%"n "# 5"n!r(( t" r""rt%"n th =u"ta( a**"r)%n! t" th ("u+(, %t a(t&"rary "n+y, r+at) t" th &"n%( hrt"#"r &%tt)C hra( ar n" ntr%n! %nt" a n

    *"&a*t, an) thr#"r (tan) "n "r%!%na+ !r"un).

    Au! 1. Th =u(t%"n $%n! ut th a&n)&nt r""() a( r*t) $y th "t( "# ?. Ha&(h%r,

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    H a( "# "%n%"n th (&a++r *"+"n%( "u+) +"( th%r r%!ht(, %# thy r n"t %n ("& %n(tan*(

    a++") an =ua+ "t> an) thr#"r that a )%(*r%&%nat%"n (h"u+) ta' +a* a&"n! th =u(t%"n( h%*h

    "u+) *"& $#"r 5"n!r((. That th (&a++r (tat( (h"u+) $ (*ur) %n a++ =u(t%"n( *"n*rn%n! +%#

    "r +%$rty th !ratr "n( %n a++ r(*t%n! r"rty. H thr#"r r""() that %n "t( r+at%n! t"&"ny, th "%* "# a*h *"+"ny (h"u+) $ r""rt%"n) t" th nu&$r "# %t( %nha$%tant(.

    :r. ran'+%n th"u!ht that th "t( (h"u+) $ (" r""rt%"n) %n a++ *a((. H t""' n"t%* that th

    :+aar *"unt%( ha) $"un) u th%r :+!at( t" )%(a!r t" th%( art%*+. H th"u!ht %t a ry@tra"r)%nary +an!ua! t" $ h+) $y any (tat, that thy "u+) n"t *"n#)rat %th u( un+(( "u+) +t th& )%("( "# "ur &"ny. 5rta%n+y %# "t =ua++y "u!ht t" ay =ua++y> $ut th

    (&a++r (tat( %++ har)+y ur*ha( th r%%+! at th%( r%*. That ha) h +%) %n a (tat hr th

    rr(ntat%"n, "r%!%na++y =ua+, ha) $*"& un=ua+ $y t%& a**%)nt h &%!ht ha (u$&%tt)rathr than )%(tur$ !"rn&nt> $ut that (h"u+) $ ry r"n! t" (t "ut %n th%( ra*t%* hn %t %( %n

    "ur "r t" (ta$+%(h hat %( r%!ht. That at th t%& "# th Un%"n $tn ;n!+an) an) *"t+an) th

    +attr ha) &a) th "$*t%"n h%*h th (&a++r (tat( n" )". But @r%n* ha) r") that n"un#a%rn(( ha) r $n (h"n th&. That th%r a)"*at( ha) r"!n"(t%*at) that %t "u+) a!a%n

    han a( %n t%&( "# "+), that th ha+ "u+) (a++" J"na(, $ut h th"u!ht th r)%*t%"n rr()

    %n nt an) that J"na( ha) (a++") th ha+, #"r th *"t*h ha) %n #a*t !"t "((((%"n "# th

    !"rn&nt an) !a +a( t" th ;n!+%(h. H rr"$at) th "r%!%na+ a!r&nt "# 5"n!r(( t" "t $y*"+"n%( an) thr#"r a( #"r th%r "t%n! %n a++ *a(( a**"r)%n! t" th nu&$r "# ta@a$+(.

    :r. %thr(""n ""() ry a+trat%"n "# th art%*+. A++ &n a)&%t that a *"n#)ra*y %( n*((ary.

    h"u+) th %)a !t a$r"a) that thr %( +%'+y t" $ n" un%"n a&"n! u(, %t %++ )a& th &%n)( "# th"+, )%&%n%(h th !+"ry "# "ur (tru!!+, +((n %t/( %&"rtan*> $*au( %t %++ "n t" "ur %

    #utur r"(*t( "# ar )%((n(%"n a&"n! "ur(+(. I# an =ua+ "t $ r#u(), th (&a++r (tat(

    %++ $*"& a((a+( t" th +ar!r> a++ @r%n* ha( (h"n that th a((a+( (u$*t( "# #r (tat(

    ar th &"(t n(+a). H %n(tan*) th H+"t( "# arta th r"%n*( "# R"&. H "$(r) that#"r%!n "r( )%(*"r%n! th%( $+&%(h "u+) &a' %t a han)+ #"r )%(n!a!%n! th (&a++r (tat( #r"&

    (" un=ua+ a *"n#)ra*y. That th *"+"n%( (h"u+) %n #a*t $ *"n(%)r) a( %n)%%)ua+(> an) that a(

    (u*h, %n a++ )%(ut( thy (h"u+) ha an =ua+ "t> that thy ar n" *"++*t) a( %n)%%)ua+( &a'%n! a

    $ar!a%n %th a*h "thr, "# *"ur( ha) a r%!ht t" "t a( %n)%%)ua+(. That %n th ;a(t In)%a *"&anythy "t) $y r("n(, n"t $y th%r r""rt%"n "# (t"*'. That th B+!%* *"n#)ra*y "t) $y

    r"%n*(. That %n =u(t%"n( "# ar th (&a++r (tat( r a( &u*h %ntr(t) a( th +ar!r, thr#"r(h"u+) "t =ua++y> an) %n)) that th +ar!r (tat( r &"r +%'+y t" $r%n! ar "n th *"n#)ra*y

    %n r""rt%"n a( th%r #r"nt%r a( &"r @tn(%. H a)&%tt) that =ua+%ty "# rr(ntat%"n a( an

    @*++nt r%n*%+, $ut thn %t &u(t $ "# th%n!( h%*h ar *""r)%nat> that %(, "# th%n!( (%&%+ar "# th

    (a& naturC that n"th%n! r+at%n! t" %n)%%)ua+( *"u+) r *"& $#"r 5"n!r((> n"th%n! $ut hat"u+) r(*t *"+"n%(. H )%(t%n!u%(h) $tn an %n*"r"rat%n! a #)ra+ un%"n. Th un%"n "#

    ;n!+an) a( an %n*"r"rat%n! "n> yt *"t+an) ha) (u##r) $y that un%"nC #"r that %t/( %nha$%tant( r

    )ran #r"& %t $y th h"( "# +a*( &+"y&nt(. ?"r a( %t an %n(tan* "# =ua+%ty "#rr(ntat%"n> $*au( h%+ *"t+an) a( a++") nar+y a th%rtnth "# rr(ntat%"n thy r t"

    ay "n+y "n #"rt%th "# th +an) ta@. H @r(() h%( h"( that %n th r(nt n+%!htn) (tat "#&n/( &%n)( &%!ht @*t a +a(t%n! *"n#)ra*y, %# %t a( #"un)) "n #a%r r%n*%+(.

    J"hn A)a&( a)"*at) th "t%n! %n r""rt%"n t" nu&$r(. H (a%) that (tan) hr a( thrr(ntat%( "# th "+. That %n ("& (tat( th "+ ar &any, %n "thr( thy ar #> that

    thr#"r th%r "t hr (h"u+) $ r""rt%"n) t" th nu&$r( #r"& h"& %t *"&(. Ra("n, u(t%*,

    =u%ty nr ha) %!ht n"u!h "n th #a* "# th arth t" !"rn th *"un*%+( "# &n. It %( %ntr(ta+"n h%*h )"( %t, an) %t %( %ntr(t a+"n h%*h *an $ tru(t). That thr#"r th %ntr(t( %th%n

    )""r( (h"u+) $ th &ath&at%*a+ rr(ntat%( "# th %ntr(t( %th"ut )""r(. That th %n)%%)ua+%ty

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    "# th *"+"n%( %( a &r ("un). :"( th %n)%%)ua+%ty "# a *"+"ny %n*ra( %t/( a+th "r nu&$r(. I# %t

    )"(, ay =ua++y. I# %t )"( n"t a)) %!ht %n th (*a+ "# th *"n#)ra*y, %t *ann"t a)) t" th%r r%!ht(,

    n"r %!h %n ar!u&nt. A. ha( "un) 0. B. "un) 00. 5. "un) 1000. %n artnr(h%. I( %t u(t thy

    (h"u+) =ua++y )%("( "# th &"n%( "# th artnr(h% It ha( $n (a%) ar %n)n)nt%n)%%)ua+( &a'%n! a $ar!a%n t"!thr. Th =u(t%"n %( n"t hat ar n", $ut hat "u!ht t" $

    hn "ur $ar!a%n (ha++ $ &a). Th *"n#)ra*y %( t" &a' u( "n %n)%%)ua+ "n+y> %t %( t" #"r& u(,

    +%' (arat ar*+( "# &ta+, %nt" "n *"&&"n &a((. (ha++ n" +"n!r rta%n "ur (arat%n)%%)ua+%ty, $ut $*"& a (%n!+ %n)%%)ua+ a( t" a++ =u(t%"n( (u$&%tt) t" th *"n#)ra*y. Thr#"r

    a++ th"( ra("n( h%*h r" th u(t%* @)%n*y "# =ua+ rr(ntat%"n %n "thr a((&$+%(,

    h"+) !"") hr. It ha( $n "$*t) that a r""rt%"na+ "t %++ n)an!r th (&a++r (tat(. an(r that an =ua+ "t %++ n)an!r th +ar!r. %r!%n%a, Pnn(y+an%a, an) that (" #ar a( %t )art( #r"& th%( %t$*"&( %&r#*t. It ha( $n (a%) that 5"n!r(( %( a rr(ntat%"n "# (tat(> n"t "# %n)%%)ua+(. I (ay

    that th "$*t( "# %t( *ar ar a++ th %n)%%)ua+( "# th (tat(. It %( (tran! that ann@%n! th na& "#

    tat t" tn th"u(an) &n, (h"u+) !% th& an =ua+ r%!ht %th #"rty th"u(an). Th%( &u(t $ th##*t "# &a!%*, n"t "# ra("n. A( t" th"( &attr( h%*h ar r#rr) t" 5"n!r((, ar n"t (" &any

