Authorship, Publication, and Peer Review
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Transcript of Authorship, Publication, and Peer Review
Authorship, Publication, and Peer Review
Cheryl PriceAdam Worrall
Authorship
• Who gets credit for research?– Questions about methods, data, results– Worth of researcher
• Those “who make significant contributions” (Steneck, 2007, p. 134)– Conception and design– Data collection– Data interpretation and analysis– Drafting of publication– Approving of final version of publication
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What constitutes authorship?
• Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals– International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (ICMJE)– Contribution to one or more of• Conception and design• Data collection• Data analysis and interpretation
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What constitutes authorship?
• Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals– However, must also• Help draft / revise article• Approve it to be published
– Lesser contributions: acknowledgements– Not uniformly followed across disciplines,
journals
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Order of authors
• Listed in order of importance• ICMJE (as cited in Steneck, 2007, p. 136)
– Order “should be a joint decision”– “Authors should be prepared to explain the order
in which authors are listed”
• “Corresponding” or “primary” author– Responsible for accuracy, ethics of author list, final
approval of article, handling all correspondence
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Publication
• Authors should not engage in– Salami publication• Splitting one “significant piece of research” into
multiple papers (Steneck, 2007, p. 141)
– Duplicate publication• Publishing something a second time without
acknowledging the first publication
– Multiple submissions (in most fields)– Premature public statements about unreviewed
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Publication
• Editors should– Make publication decisions in a timely manner– Check for plagiarism– Have open communication with authors and
reviewers– Preserve confidentiality during review process– Be unbiased and have no conflicts of interest
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What is peer review?
• Peer review is academia’s way of self-regulating
• Researchers and scholars are asked to evaluate each other’s work—usually anonymously
• Decisions about hiring, tenure, funding, publication, and research quality are made through peer review.
A good peer reviewer is someone who:
• Is unbiased• Is an expert in the field• Has no conflicts of interest• Can complete the review in a timely manner• Will preserve confidentiality• Won’t plagiarize ideas• (These are great rules for evaluating student
papers too!)
Types of Peer Review
• Journal manuscripts• Book manuscripts• Grant applications• Annotations• Bibliographies/Research reviews• Book Reviews• Letters of Recommendation (tenure)
Case study #1—Authorship• Dr. Abigail Phillips– Assistant professor– Tenure review soon– Communication
• Dr. Brian Quinn– Full professor– Biomedical sciences
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– Collaborating on interdisciplinary, mixed-method project – Dr. Phillips is the PI– Collaborated on a previous successful project
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Case study #1—Authorship
• Two graduate students
– Candace Reed• Biomedical sciences• Cleaned quantitative data
– David Suzuki• Communication• Helped design study• Helped conduct qualitative interviews
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Case study #1: Scene 1
• Dr. Phillips starting to write up results– Publish before her tenure review– David helping to write manuscript– Already arranged he will be the third
author
• Candace e-mails Dr. Phillips
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Dr. Phillips, I wanted to make sure that you will include me as an author on the manuscript you are writing. As you know, I have contributed by cleaning the data that was collected from the surveys. Please be sure to include my middle initial (B) as well. Thank you.
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Questions for discussion
• On the face of it, are Candace’s e-mail and request reasonable?
• What considerations should Dr. Phillips take into account here?
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Case study #1: Scene 2
• Dr. Phillips decides to discuss the matter with Dr. Quinn
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Questions for discussion
• Did Dr. Quinn provide responsible and ethical advice? Why or why not?
• Would placing Candace as fourth author be fair to David?
• Suppose you are a faculty member in communication and Dr. Phillips asked you for advice. What would you tell her to help her resolve this problem?
• What could have been done to prevent this problem from happening?
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Case Study #2—Peer Review• Dr. Quinn:• Gets more essays to peer
review than he has time for
• Lets his doctoral students do some reviews
• Asks Candace to help him out
• Candace:• Very excited at the
opportunity• Even though it is an
anonymous review, she thinks that the paper is by Dr. Jones
Dr. Brian Quinn:
• Gets more essays to peer review than he has time for• Allows his doctoral students to do some reviews• Asks Candace to help him out
Dr. Brian Quinn:
• Gets more essays to peer review than he has time for• Allows his doctoral students to do some reviews• Asks Candace to help him out
Candace Reed:
• Very excited at the opportunity• Even though it is an anonymous review, she thinks that the paper is by Dr. Jones
Candace Reed:
• Very excited at the opportunity• Even though it is an anonymous review, she thinks that the paper is by Dr. Jones
Candace:• tells Dr. Quinn she thinks
the paper is by Dr. Jones• Dr. Jones gave her a hard
time during her thesis defense
• wants to make sure there is no conflict of interest
Dr. Quinn:• is very busy• reminds Candace that it is a
blind review• tells her that there is no
conflict of interest
• Candace sees a problem with the paper’s methodology. • She recommends rejection. • Dr. Quinn signs off on the review without making any changes.
• Candace sees a problem with the paper’s methodology. • She recommends rejection. • Dr. Quinn signs off on the review without making any changes.
The other reviewer:
Thinks the manuscript has real meritRecommends a revise and resubmit
The other reviewer:
Thinks the manuscript has real meritRecommends a revise and resubmit
The editor:
Shocked at the harsh review from Dr. QuinnRejects the paper based on Dr. Quinn’s review
The editor:
Shocked at the harsh review from Dr. QuinnRejects the paper based on Dr. Quinn’s review
Questions for discussion• Should Dr. Quinn allow his graduate students to
review essays?• Once Candace thought she identified the author
of the paper as Dr. Jones, did she have a conflict of interest?
• What issues occurred during her conversation with her mentor?
• Did Candace write an unbiased review?• Should the editor have rejected the manuscript
based on Dr. Quinn’s reputation?
Thank youfor your participation!