    (tat(, ar "n +ar! (tat. +ay a(%) "ur %n)%%)ua+%ty, hnr *"& hr. Th Gr&an%*

    $")y %( a $ur+(=u "n !"rn&nt> an) th%r ra*t%* "n any "%nt %( a (u##%*%nt auth"r%ty r""# that%t %( r"n!. Th !rat(t %&r#*t%"n %n th *"n(t%tut%"n "# th B+!%* *"n#)ra*y %( th%r "t%n! $y

    r"%n*(. Th %ntr(t "# th h"+ %( *"n(tant+y (a*r%#%*) t" that "# th (&a++ (tat(. Th h%(t"ry "#

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    th ar %n th r%!n "# M. Ann (u##%*%nt+y r"( th%(. It %( a(') (ha++ n%n *"+"n%( ut %t %nt" th

    "r "# #"ur t" !"rn th& a( thy +a( I %nrt th =u(t%"n, an) a(' (ha++ t" &%++%"n( "# "+

    ut %t %n th "r "# "n &%++%"n t" !"rn th& a( thy +a( It %( rtn)) t"" that th (&a++r

    *"+"n%( %++ $ %n )an!r #r"& th !ratr. a' %n h"n(t +an!ua! (ay th &%n"r%ty %++ $ %n)an!r #r"& th &a"r%ty. An) %( thr an a((&$+y "n arth hr th%( )an!r &ay n"t $ =ua++y

    rtn)) Th truth %( that "ur r"*)%n!( %++ thn $ *"n(ntan"u( %th th %ntr(t( "# th

    &a"r%ty, an) (" thy "u!ht t" $. Th r"$a$%+%ty %( &u*h !ratr that th +ar!r (tat( %++ )%(a!rthan that thy %++ *"&$%n. I )#y th %t "# &an t" %nnt a "((%$+ *a( "r t" (u!!(t any "n th%n!

    "n arth h%*h (ha++ $ #"r th %ntr(t( "# %r!%n%a, Pnn(y+an%a "ur(, ('%r&%(h( %n )ta%+, an) th r*"ry "# (&a++ a)anta!(

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    h%*h, +%tt+ (%n!+y, r %&"rtant a+t"!thr. Y"u nr 'n hn y"u r *+ar "# h%&, $ut r

    hara(() $y h%( r(ran* unt%+ th at%n* a( "rn )"n "# a++ h" ha) +(( "# %t than h%&(+#.

    A)) t" th%( that h a( "n "# th &"(t %rtu"u( $n"+nt "# &n, th '%n)(t #r%n), th &"(t

    a&%a$+ +a(ant "# *"&an%"n(, h%*h n(ur) a #a"ra$+ r*t%"n t" hatr *a& #r"& h%&.%n)%n! that th !nra+ r%n*%+ "# nta%+( *"u+) n"t $ &a%nta%n), h t""' h%( (tan) "n an

    a&n)&nt h%*h h r""(), %n(ta) "# an a$("+ut a$"+%t%"n, t" r&%t th tnant %n ta%+ t" *"ny %n

    # (%&+, %# h *h"( %tC an) h a( %th%n a # "t( "# (a%n! (" &u*h "# th "+) +a. But th $%++a(() #%na++y #"r nt%r a$"+%t%"n.

    In that "n "# th $%++( #"r "r!an%%n! "ur u)%*%ary (y(t& h%*h r""() a *"urt "# *han*ry, I ha)

    r"%)) #"r a tr%a+ $y ury "# a++ &attr( "# #a*t %n that a( ++ a( %n th *"urt( "# +a. H )#at) %t $y

    th %ntr")u*t%"n "# 4. "r)( "n+y, $if either party chuse%$Th *"n(=un* ha( $n that a( n" (u%t"r%++ (ay t" h%( u)!, %r, I )%(tru(t y"u, !% & a ury ur%( ar rar+y, I &%!ht (ay rha( nr

    (n %n that *"urt, $ut hn *a++) #"r $y th 5han*++"r "# h%( "n a**"r).

    Th #%r(t (ta$+%(h&nt %n %r!%n%a h%*h $*a& r&annt a( &a) %n 1607. I ha #"un) n"

    &nt%"n "# n!r"( %n th *"+"ny unt%+ a$"ut 160. Th #%r(t $r"u!ht hr a( (+a( r $y a :ut*h(h%> a#tr h%*h th ;n!+%(h *"&&n*) th tra) an) *"nt%nu) %t unt%+ th r"+ut%"nary ar. That

    (u(n)), %(" #a*t", th%r #urthr %&"rtat%"n #"r th r(nt, an) th $u(%n(( "# th ar r((%n!

    *"n(tant+y "n th +!%(+atur, th%( (u$*t a( n"t a*t) "n #%na++y unt%+ th yar 78. hn I $r"u!ht %n a$%++ t" rnt th%r #urthr %&"rtat%"n. Th%( a(() %th"ut ""(%t%"n, an) (t") th %n*ra( "# th

    %+ $y %&"rtat%"n, +a%n! t" #utur ##"rt( %t( #%na+ ra)%*at%"n.

    Th #%r(t (tt+r( "# th%( *"+"ny r ;n!+%(h&n, +"ya+ (u$*t( t" th%r '%n! an) *hur*h, an) th !rant

    t" r. a+tr Ra+%!h *"nta%n) an @r(( Pr"%(" that th%r +a( (h"u+) n"t $ a!a%n(t th tru5hr%(t%an #a%th, n" r"#(() %n th *hur*h "# ;n!+an). A( (""n a( th (tat "# th *"+"ny a)&%tt), %t

    a( )%%)) %nt" ar%(h(, %n a*h "# h%*h a( (ta$+%(h) a &%n%(tr "# th An!+%*an *hur*h, n)")

    %th a #%@) (a+ary, %n t"$a**", a !+$ h"u( an) +an) %th th "thr n*((ary an)a!(. T" &tth( @n(( a++ th %nha$%tant( "# th ar%(h( r a((((), hthr thy r "r n"t, &&$r( "#

    th (ta$+%(h) *hur*h. T"ar)( Mua'r( h" *a& hr thy r &"(t *ru++y %nt"+rant, )r%%n!

    th& #r"& th *"+"ny $y th (r(t na+t%(. In r"*(( "# t%& h"r, "thr (*tar%(&( r%ntr")u*), *h%#+y "# th Pr($ytr%an #a&%+y> an) th (ta$+%(h) *+r!y, (*ur #"r +%# %n th%r !+$(an) (a+ar%(, a))%n! t" th( !nra++y th &"+u&nt( "# a *+a((%*a+ (*h""+, #"un) &+"y&nt

    n"u!h, %n th%r #ar&( an) (*h""+r""&( #"r th r(t "# th ', an) )"t) un)ay "n+y t" th

    )%#%*at%"n "# th%r #+"*', $y (r%*, an) a (r&"n at th%r ar%(h *hur*h. Th%r "thr a(t"ra+ #un*t%"n(r +%tt+ attn)) t". A!a%n(t th%( %na*t%%ty th a+ an) %n)u(try "# (*tar%an ra*hr( ha) an "n

    an) un)%(ut) #%+)> an) $y th t%& "# th r"+ut%"n, a &a"r%ty "# th %nha$%tant( ha) $*"&

    )%((ntr( #r"& th (ta$+%(h) *hur*h, $ut r (t%++ "$+%!) t" ay *"ntr%$ut%"n( t" (u"rt th Pa(t"r("# th &%n"r%ty. Th%( unr%!ht"u( *"&u+(%"n t" &a%nta%n ta*hr( "# hat thy )&) r+%!%"u( rr"r(

    a( !r%"u(+y #+t )ur%n! th r!a+ !"rn&nt, an) %th"ut a h" "# r+%#. But th #%r(t ru$+%*an

    +!%(+atur h%*h &t %n 76. a( *r")) %th t%t%"n( t" a$"+%(h th%( (%r%tua+ tyranny. Th( $r"u!ht

    "n th (r(t *"nt(t( %n h%*h I ha r $n n!a!). Our !rat ""nnt( r an) a#tr )(rat *"nt(t( %n that *"&&%tt, a+&"(t

    )a%+y #r"& th 11th "# O*t"$. t" th th "# :*&$r, ra%+) (" #ar "n+y a( t" ra+ th +a(h%*h rn)r) *r%&%na+ th &a%ntnan* "# any r+%!%"u( "%n%"n(, th #"r$aran* "# ra%r%n! t"

    *hur*h, "r th @r*%( "# any &") "# "r(h%C an) #urthr, t" @&t )%((ntr( #r"& *"ntr%$ut%"n( t"

    th (u"rt "# th (ta$+%(h) *hur*h> an) t" (u(n), "n+y unt%+ th n@t (((%"n +%( "n th &&$r("# that *hur*h #"r th (a+ar%( "# th%r "n %n*u&$nt(. "r a+th"u!h th &a"r%ty "# "ur *%t%n( r

    )%((ntr(, a( ha( $n "$(r), a &a"r%ty "# th +!%(+atur r *hur*h&n. A&"n! th( h"r

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    r ("& ra("na$+ an) +%$ra+ &n, h" na$+) u(, "n ("& "%nt(, t" "$ta%n #$+ &a"r%t%(. But

    "ur ""nnt( *arr%) %n th !nra+ r("+ut%"n( "# th *"&& "# ?". 19. a )*+arat%"n that r+%!%"u(

    a((&$+%( "u!ht t" $ r!u+at), an) that r"%(%"n "u!ht t" $ &a) #"r *"nt%nu%n! th (u**((%"n "#

    th *+r!y, an) (ur%ntn)%n! th%r *"n)u*t. An) %n th $%++ n" a(() a( %n(rt) an @r((r(rat%"n "# th =u(t%"n hthr a !nra+ a((((&nt (h"u+) n"t $ (ta$+%(h) $y +a, "n ry

    "n, t" th (u"rt "# th a(t"r "# h%( *h"%*> "r hthr a++ (h"u+) $ +#t t" "+untary *"ntr%$ut%"n(>

    an) "n th%( =u(t%"n, )$at) at ry (((%"n #r"& 76 t" 79 ("& "# "ur )%((nt%n! a++%(, ha%n! n"(*ur) th%r art%*u+ar "$*t, !"%n! "r t" th a)"*at( "# a !nra+ a((((&nt *"u+) "n+y

    "$ta%n a (u(n(%"n #r"& (((%"n t" (((%"n unt%+ 79. hn th =u(t%"n a!a%n(t a !nra+ a((((&nt

    a( #%na++y *arr%), an) th (ta$+%(h&nt "# th An!+%*an *hur*h nt%r+y ut )"n. In u(t%* t" tht" h"n(t $ut a+"u( ""nnt(, h" ha $n na&) I &u(t a)) that a+th"/, #r"& th%r natura+

    t&ra&nt(, thy r &"r )%("() !nra++y t" a*=u%(* %n th%n!( a( thy ar, than t" r%('

    %nn"at%"n(, yt hnr th u$+%* %++ ha) "n* )*%)), n"n r &"r #a%th#u+ "r @a*t %n th%r"$)%n* t" %t.

    Th (at "# "ur !"rn&nt ha) $n "r%!%na++y #%@) %n th n%n(u+a "# Ja&(t"n, th #%r(t

    (tt+&nt "# th *"+"n%(t(> an) ha) $n a#trar)( r&") a # &%+( %n+an) t" %++%a&($ur!. But

    th%( a( at a t%& hn "ur (tt+&nt( ha) n"t @tn)) $y"n) th t%) atr. ?" thy ha) *r"(()

    th A++!hany> an) th *ntr "# "u+at%"n a( ry #ar r&") #r"& hat %t ha) $n. Yt%++%a&($ur! a( (t%++ th )"(%t"ry "# "ur ar*h%(, th ha$%tua+ r(%)n* "# th G"rn"r &any

    "thr "# th u$+%* #un*t%"nar%(, th (ta$+%(h) +a* #"r th (((%"n( "# th +!%(+atur, an) th

    &a!a%n "# "ur &%+%tary (t"r(C an) %t/( (%tuat%"n a( (" @"() that %t &%!ht $ ta'n at any t%& %nar, an), at th%( t%& art%*u+ar+y, an n&y &%!ht %n th n%!ht run u %thr "# th r%r( $tn

    h%*h %t +%(, +an) a #"r* a$", an) ta' "((((%"n "# th +a*, %th"ut th "((%$%+%ty "# (a%n!

    %thr r("n( "r th%n!(. I ha) r""() %t/( r&"a+ (" ar+y a( O*t"$. 76. $ut %t )%) n"t ra%+ unt%+th (((%"n "#

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    (u$*t %nt" a%n )*+a&at%"n, $ut ur(u%n! %t *+"(+y %n +an!ua! ur, *+a((%*a+, an) *"%"u(, (""th%n!

    a+ay( th #+%n!( "# h%( a)r(ar%( $y *%%+%t%( an) ("#tn(( "# @r((%"n, h r"( t" th &%nnt

    (tat%"n h%*h h h+) %n th !rat ?at%"na+ *"nnt%"n "# 1787. an) %n that "# %r!%n%a h%*h #"++"),

    h (u(ta%n) th n *"n(t%tut%"n %n a++ %t( art(, $ar%n! "## th a+& a!a%n(t th +"!%* "# G"r! h%*h a( a(() "n th

    24th. "# O*t"$r, an) "n th th. "# ?"&$r th Br%t%(h (tatut(

    #r"& that r%") t" th r(nt )ay t"

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    ar %n h%( "r( ant(, %th h%( $r"thr( an) (%(tr(, h (h"u+) $ "n a ar a+(" %n th art%t%"n "#

    th atr%&"ny, an) (u*h a( th )*%(%"n "# th "thr &&$r(.

    On th (u$*t "# th 5r%&%na+ +a, a++ r a!r) that th un%(h&nt "# )ath (h"u+) $ a$"+%(h),

    @*t #"r tra("n an) &ur)r> an) that, #"r "thr #+"n%( (h"u+) $ (u$(t%tut) har) +a$"r %n th u$+%*"r'(, an) %n ("& *a((, th @ ta+%"n%(. H" th%( +a(t r"+t%n! r%n*%+ *a& t" "$ta%n "ur

    ar"$at%"n, I )" n"t r&&$r. Thr r&a%n) %n)) %n "ur +a( a (t%! "# %t %n a (%n!+ *a( "# a

    (+a. It a( th ;n!+%(h +a %n th t%& "# th An!+"-a@"n(, *"%) r"$a$+y #r"& th H$r +a "#an y #"r an y, a t""th #"r a t""th, an) %t a( th +a "# (ra+ ant%nt "+. But th &")rn&%n) ha) +#t %t #ar %n th rar "# %t/( a)an*(. Th( "%nt( h"r $%n! (tt+), ra%r) t" "ur

    r(*t% h"&( #"r th rarat%"n "# th "r'.

    $. 6. In th @*ut%"n "# &y art I th"u!ht %t &atr%a+ n"t t" ary th )%*t%"n "# th ant%nt (tatut( $y

    &")rn%%n! %t, n"r t" !% r%( t" n =u(t%"n( $y n @r((%"n(. Th t@t "# th( (tatut( ha)$n (" #u++y @+a%n) an) )#%n) $y nu&r"u( a)u)%*at%"n(, a( (*ar*+y r n" t" r")u* a

    =u(t%"n %n "ur *"urt(. I th"u!ht %t "u+) $ u(#u+ a+(", %n a++ n )rau!ht(, t" r#"r& th (ty+ "# th

    +atr Br%t%(h (tatut(, an) "# "ur "n a*t( "# a((&$+y, h%*h #r"& th%r r$"(%ty, th%r n)+((taut"+"!%(, th%r %n"+ut%"n( "# *a( %th%n *a(, an) arnth(%( %th%n arnth(%(, an) th%r

    &u+t%+%) ##"rt( at *rta%nty $ysaidsan) aforesaids, $y orsan) $y ands, t" &a' th& &"r +a%n, )"

    ra++y rn)r th& &"r r+@) an) %n*"&rhn(%$+, n"t "n+y t" *"&&"n ra)r(, $ut t" th+ayr( th&(+(. r &+"y) %n th%( "r' #r"& that t%& t" $. 1779, hn &t at

    %++%a&($ur!, that %( t" (ay, $ut th &a%n $")y "# th "r' a( n"t ntr) "n $y th +!%(+atur unt%+ a#tr th!nra+ a*, %n 178. hn $y th unar%) @rt%"n( "# $ut, %th

    ("& &ut%+at%"n( %n th ra&$+, %t a( #%na++y a(()> an) a (%n!u+ar r""(%t%"n r") that %t/(r"t*t%"n "# "%n%"n a( &ant t" $ un%r(a+. hr th ra&$+ )*+ar( that *"r*%"n %( a

    )artur #r"& th +an "# th h"+y auth"r "# "ur r+%!%"n, an a&n)&nt a( r""(), $y %n(rt%n!

    th "r) J(u( 5hr%(t, (" that %t (h"u+) ra) a )artur #r"& th +an "# J(u( 5hr%(t, th h"+y

    auth"r "# "ur r+%!%"n. Th %n(rt%"n a( r*t) $y a !rat &a"r%ty, %n r""# that thy &ant t"*"&rhn), %th%n th &ant+ "# %t/( r"t*t%"n, th J an) th Gnt%+, th 5hr%(t%an an)

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    r""rt%"n%n! *r%&( an) un%(h&nt( a( +"(t %n th H"u( "# :+!at( $y a &a"r%ty "# a (%n!+

    "t. I +arnt a#trar)( that th (u$(t%tut "# har) +a$"r %n u$+%* a( tr%) I $+% %t a( %n

    Pnn(y+an%a %th"ut (u**((. ;@h%$%t) a( a u$+%* (*ta*+, %th (ha) ha)( an) &an *+"th%n!,

    "r'%n! "n th h%!h r"a)( r")u*) %n th *r%&%na+( (u*h a r"(trat%"n "# *hara*tr, (u*h ana$an)"n&nt "# (+#-r(*t, a(, %n(ta) "# r#"r&%n!, +un!) th& %nt" th &"(t )(rat

    har)n) )ra%ty "# &"ra+( an) *hara*tr. -- Pur(u th (u$*t "# th%( +a. -- I a( r%ttn t" %n 178

    $%n! thn %n Par%( $y :%r*t"r( a"%nt) t" (ur%ntn) th $u%+)%n! "# a 5a%t"+ %n R%*h&"n), t"a)%( th& a( t" a +an, an) t" a)) t" %t "n "# a r%("n. Th%n'%n! %t a #a"ra$+ ""rtun%ty "#

    %ntr")u*%n! %nt" th (tat an @a&+ "# ar*h%t*tur %n th *+a((%* (ty+ "# ant%=u%ty, an) th

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    h" r %n a(y *%r*u&(tan*(. An) 3). an u+t%&at !ra) #"r ta*h%n! th (*%n*( !nra++y, %n

    th%r h%!h(t )!r. Th #%r(t $%++ r""() t" +ay "## ry *"unty %nt" Hun)r)( "r ar)(, "# a r"r

    (% an) "u+at%"n #"r a (*h""+, %n h%*h ra)%n!, r%t%n!, an) *"&&"n ar%th&t%* (h"u+) $ tau!ht>

    an) that th h"+ (tat (h"u+) $ )%%)) %nt" 24 )%(tr%*t(, %n a*h "# h%*h (h"u+) $ a (*h""+ #"r*+a((%*a+ +arn%n!, !ra&&ar, !"!rahy, an) th h%!hr $ran*h( "# nu&r%*a+ ar%th&t%*. Th (*"n)

    $%++ r""() t" a&n) th *"n(t%tut%"n "# &. #"r I a& a+ra)y t%r) "# ta+'%n!

    a$"ut &y(+#.

    Th $%++ "n th (u$*t "# (+a( a( a &r )%!(t "# th @%(t%n! +a( r(*t%n! th&, %th"ut any

    %nt%&at%"n "# a +an #"r a #utur !nra+ &an*%at%"n. It a( th"u!ht $ttr that th%( (h"u+) $ 't$a*', an) att&t) "n+y $y ay "# a&n)&nt hnr th $%++ (h"u+) $ $r"u!ht "n. Th r%n*%+(

    "# th a&n)&nt h"r r a!r) "n, that %( t" (ay, th #r)"& "# a++ $"rn a#tr a *rta%n )ay,

    an) )"rtat%"n at a r"r a!. But %t a( #"un) that th u$+%* &%n) "u+) n"t yt $ar thr""(%t%"n, n"r %++ %t $ar %t n at th%( )ay. Yt th )ay %( n"t )%(tant hn %t &u(t $ar an) a)"t %t,

    "r "r( %++ #"++". ?"th%n! %( &"r *rta%n+y r%ttn %n th $""' "# #at than that th( "+ ar t"$ #r. ?"r %( %t +(( *rta%n that th t" ra*(, =ua++y #r, *ann"t +% %n th (a& !"rn&nt.

    ?atur, ha$%t, "%n%"n ha( )ran %n)+%$+ +%n( "# )%(t%n*t%"n $tn th&. It %( (t%++ %n "ur "r t")%r*t th r"*(( "# &an*%at%"n an) )"rtat%"n a*a$+y an) %n (u*h (+" )!r a( that th %+

    %++ ar "## %n(n(%$+y, an) th%r +a* $ ar% a((u #%++) u $y #r h%t +a$"rr(. I# "n th *"ntrary

    %t %( +#t t" #"r* %t(+# "n, hu&an natur &u(t (hu))r at th r"(*t h+) u. (h"u+) %n a%n +""'#"r an @a&+ %n th an%(h )"rtat%"n "r )+t%"n "# th #"r th (ta$+%(h&nt a( tru+y "# th r+%!%"n "#th r%*h, th )%((nt%n! (*t( $%n! nt%r+y *"&"() "# th +(( a+thy "+> an) th(, $y th $%++

    #"r a !nra+ )u*at%"n, "u+) $ =ua+%#%) t" un)r(tan) th%r r%!ht(, t" &a%nta%n th&, an) t" @r*%(

    %th %nt++%!n* th%r art( %n (+#-!"rn&ntC an) a++ th%( "u+) $ ##*t) %th"ut th %"+at%"n "# a

    (%n!+ natura+ r%!ht "# any "n %n)%%)ua+ *%t%n. T" th( t"" &%!ht $ a))), a( a #urthr (*ur%ty, th

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    %ntr")u*t%"n "# th tr%a+ $y ury, %nt" th 5han*ry *"urt(, h%*h ha a+ra)y %n!u+#) an) *"nt%nu t"

    %n!u+#, (" !rat a r""rt%"n "# th ur%()%*t%"n "r "ur r"rty.

    (overnor of "irginia

    On th 1(t "# Jun 1779. I a( a"%nt) G"rn"r "# th 5"&&"na+th an) rt%r) #r"& th

    +!%(+atur. B%n! +*t) a+(" "n "# th %(%t"r( "# &. an)

    th n!"t%at%"n a( %n #a*t nr ntr) "n. But, %n th autu&n "# th n@t yar 1782 5"n!r((r*%%n! a((uran*( that a !nra+ a* "u+) $ *"n*+u)) %n th %ntr an) (r%n!, thy rn)

    &y a"%nt&nt "n th 13th. "# ?". "# that yar. I ha) t" &"nth( $#"r that +"(t th *hr%(h)

    *"&an%"n "# &y +%#, %n h"( a##*t%"n(, una$at) "n $"th (%)(, I ha) +%) th +a(t tn yar( %nun*h=ur) ha%n((. %th th u$+%* %ntr(t(, th (tat "# &y &%n) *"n*urr) %n r*"&&n)%n! th

    *han! "# (*n r""()> an) I a**t) th a"%nt&nt, an) +#t

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    thr#"r rturn) h"&, hr I arr%) "n th 1th. "#

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    Th r&%((n(( "# 5"n!r((, an) th%r r&annt (((%"n, $!an t" $ a (u$*t "# una(%n(( an) n

    ("& "# th +!%(+atur( ha) r*"&&n)) t" th& %ntr&%((%"n(, an) r%")%*a+ (((%"n(. A( th

    5"n#)rat%"n ha) &a) n" r"%(%"n #"r a %(%$+ ha) "# th !"rn&nt )ur%n! a*at%"n( "#

    5"n!r((, an) (u*h a "n a( n*((ary t" (ur%ntn) th @*ut% $u(%n((, t" r*% an)*"&&un%*at %th #"r%!n &%n%(tr( nat%"n(, an) t" a((&$+ 5"n!r(( "n (u))n an) @tra"r)%nary

    &r!n*%(, I r""() ar+y %n Ar%+ th a"%nt&nt "# a *"&& t" $ *a++) th 5"&&%tt "# th

    (tat(, t" *"n(%(t "# a &&$r #r"& a*h (tat, h" (h"u+) r&a%n %n (((%"n )ur%n! th r*(( "#5"n!r((C that th #un*t%"n( "# 5"n!r(( (h"u+) $ )%%)) %nt" ;@*ut% an) !%(+at%, th +attr t"

    $ r(r), an) th #"r&r, $y a !nra+ r("+ut%"n t" $ )+!at) t" that 5"&&%tt. Th%( r""(%t%"n

    a( a#trar)( a!r) t"> a 5"&&%tt a"%nt), h" ntr) "n )uty "n th (u$(=unt a)"urn-&nt "# 5"n!r((, =uarr++) ry (""n, (+%t %nt" t" art%(, a$an)"n) th%r "(t, an) +#t th

    !"rn&nt %th"ut any %(%$+ ha) unt%+ th n@t &t%n! %n 5"n!r((. ha (%n* (n th (a&

    th%n! ta' +a* %n th :%r*t"ry "# ran*> an) I $+% %t %++ #"rr ta' +a* %n any ;@*ut%*"n(%(t%n! "# a +ura+%ty. Our +an, $(t I $+%, *"&$%n( %()"& an) ra*t%*a$%+%ty, $y r"%)%n! a

    +ura+%ty "# 5"un(++"r(, $ut a (%n!+ Ar$%tr #"r u+t%&at )*%(%"n. I a( %n ran* hn har) "#

    th%( (*h%(&, an) (arat%"n "# "ur 5"&&%tt, an), (a'%n! %th :r. ran'+%n "# th%( (%n!u+ar

    )%("(%t%"n "# &n t" =uarr+ an) )%%) %nt" art%(, h !a h%( (nt%&nt( a( u(ua+ $y ay "#A"+"!u. H &nt%"n) th ;))y(t"n +%!hth"u( %n th Br%t%(h *hann+ a( $%n! $u%+t "n a r"*' %n th

    &%)-*hann+, t"ta++y %na**((%$+ %n %ntr, #r"& th $"%(tr"u( *hara*tr "# that (a, %n that (a("n.

    That thr#"r, #"r th t" 'r( &+"y) t" ' u th +%!ht(, a++ r"%(%"n( #"r th %ntr rn*((ar%+y *arr%) t" th& %n autu&n, a( thy *"u+) nr $ %(%t) a!a%n t%++ th rturn "# th &%+)r

    (a("n. That "n th #%r(t ra*t%*a$+ )ay %n th (r%n! a $"at ut "## t" th& %th #r(h (u+%(. Th

    $"at&n &t at th )""r "n "# th 'r( an) a**"(t) h%& %th a H" !"( %t #r%n) ry ++.H" %( y"ur *"&an%"n I )" n"t 'n". :"n/t 'n" I( n"t h hr I *an/t t++. Ha n"t y"u (n h%&

    t"-)ay ?". hn )%) y"u ( h%& ?"t (%n* +a(t #a++. Y"u ha '%++) h%& ?"t I, %n)). Thy r

    a$"ut t" +ay h"+) "# h%&, a( ha%n! *rta%n+y &ur)r) h%( *"&an%"n> $ut h )(%r) th& t" !" u

    (ta%r( @a&%n #"r th&(+(. Thy nt u, an) thr #"un) th "thr 'r. Thy ha) =uarr++)%t (&( (""n a#tr $%n! +#t thr, ha) )%%)) %nt" t" art%(, a((%!n) th *ar( $+" t" "n, an)

    th"( a$" t" th "thr, an) ha) nr ("'n t" "r (n "n an"thr (%n*.

    But t" rturn t" "ur 5"n!r(( at Anna"+%(, th )#%n%t% traty "# a* h%*h ha) $n (%!n) at Par%(

    "n th 3). "# . 1783. an) r*%) hr, *"u+) n"t $ rat%#%) %th"ut a H"u( "# 9. (tat(. On th23). "# :*. thr#"r a))r(() +ttr( t" th (ra+ !"rn"r(, (tat%n! th r*%t "# th )#%n%t%

    traty, that 7 (tat( "n+y r %n attn)an*, h%+ 9. r n*((ary t" %t( rat%#%*at%"n, an) ur!%n! th&

    t" r(( "n th%r )+!at( th n*((%ty "# th%r %&&)%at attn)an*. An) "n th 26th. t" (a t%& I&") that th A!nt "# that (u"(%n! 9. (tat(r=u%(%t, %t "u+) $ %n th "r "# . (tat( t" ' u( a+ay( at ar> that 9. (tat( ha) %rtua++y

    auth"r%) th rat%#%"n ha%n! rat%#%) th r"%(%"na+ traty, an) %n(tru*t) th%r &%n%(tr( t" a!r t" a

    )#%n%t% "n %n th (a& tr&(, an) th r(nt "n a( %n #a*t (u$(tant%a++y an) a+&"(t r$at%& th(a&> that thr n" r&a%n $ut 67. )ay( #"r th rat%#%*at%"n, #"r %t/( a((a! a*r"(( th At+ant%*, an) %t/(

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    @*han!> that thr a( n" h" "# "ur (""n ha%n! 9. (tat( r(nt> %n #a*t that th%( a( th u+t%&at

    "%nt "# t%& t" h%*h *"u+) ntur t" a%t> that %# th rat%#%*at%"n a( n"t %n Par%( $y th t%&

    (t%u+at), th traty "u+) $*"& "%)> that %# rat%#%) $y 7 (tat(, %t "u+) !" un)r "ur (a+ %th"ut

    %t/( $%n! 'n"n t" Gr. Br%ta%n that "n+y 7. ha) *"n*urr)> that %t a( a =u(t%"n "# h%*h thy ha) n"r%!ht t" ta' *"!n%an*, an) r "n+y an(ra$+ #"r %t t" "ur *"n(t%tunt(> that %t a( +%' th

    rat%#%*at%"n h%*h Gr. Br%ta%n ha) r*%) #r"& th :ut*h $y th n!"t%at%"n( "# r. &. T&+.

    On th *"ntrary, %t a( ar!u) $y that, $y th%(,that %n(tru&nt &u(t ha %ntn)) that th a((nt "# 9. (tat( (h"u+) $ n*((ary a( ++ t" th

    completiona( t" th commencement"# th traty, %t/( "$*t ha%n! $n t" !uar) th r%!ht( "# th

    Un%"n %n a++ th"( %&"rtant *a(( hr 9. (tat( ar *a++) #"r> that, $y th *"ntrary *"n(tru*t%"n, 7(tat(, *"nta%n%n! +(( than "n th%r) "# "ur h"+ *%t%n(, &%!ht r%t "n u( a traty, *"&&n*)

    %n)) un)r *"&&%((%"n an) %n(tru*t%"n( #r"& 9. (tat(, $ut #"r&) $y th &%n%(tr %n @r((

    *"ntra)%*t%"n t" (u*h %n(tru*t%"n(, an) %n )%r*t (a*r%#%* "# th %ntr(t( "# (" !rat a &a"r%ty> that th

    )#%n%t% traty a( a)&%tt) n"t t" $ a r$a+ *"y "# th r"%(%"na+ "n, an) hthr th)artur( #r"& %t r "# (u$(tan* "r n"t, a( a =u(t%"n "n h%*h 9. (tat( a+"n r *"&tnt t"

    )*%)> that th *%r*u&(tan*( "# th rat%#%*at%"n "# th r"%(%"na+ art%*+( $y 9. (tat(, th %n(tru*t%"n(

    t" "ur &%n%(tr( t" #"r& a )#%n%t% "n $y th&, an) th%r a*tua+ a!r&nt %n (u$(tan*, )" n"t rn)ru( *"&tnt t" rat%#y %n th r(nt %n(tan*> %# th( *%r*u&(tan*( ar %n th&(+( a rat%#%*at%"n,

    n"th%n! #urthr %( r=u%(%t than t" !% att(t) *"%( "# th&, %n @*han! #"r th Br%t%(h rat%#%*at%"n>

    %# thy ar n"t, r&a%n hr r, %th"ut a rat%#%*at%"n $y 9. (tat(, an) %n*"&tnt "ur(+(t" rat%#y> that %t a( $ut 4. )ay( (%n* th (n (tat( n" r(nt unan%&"u(+y *"n*urr) %n a

    r("+ut%"n t" $ #"rar)) t" th !"rn"r( "# th a$(nt (tat(, %n h%*h thy (tat) a( a *au( #"r

    ur!%n! "n th%r )+!at(, that 9. (tat( r n*((ary t" rat%#y th traty> that %n th *a( "# th :ut*hrat%#%*at%"n, Gr. Br%ta%n ha) *"urt) %t, an) thr#"r a( !+a) t" a**t %t a( %t a(> that thy 'n "ur

    *"n(t%tut%"n, an) "u+) "$*t t" a rat%#%*at%"n $y 7. that %# that *%r*u&(tan* a( 't $a*', %t "u+) $'n"n hra#tr, "u+) !% th& !r"un) t" )ny th a+%)%ty "# a rat%#%*at%"n %nt" h%*h thy

    (h"u+) ha $n (urr%() an) *hat), an) %t "u+) $ a )%(h"n"ra$+ r"(t%tut%"n "# "ur (a+> thatthr %( a h" "# 9. (tat(> that %# th traty "u+) $*"& nu++ %# n"t rat%#%) %n t%&, %t "u+) n"t $

    (a) $y an %&r#*t rat%#%*at%"n> $ut that %n #a*t %t "u+) n"t $ nu++, an) "u+) $ +a*) "n $ttr

    !r"un), !"%n! %n un@*t%"na$+ #"r&, th"/ a # )ay( t"" +at, an) r(t) "n th (&a++ %&"rtan* "#th%( *%r*u&(tan*, an) th hy(%*a+ %&"((%$%+%t%( h%*h ha) rnt) a un*tua+ *"&+%an* %n "%nt

    "# t%&> that th%( "u+) $ ar") $y a++ nat%"n(, $y Grat Br%ta%n hr(+#, %# n"t )tr&%n) t"

    rn th ar, an) %# )tr&%n), (h "u+) nr ant @*u((, r th%( "ut "# th ay. ;.

    Our $")y a( +%tt+ nu&r"u(, $ut ry *"ntnt%"u(. :ay a#tr )ay a( a(t) "n th &"(t un%&"rtant

    =u(t%"n(.

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    %n (%+n* har%n! (" &u*h #a+( ra("n%n! h%*h a "r) (h"u+) r#ut I "$(r) t" h%& that t" r#ut

    %n)) a( a(y, $ut t" (%+n* %&"((%$+. That %n &a(ur( $r"u!ht #"rar) $y &y(+#, I t""' th

    +a$"r%n! "ar, a( a( %n*u&$nt "n &> $ut that %n !nra+ I a( %++%n! t" +%(tn. I# ry ("un)

    ar!u&nt "r "$*t%"n a( u() $y ("& "n "r "thr "# th nu&r"u( )$atr(, %t a( n"u!hC %# n"t, Ith"u!ht %t (u##%*%nt t" (u!!(t th "&%((%"n, %th"ut !"%n! %nt" a rt%t%"n "# hat ha) $n a+ra)y

    (a%) $y "thr(. That th%( a( a a(t an) a$u( "# th t%& an) at%n* "# th h"u( h%*h *"u+) n"t

    $ u(t%#%). An) I $+% that %# th &&$r( "# )+%$rat% $")%( r t" "$(r th%( *"ur(!nra++y, thy "u+) )" %n a )ay hat ta'( th& a ', an) %t %( ra++y &"r =u(t%"na$+, than &ay

    at #%r(t $ th"u!ht, hthr B"naart/( )u&$ +!%(+atur h%*h (a%) n"th%n! an) )%) &u*h, &ay n"t $

    r#ra$+ t" "n h%*h ta+'( &u*h an) )"( n"th%n!. I (r) %th Gnra+ a(h%n!t"n %n th+!%(+atur "# %r!%n%a $#"r th r"+ut%"n, an), )ur%n! %t, %th :r. ran'+%n %n 5"n!r((. I nr har)

    %thr "# th& (a' tn &%nut( at a t%&, n"r t" any $ut th &a%n "%nt h%*h a( t" )*%) th

    =u(t%"n. Thy +a%) th%r (h"u+)r( t" th !rat "%nt(, 'n"%n! that th +%tt+ "n( "u+) #"++" "#th&(+(. I# th r(nt 5"n!r(( rr( %n t"" &u*h ta+'%n!, h" *an %t $ "thr%( %n a $")y t"

    h%*h th "+ (n) 10. +ayr(, h"( tra) %t %( t" =u(t%"n ryth%n!, y%+) n"th%n!, ta+' $y

    th h"ur That 10. +ayr( (h"u+) )" $u(%n(( t"!thr "u!ht n"t t" $ @*t). But t" rturn a!a%n

    t" "ur (u$*t.

    Th"( h" th"u!ht 7. (tat( *"&tnt t" th rat%#%*at%"n $%n! ry r(t+(( un)r th +"(( "# th%r&"t%"n, I r""(), "n th 3). "# January t" &t th& "n &%))+ !r"un), an) thr#"r &") a

    r("+ut%"n h%*h r&%(%n! that thr r $ut 7. (tat( r(nt, h" r unan%&"u( #"r th

    rat%#%*at%"n, $ut, that thy )%##r) %n "%n%"n "n th =u(t%"n "# *"&tn*y. That th"( h"r %n thn!at% r un%++%n! that any "r( h%*h %t &%!ht $ (u"() thy "(((() (h"u+) r&a%n

    un@r*%() #"r th r(t"rat%"n "# a*, r"%)) %t *"u+) $ )"n (a%n! th%r !"") #a%th, an) %th"ut

    %&"rt%n! any "%n%"n "# 5"n!r(( that 7. (tat( r *"&tnt, an) r("+%n! that traty $ rat%#%) ("#ar a( thy ha) "r> that %t (h"u+) $ tran(&%tt) t" "ur &%n%(tr( %th %n(tru*t%"n( t" ' %t

    un*"&&un%*at)> t" n)a"r t" "$ta%n 3. &"nth( +"n!r #"r @*han! "# rat%#%*at%"n(> that thy (h"u+)

    $ %n#"r&) that (" (""n a( 9. (tat( (ha++ $ r(nt a rat%#%*at%"n $y 9. (ha++ $ (nt th&> %# th%((h"u+) !t t" th& $#"r th u+t%&at "%nt "# t%& #"r @*han!, thy r t" u( %t, an) n"t th "thr>

    %# n"t, thy r t" "##r th a*t "# th 7. (tat( %n @*han!, %n#"r&%n! th& th traty ha) *"& t"han) h%+ 5"n!r(( a( n"t %n (((%"n, that $ut 7. (tat( r a( yt a((&$+), an) th( ha)

    unan%&"u(+y *"n*urr) %n th rat%#%*at%"n. Th%( a( )$at) "n th 3). an) 4th. an) "n th th. a ((+$%n! t" (a%+ #"r ;n!+an) #r"& th%( "rt Anna"+%( th H"u( )%r*t) th Pr(%)nt t" r%t t" "ur

    &%n%(tr( a**"r)%n!+y.

    Jan. 14. :+!at( #r"& 5"nn*t%*ut ha%n! attn)) y(tr)ay, an) an"thr #r"& . 5ar"+%na *"&%n!

    %n th%( )ay, th traty a( rat%#%) %th"ut a )%((nt%n! "%*, an) thr %n(tru&nt( "# rat%#%*at%"n r"r)r) t" $ &a) "ut, "n "# h%*h a( (nt $y 5"+". Har&r, an"thr $y 5"+". ran'(, an) th 3).

    tran(&%tt) t" th a!nt "# an) #"r th%(ur"( t" r""( t" a*h a )%(t%n*t traty "# *"&&r*. Th%( a*t t"" "u+) a&"unt t" an

    a*'n"+)!&nt $y a*h "# "ur %n)n)an* an) "# "ur r*t%"n %nt" th #ratrn%ty "# nat%"n(> h%*h

    a+th"/, a( "((((%n! "ur (tat%"n "# r%!ht an) %n #a*t, "u+) n"t *"n)(*n) t" a(', r n"tun%++%n! t" #urn%(h ""rtun%t%( #"r r*%%n! th%r #r%n)+y (a+utat%"n( +*"&. %th ran* th

    Un%t) ?thr+an)( an) )n ha) a+ra)y trat%( "# *"&&r*, $ut *"&&%((%"n( r !%n #"r

    th"( *"untr%( a+(", (h"u+) any a&n)&nt( $ th"u!ht n*((ary. Th "thr (tat( t" h%*h trat%(r t" $ r""() r ;n!+an), Ha&$ur!, a@"ny, Pru((%a, :n&ar', Ru((%a, Au(tr%a, n%*,

    R"&, ?a+(, Tu(*any, ar)%n%a, Gn"a, a%n, P"rtu!a+, th P"rt, A+!%r(, Tr%"+%, Tun%(

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    $ut th%r "+u& rn)r%n! th%( t"" +a$"r%"u( $y han), I

    r""() t" !t a # r%nt) #"r th%r !rat%#%*at%"n. I a( a(') (u*h a r%* h"r a( @*)) th%&"rtan* "# th "$*t. On &y arr%a+ at Par%( I #"un) %t *"u+) $ )"n #"r a #"urth "# hat I ha) $n

    a(') hr. I thr#"r *"rr*t) an) n+ar!) th&, an) ha) 200. *"%( r%nt), un)r th t%t+ "#

    ?"t( "n %r!%n%a. I !a a ry # *"%( t" ("& art%*u+ar r("n( %n ;ur", an) (nt th r(t t"&y #r%n)( %n A&r%*a. An ;ur"an *"y, $y th )ath "# th "nr, !"t %nt" th han)( "# a $""'(++r,h" n!a!) %t/( tran(+at%"n, hn ra)y #"r th r((, *"&&un%*at) h%( %ntnt%"n( &anu(*r%t t"

    &, %th"ut any "thr r&%((%"n than that "# (u!!(t%n! *"rr*t%"n(. I nr ha) (n (" rt*h) an

    att&t at tran(+at%"n. Intrrt), a$r%)!), &ut%+at), an) "#tn rr(%n! th (n( "# th "r%!%na+, I#"un) %t a $+"t*h "# rr"r( #r"& $!%nn%n! t" n). I *"rr*t) ("& "# th &"(t &atr%a+, an) %n that

    #"r& %t a( r%nt) %n rn*h. A "n)"n $""'(++r, "n (%n! th tran(+at%"n, r=u(t) & t" r&%t

    h%& t" r%nt th ;n!+%(h "r%!%na+. I th"u!ht %t $(t t" )" (" t" +t th "r+) ( that %t a( n"t ra++y ("$a) a( th rn*h tran(+at%"n ha) &a) %t aar. An) th%( %( th tru h%(t"ry "# that u$+%*at%"n.

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    ar, th a$"+%t%"n "# *"ntra$an) "# ar, h%*h @"(( &r*hant ((+( t" (u*h @at%"u( ru%n"u(

    )tnt%"n( an) a$u((> an) #"r th r%n*%+ "# #r $"tt"&(, #r !"")(.

    In a *"n#rn* %th th 5"unt ) r!nn(, %t a( th"u!ht $ttr t" +a t" +!%(+at% r!u+at%"n "n

    $"th (%)( (u*h &")%#%*at%"n( "# "ur *"&&r*%a+ %ntr*"ur( a( "u+) "+untar%+y #+" #r"& a&%*a$+)%("(%t%"n(. %th"ut ur!%n!, ("un)) th &%n%(tr( "# th (ra+ ;ur"an nat%"n( at th *"urt "#

    r(a%++(, "n th%r )%("(%t%"n( t"ar)( &utua+ *"&&r*, an) th @)%n*y "# n*"ura!%n! %t $y th

    r"t*t%"n "# a traty. O+) r)r%* "# Pru((%a &t u( *"r)%a++y an) %th"ut h(%tat%"n, an) a"%nt%n!th Bar"n ) Thu+&yr, h%( &%n%(tr at th Ha!u, t" n!"t%at %th u(, *"&&un%*at) t" h%& "urPr"*t, h%*h %th +%tt+ a+trat%"n $y th F%n!, a( (""n *"n*+u)). :n&ar' an) Tu(*any ntr)

    a+(" %nt" n!"t%at%"n( %th u(. Othr "r( aar%n! %n)%##rnt )%) n"t th%n' %t r"r t" r((

    th&. Thy (&) %n #a*t t" 'n" +%tt+ a$"ut u(, $ut a( r$+( h" ha) $n (u**((#u+ %n thr"%n!"## th y"' "# th &"thr *"untry. Thy r %!n"rant "# "ur *"&&r*, h%*h ha) $n a+ay(

    &"n""+%) $y ;n!+an), an) "# th @*han! "# art%*+( %t &%!ht "##r a)anta!"u(+y t" $"th art%(.

    Thy r %n*+%n) thr#"r t" (tan) a+""# unt%+ thy *"u+) ( $ttr hat r+at%"n( &%!ht $ u(#u++y%n(t%tut) %th u(. Th n!"t%at%"n( thr#"r $!un %th :n&ar' Tu(*any r"tra*t) )(%!n)+y

    unt%+ "ur "r( ha) @%r)> an) a$(ta%n) #r"& &a'%n! n r""(%t%"n( t" "thr( ha%n! n"

    *"+"n%(> $*au( "ur *"&&r* $%n! an @*han! "# ra #"r r"u!ht &atr%a+(, %( a *"&tnt r%*

    #"r a)&%((%"n %nt" th *"+"n%( "# th"( "((((%n! th&C $ut r t" !% %t, %th"ut r%*, t""thr(, a++ "u+) *+a%& %t %th"ut r%* "n th "r)%nary !r"un) "# !nt%( a&%*%((%&a.

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    ant, a &%t%!at%"n "# th &"n""+%( "# "ur t"$a**" $y th ar&r(-!nra+, an) a #r a)&%((%"n "#

    "ur r")u*t%"n( %nt" th%r %(+an)(> r th r%n*%a+ *"&&r*%a+ "$*t( h%*h r=u%r) attnt%"n> an)

    "n th( "**a(%"n( I a( "r#u++y a%)) $y a++ th %n#+un* an) th nr!%( "# th

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    a**"unt "# %t/( n%!h$"rh"") t" th $ut (tat%n! "ur r""(%t%"n(, I &nt%"n) th arhn(%"n( ntrta%n) $y u( that

    ;n!+an) "u+) %ntr#r %n $ha+# "# th"( %rat%*a+ !"rn&nt(. h )ar( n"t )" %t, (a%) h. Ir(() %t n" #urthr. Th "thr a!nt( r (at%(#%) %th th%( %n)%*at%"n "# h%( (nt%&nt(, an) n"th%n!

    a( n" ant%n! t" $r%n! %t %nt" )%r*t an) #"r&a+ *"n(%)rat%"n, $ut th a((nt "# "ur !"rn&nt, an)

    th%r auth"r%ty t" &a' th #"r&a+ r""(%t%"n. I *"&&un%*at) t" th& th #a"ra$+ r"(*t "#r"t*t%n! "ur *"&&r* #r"& th Bar$ary )r)at%"n(, an) #"r (u*h a *"nt%nuan* "# t%& a(, $y an@*+u(%"n "# th& #r"& th (a, t" *han! th%r ha$%t( *hara*tr( #r"& a r)at"ry t" an a!r%*u+tura+

    "+C t"ar)( h%*h h"r %t a( @*t) thy "u+) *"ntr%$ut a #r%!at, an) %t/( @n(( t" $

    %n *"n(tant *ru%(. But thy r %n n" *"n)%t%"n t" &a' any (u*h n!a!&nt. Th%r r*"&&n)at"ry"r( #"r "$ta%n%n! *"ntr%$ut%"n( r (" "n+y n!+*t) $y th (ra+ (tat( that thy )*+%n) an

    n!a!&nt h%*h thy r *"n(*%"u( thy *"u+) n"t #u+#%++ %th un*tua+%ty> an) (" %t #++ thr"u!h.

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    rr"r h%*h I ha *"&&%tt) %n an"thr +a* t" th ru)%* "# th ;&r((. In r%t%n! ("& ?"t(

    "# th +%# "# 5at %(, r#%@) t" h%( @)%t%"n t" th Pa*%#%*, I (tat) that th ;&r(( !a th

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    that 440.

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    r"##r) th& an un%r(a+ r)r(( "# !r%an*(, +a%) "n th"( !r%an*( #u++y, "%nt) "ut ("un)

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    a**(("ry, (*ar*+y attra*t%n! attnt%"n. Th r("n( *h"(n r th &"(t a$+ %n)n)nt

    *hara*tr( %n th '%n!)"&, an) th%r (u"rt, %# %t *"u+) $ "$ta%n), "u+) $ n"u!h #"r h%&. Thy

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    th F%n! t" (n) 4. &&$r( t" th Ba(t%+, "# h"& th h%*ha++t"!thr *"n(t%tut) a !rat &a(( "# %&r"&nt %n th *"n)%t%"n "# th nat%"n. Th (ta$+%(h&nt "#

    th Pr"%n*%a+ a((&$+%( a( %n %t(+# a #un)a&nta+ %&r"&nt. Thy "u+) $ "# th *h"%* "# th

    "+, "n th%r) rn) ry yar, %n th"( r"%n*( hr thr ar n" tat(, that %( t" (ay "r

    a$"ut thr #"urth( "# th '%n!)"&. Thy "u+) $ art+y an ;@*ut% th&(+(, art+y an;@*ut% *"un*%+ t" th Intn)ant, t" h"& th ;@*ut% "r, %n h%( r"%n* ha) $n hrt"#"r

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    r%!ht "# rr(ntat%"n t" th F%n!, thy "u+) *n(ur $a) +a(, (u!!(t !"") "n(, @"( a$u((,an) th%r rr(ntat%"n(, hn un%t), "u+) *"&&an) r(*t. T" th "thr a)anta!( &%!ht $

    a))) th r*)nt %t(+# "# *a++%n! th A((&$+ )( ?"ta$+(, h%*h "u+) rha( !r" %nt" ha$%t.

    Th h" a( that th %&r"&nt( thu( r"&%() "u+) $ *arr%) %nt" ##*t, that thy "u+) $&a%nta%n) )ur%n! th r(nt r%!n, that that "u+) $ +"n! n"u!h #"r th& t" ta' ("& r""t %n th

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    th atta*h&nt "# th nat%"n.

    Th 5"unt ) r!nn( ha) )%) a # )ay( $#"r th &t%n! "# th A((&$+y, th 5"unt )

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    r!u+ar tr""( a!a%n(t th *%ty "# Utr*ht, hr th tat( r %n (((%"n. Thy r ru+() $y th

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    t" th ) %(t"n, at

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    r(a%++( an) (nt t" "n)"n #"r ar"$at%"n. Thy r ar") thr, ra*h) Par%( at 1 "/*+"*' "#

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    r("n un)r th un%ntrrut) r"t*t%"n "# th Ha$a( *"ru(, tr%a+ $y ury %n *%%+ a( ++ a( %n

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    @r(() #r+y %n +ttr( t" &y #r%n)(, an) &"(t art%*u+ar+y t"

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    1B)any )#n* %( &a), $#"r &n "# "r)%nary ru)%*( a((%"n(, that "ur u)!( ar ##*tua++y

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    "# h%*h thy ar th&(+( (" &%nnt a art, an) an %n)%%)ua+ (tat #r"& h%*h thy ha n"th%n!t" h" "r #ar. ha (n t"" that, *"ntrary t" a++ *"rr*t @a&+, thy ar %n th ha$%t "# !"%n! "ut

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    "r. Thy ar thn %n #a*t th *"r( "# (ar( &%nr(, (ta)%+y "r'%n! t" un)r&%n th%n)n)ant r%!ht( "# th tat(, t" *"n("+%)at a++ "r %n th han)( "# that !"rn&nt %n h%*h

    thy ha (" %&"rtant a #rh"+) (tat. But %t %( n"t $y th *"n("+%)at%"n, "r *"n*ntrat%"n "# "r(,

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    ta' *ar "# hat +%( %th%n %t/( +"*a+ $"un)(> a*h *"unty a!a%n %nt" t"n(h%( "r ar)(, t" &ana!

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    th& %n #a& "r %n #"rtun> $ut %t (a( th ru$+%*, h%*h %( th #%r(t an) (ur& +a.

    (* 1B) -n the i#peach#ent of C&d%e icerin% of Ne a#psire, a habit&al #aniac dr&nard, no defence as#ade. ad there been, the party !ote of #ore than one third of the Senate o&ld ha!e acE&itted hi#.

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    )artur #r"& "n)"n $y a +ttr #r"& an) a( n"th%n! ur!nt #"r$a) %t, I )tr&%n)

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    (%r%t "# "ur *%t%n(, that 5"n!r(( %thh+) th%r rat%#%*at%"n, an) (nt %t $a*' t" & %th %n(tru*t%"n(

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    th"( "# th ?"$+( an) 5+r!y An) 2. (ha++ thy (%t %n th (a&, "r %n )%(t%n*t aart&nt( )! $+" that "#

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    r%"t(, "n "r)%nary %n*%)nt(, ha) ta'n +a*, a( at "thr t%&(, %n )%##rnt art( "# th '%n!)"&, %n

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    th 10th "# Jun, &") that a +a(t %n%tat%"n (h"u+) $ (nt t" th ?"$+( an) 5+r!y, t" attn) %n th

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    "u+) r"*) %&&)%at+y, %thr %n th%r r(n* "r a$(n*. Th%( r%#%*at%"n $%n! #%n%(h), a

    &"t%"n a( &a), "n th 1th. that thy (h"u+) *"n(t%tut th&(+( a ?at%"na+ a((&$+y> h%*h a()*%)) "n th 17th. $y a &a"r%ty "# #"ur #%#th(. :ur%n! th )$at( "n th%( =u(t%"n, a$"ut tnty "#

    th 5ur( ha) "%n) th&, an) a r""(%t%"n a( &a) %n th *ha&$r "# th *+r!y that th%r h"+

    $")y (h"u+) "%n th&. Th%( a( r*t) at #%r(t $y a (&a++ &a"r%ty "n+y> $ut, $%n! a#trar)(("&hat &")%#%), %t a( )*%)) a##%r&at%+y, $y a &a"r%ty "# +n. h%+ th%( a( un)r )$at

    an) un'n"n t" th *"urt, t" %t, "n th 19th. a *"un*%+ a( h+) %n th a#trn""n at th "+ %n *"n(trnat%"n. I

    a( =u%t a+ar&) at th%( (tat "# th%n!(. Th ("+)%ry ha) n"t yt %n)%*at) h%*h (%) thy (h"u+) ta',

    an) that h%*h thy (h"u+) (u"rt "u+) $ (ur t" ra%+. I *"n(%)r) a (u**((#u+ r#"r&at%"n "#!"rn&nt %n ran*, a( n(ur%n! a !nra+ r#"r&at%"n thr" ;ur", an) th r(urr*t%"n, t" a n

    +%#, "# th%r "+, n" !r"un) t" )u(t $y th a$u(( "# th !"rn%n! "r(. I a( &u*h a*=ua%nt)

    %th th +a)%n! atr%"t( "# th a((&$+y. B%n! #r"& a *"untry h%*h ha) (u**((#u++y a(() thr"/ a

    (%&%+ar r#"r&at%"n, thy r )%("() t" &y a*=ua%ntan*, an) ha) ("& *"n#%)n* %n &. I ur!)&"(t (trnu"u(+y an %&&)%at *"&r"&%(> t" (*ur hat th !"rn&nt a( n" ra)y t" y%+),

    an) tru(t t" #utur "**a(%"n( #"r hat &%!ht (t%++ $ ant%n!. It a( ++ un)r(t"") that th F%n!

    "u+) !rant at th%( t%& 1. r)"& "# th r("n $y Ha$a( *"ru(. 2. r)"& "# *"n(*%n*. 3.r)"& "# th r((. 4. Tr%a+ $y ury. . A rr(ntat% +!%(+atur. 6. Annua+ &t%n!(. 7. Th

    "r%!%nat%"n "# +a(. 8. Th @*+u(% r%!ht "# ta@at%"n an) ar"r%at%"n. An) 9. Th r("n(%$%+%ty "#

    &%n%(tr(> an) %th th @r*%( "# th( "r( thy "u+) "$ta%n %n #utur hatr &%!ht $ #urthrn*((ary t" %&r" an) r(r th%r *"n(t%tut%"n. Thy th"u!ht "thr%( h"r, an) nt( ha

    r") th%r +a&nta$+ rr"r. "r a#tr 30. yar( "# ar, #"r%!n an) )"&(t%*, th +"(( "# &%++%"n( "#

    +%(, th r"(trat%"n "# r%at ha%n((, an) #"r%!n (u$u!at%"n "# th%r "n *"untry #"r a t%&, thy

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    ha "$ta%n) n" &"r, n"r n that (*ur+y. Thy r un*"n(*%"u( "# #"r h" *"u+) #"r( th

    &+an*h"+y (=u+ "# th%r ++-&ant r(ran*> that th%r hy(%*a+ #"r* "u+) $ u(ur) $y a

    #%r(t tyrant t" tra&+ "n th %n)n)an*, an) n th @%(tn*, "# "thr nat%"n(C that th%( "u+)

    a##"r) #ata+ @a&+ #"r th atr"*%"u( *"n(%ra*y "# F%n!( a!a%n(t th%r "+> "u+) !nrat th%runh"+y an) h"&%*%) a++%an* t" &a' *"&&"n *au( a&"n! th&(+(, an) t" *ru(h, $y th "r "#

    th h"+, th ##"rt( "# any art, t" &")rat th%r a$u(( an) "r((%"n(.

    hn th F%n! a((), th n@t )ay, thr"/ th +an #"r&) #r"& th 5hatau t" th H"t+ )( tat(, thra( a )a) (%+n*. H a( a$"ut an h"ur %n th H"u( )+%r%n! h%( (*h )*+arat%"n. On h%(*"&%n! "ut a #$+ *ry "# % + R"y a( ra%() $y ("& *h%+)rn, $ut th "+ r&a%n) (%+nt

    (u++n. In th *+"( "# h%( (*h h ha) "r)r) that th &&$r( (h"u+) #"++" h%&, r(u& th%r

    )+%$rat%"n( th n@t )ay. Th ?"$+(( #"++") h%&, an) (" )%) th *+r!y, @*t a$"ut th%rty, h",%th th t%r(, r&a%n) %n th r""&, an) ntr) %nt" )+%$rat%"n. Thy r"t(t) a!a%n(t hat th

    F%n! ha) )"n, a)hr) t" a++ th%r #"r&r r"*)%n!(, an) r("+) th %n%"+a$%+%ty "# th%r "n

    r("n(. An "##%*r *a& t" "r)r th& "ut "# th r""& %n th F%n!/( na&. T++ th"( h" (nt y"u,(a%) r%!ht( "# th *%t%n(> "r!an%at%"n r%!ht( "# th ?at%"na+ a((&$+y> #"r&( n*((ary #"r th na*t&nt "# +a(> "r!an%at%"n #un*t%"n(

    "# th r"%n*%a+ &un%*%a+ a((&$+%(> )ut%( an) +%&%t( "# th Ju)%*%ary "r> #un*t%"n( )ut%(

    "# th &%+%tary "r.

    A )*+arat%"n "# th r%!ht( "# &an, a( th r+%&%nary "# th%r "r', a( a**"r)%n!+y rar) an)

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    r""() $y th ) +a Ga+a%(%r, 5"&tr"++r !nra+ %n th

    r""& "#

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    B"ur!"%(. H a( #"++") $y, an) h #"un) thr a !rat *"++*t%"n "# "+. Th G"rn"r "# th

    Ina+%)( *a& "ut an) rr(nt) th %&"((%$%+%ty "# h%( )+%r%n! ar&( %th"ut th "r)r( "# th"(

    #r"& h"& h r*%) th&. : 5"rny a)%() th "+ thn t" rt%r, an) rt%r) h%&(+#> $ut th

    "+ t""' "((((%"n "# th ar&(. It a( r&ar'a$+ that n"t "n+y th Ina+%)( th&(+( &a) n"""(%t%"n, $ut that a $")y "# 000. #"r%!n tr""(, %th%n 400. yar)(, nr (t%rr).

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    +an)) at th H"t+ ) %++. Thr an) hr ""(%t%"n t" %t hr

    %n#+@%$+ rr(n((, an) )aunt+(( (%r%t, +) hr(+# t" th Gu%++"t%n, )r th '%n! "n %th hr,an) +un!) th "r+) %nt" *r%&( *a+a&%t%( h%*h %++ #"rr (ta%n th a!( "# &")rn h%(t"ry. I

    ha r $+%) that ha) thr $n n" =un, thr "u+) ha $n n" r"+ut%"n. ?" #"r* "u+)

    ha $n r""') n"r @r*%(). Th '%n! "u+) ha !"n han) %n han) %th th %()"& "# h%(("un)r *"un(++"r(, h", !u%)) $y th %n*ra() +%!ht( "# th a!, %(h) "n+y, %th th (a& a*, t"

    a)an* th r%n*%+( "# th%r ("*%a+ %n(t%tut%"n. Th )) h%*h *+"() th &"rta+ *"ur( "# th(

    ("r%!n(, I (ha++ n%thr ar" n"r *"n)&n. I a& n"t rar) t" (ay that th #%r(t &a!%(trat "# anat%"n *ann"t *"&&%t tra("n a!a%n(t h%( *"untry, "r %( una&na$+ t" %t/( un%(h&ntC n"r yt that

    hr thr %( n" r%ttn +a, n" r!u+at) tr%$una+, thr %( n"t a +a %n "ur hart(, an) a "r %n "urhan)(, !%n #"r r%!ht"u( &+"y&nt %n &a%nta%n%n! r%!ht, an) r)r((%n! r"n!. O# th"( h"

    u)!) th '%n!, &any th"u!ht h%& %+#u++y *r%&%na+, &any that h%( @%(tn* "u+) ' th nat%"n %nrtua+ *"n#+%*t %th th h"r) "# '%n!(, h" "u+) ar a!a%n(t a r!nrat%"n h%*h &%!ht *"&

    h"& t" th&(+(, an) that %t r $ttr that "n (h"u+) )% than a++. I (h"u+) n"t ha "t) %th

    th%( "rt%"n "# th +!%(+atur. I (h"u+) ha (hut u th Mun %n a 5"nnt, utt%n! har& "ut "# hr"r, an) +a*) th '%n! %n h%( (tat%"n, %n(t%n! h%& %th +%&%t) "r(, h%*h I r%+y $+% h

    "u+) ha h"n(t+y @r*%(), a**"r)%n! t" th &a(ur "# h%( un)r(tan)%n!. In th%( ay n" "%)

    "u+) ha $n *rat), *"urt%n! th u(urat%"n "# a &%+%tary a)nturr, n"r "**a(%"n !%n #"r th"(n"r&%t%( h%*h )&"ra+%) th nat%"n( "# th "r+), an) )(tr"y), an) %( yt t" )(tr"y &%++%"n(

    an) &%++%"n( "# %t/( %nha$%tant(. Thr ar thr "*h( %n h%(t"ry (%!na+%) $y th t"ta+ @t%n*t%"n "#

    nat%"na+ &"ra+%ty. Th #%r(t a( "# th (u**(("r( "# A+@an)r, n"t "&%tt%n! h%&(+#. Th n@t th(u**(("r( "# th #%r(t 5a(ar, th th%r) "ur "n a!. Th%( a( $!un $y th art%t%"n "# P"+an),

    #"++") $y that "# th traty "# P%+n%t> n@t th *"n#+a!rat%"n "# 5"nha!n> thn th n"r&%t%( "#

    B"naart art%t%"n%n! th arth at h%( %++, an) )a(tat%n! %t %th #%r an) ("r)> n" th *"n(%ra*y

    "# '%n!(, th (u**(("r( "# B"naart, $+a(h&"u(+y *a++%n! th&(+( th H"+y A++%an*, an)tra)%n! %n th #""t(t( "# th%r %n*ar*rat) +a)r, n"t yt %n)) u(ur%n! th !"rn&nt "# "thr

    nat%"n( a")+y an) %n )ta%+, $ut *"ntr"u+%n! $y th%r ar&%( th #"r&( %n h%*h thy %++ r&%t

    th& t" $ !"rn)> an) r(r%n! %n tt" th "r)r an) @tnt "# th u(urat%"n( #urthr &)%tat).But I %++ rturn #r"& a )%!r((%"n, ant%*%at) t"" %n t%&, %nt" h%*h I ha $n +) $y r#+*t%"n "n

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    th *r%&%na+ a((%"n( h%*h r#u() t" th "r+) a #a"ra$+ "**a(%"n "# (a%n! %t #r"& th a##+%*t%"n( %t

    ha( (%n* (u##r).

    $ut h%( +arn) an) +"!%*a+ ar!u&nt( r unh)),

    an) h%( (t%&at%"n +((n) $y a *"ntra(t "# h%( !"%(& #"r h a( $n#%*) "n th& %th th!nr"u( a$an)"n&nt "# r%!ht( $y th "thr &&$r( "# th a((&$+y. h%*h )"n, thy r"*))t" th r+%&%nary "r' "# a :*+arat%"n "# r%!ht(. Thr $%n! &u*h *"n*"r) "# (nt%&nt "n th

    +&nt( "# th%( %n(tru&nt, %t a( +%$ra++y #ra&), an) a(() %th a ry !nra+ ar"$at%"n. Thy

    thn a"%nt) a 5"&&%tt #"r th r)u*t%"n "# a r"t "# a 5"n(t%tut%"n, at th ha) "# h%*h a( thAr*h$%(h" "# B"r)au@. I r*%) #r"& h%&, a( 5ha%r&an "# th 5"&&%tt a +ttr "# Ju+y 20.

    r=u(t%n! & t" attn) an) a((%(t at th%r )+%$rat%"n(> $ut I @*u() &y(+# "n th "$%"u(

    *"n(%)rat%"n( that &y &%((%"n a( t" th '%n! a( 5h%# an) that th%( (h"u+) $ #"r&)%nt" thr )art&nt(, ;@*ut%, !%(+at% an) Ju)%*%ary a( !nra++y a!r). But hn thy

    r"*)) t" (u$"r)%nat )+"&nt(, &any an) ar%"u( (ha)( "# "%n%"n *a& %nt" *"n#+%*t, an)

    (*h%(&, (tr"n!+y &ar'), $r"' th Patr%"t( %nt" #ra!&nt( "# ry )%(*"r)ant r%n*%+(. Th #%r(t=u(t%"n hthr thr (h"u+) $ a '%n!, &t %th n" "n ""(%t%"n, an) %t a( ra)%+y a!r) that

    th !"rn&nt "# ran* (h"u+) $ &"nar*h%*a+ hr)%tary. ha++ th '%n! ha a n!at% "n th

    +a( (ha++ that n!at% $ a$("+ut, "r (u(n(% "n+y ha++ thr $ t" *ha&$r( "# +!%(+at%"n"r "n "n+y I# t", (ha++ "n "# th& $ hr)%tary "r #"r +%# "r #"r a #%@) tr& an) na&) $y th

    '%n! "r +*t) $y th "+ Th( =u(t%"n( #"un) (tr"n! )%##rn*( "# "%n%"n, an) r")u*)

    ru+(% *"&$%nat%"n( a&"n! th Patr%"t(. Th Ar%(t"*ra*y a( *&nt) $y a *"&&"n r%n*%+ "#

    r(r%n! th an*%nt r!%&, "r hatr (h"u+) $ nar(t t" %t.

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    a*h "thr, an) n"t a#ra%) thr#"r t" un$"("& th&(+( &utua++y. Th%( +a(t a( a &atr%a+ r%n*%+

    %n th (+*t%"n. %th th%( % th th%r "n (at++%t( %++ *at*h %t, an) th *"n)%t%"n "# &an thr"/ th *%%+%) "r+)%++ $ #%na++y an) !rat+y a&+%"rat). Th%( %( a "n)r#u+ %n(tan* "# !rat nt( #r"& (&a++ *au((.

    " %n(*ruta$+ %( th arran!&nt "# *au(( *"n(=un*( %n th%( "r+) that a t"-nny )uty "n ta,

    unu(t+y %&"() %n a (=u(tr) art "# %t, *han!( th *"n)%t%"n "# a++ %t/( %nha$%tant(. I ha $n&"r &%nut %n r+at%n! th ar+y tran(a*t%"n( "# th%( r!nrat%"n $*au( I a( %n *%r*u&(tan*(

    *u+%ar+y #a"ra$+ #"r a 'n"+)! "# th truth. P"((((%n! th *"n#%)n* an) %nt%&a*y "# th

    +a)%n! atr%"t(, &"r than a++ "# th h%+ &y %ntr*"ur( %th th)%+"&at%* &%((%"nar%( "# ;ur" at Par%(, a++ "# th& %th th *"urt, an) a!r %n ry%n! %nt" %t/(

    *"un*%+( an) r"*)%n!(, !a & a 'n"+! "# th( a+(".

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    Th( ""rtun%t%( "# %n#"r&at%"n *a() at th%( r%"), %th &y rt%r&nt #r"& th%