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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand education use, including for instruction at the authors institution

and sharing with colleagues.

Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling orlicensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party

websites are prohibited.

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of thearticle (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website orinstitutional repository. Authors requiring further information

regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies areencouraged to visit:

http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights

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SummaryObjective: To determine and compare the mean values of variousintra-arch distances in Class I, Class II division 1 and Class IIdivision 2 patients.Materials and methods: The search engines PubMed, Embraceand Cochrane were employed to select articles for further study,and the sample thereby selected comprised adult subjects withfull permanent dentition, without missing teeth, malformationsor previous orthodontic treatment. Only subjects from articlespublished during the last 10 years were included in the study.

Results: The search located a total of 628 articles regardingarch form. However, only eight articles were chosen for thestudy. We observed that: the distance between mandibularcanines is smaller in Class I than in Class II division 1; man-dibular inter-molar distance is similar in Class I and Class IIdivision 1; maxillary inter-canine distance is similar in Class I,Class II division 2 and Class II division 1; maxillary inter-premolar width is greater in Class I than in Class II division 1;and that maxillary inter-molar width is similar in Class I andClass II division 2.

Conclusions: No statistically significant differences in archwidth were found between the different classes analysed (thereare only slightly differences between classes), except in the caseof mandibular inter-canine width (L3), which was smaller inClass I than in Class II,1, and maxillary inter-premolar width(U4), which was smaller in Class II-I than in Class I.

� 2013 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rightsreserved

R�esum�e

Objectif : D�eterminer et comparer les valeurs moyennes desdistances intra-arcades chez des patients en Classe I, ClasseII, division 1 et Classe II, division 2.Mat�eriels et m�ethodes : Les moteurs de recherche PubMed,Embrace et Cochrane ont �et�e exploit�es pour s�electionner desarticles en vue d’une analyse ult�erieure. L’�echantillon ainsis�electionn�e comprenait des sujets adultes en denture perma-nente compl�ete, sans dents absentes, malformations ou trai-tement orthodontique ant�erieur. L’�etude n’a retenu que dessujets analys�es dans des articles publi�es pendant les dixderni�eres ann�ees.R�esultats : La recherche a relev�e un total de 628 articlestraitant de la forme d’arcade. Cependant, huit articles seule-ment ont �et�e retenus pour cette �etude. Nous avons observ�eque : la distance entre les canines mandibulaires est pluspetite en Classe I qu’en Classe II, division 1 ; la distanceinter-molaire mandibulaire est similaire en Classe I et enClasse II division 1 ; la distance inter-canine maxillaire estsimilaire enClasse I, Classe II division 2 et enClasse II division1 ; la largeur inter-pr�emolaire est plus grande en Classe Iqu’en Classe II division 1 ; et que la largeur inter-molaire maxi-llaire est similaire en Classe I et en Classe II division 2.Conclusions : Aucune diff�erence statistiquement significativen’a �et�e relev�ee au niveau de la largeur d’arcade entre lesdiff�erentes classes analys�ees (il n’existe que de tr�es petitesdiff�erences entre les classes) sauf en ce qui concerne la lar-geur inter-caninemandibulaire (L3), qui �etait plus r�eduite dansles Classes I que dans les Classes II division 1, et la largeurinter-pr�emolaire maxillaire (U4), qui �etait plus petite dans lesClasses II division 1 que dans les Classes I.� 2013 CEO. Edite par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droitsreserves

Original articleArticle original

� 2013 CEOPublished by / Edite par Elsevier Masson SAS

All rights reserved / Tous droits reserves

Intra-arch widths: A meta-analysis

Largeurs intra-arcades : une m�eta-analyse

Luca LOMBARDO, Silvia SETTI, Camilla MOLINARI, Giuseppe SICILIANI

Postgraduate school of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, via Montebello, 31, Ferrara 44100,Italy

Available online: 2 April 2013 / Disponible en ligne : 2 avril 2013

*Correspondence and reprints / Correspondance et tir�es a part.

e-mail address / Adresse e-mail : [email protected] (Luca Lombardo)

International Orthodontics 2013 ; 11 : 177-192 177doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2013.02.005

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Key-words

·Systematic review.·Intra-arch width.

Introduction

Dental arch form is a fundamental parameter in orthodonticdiagnosis and the subsequent formulation of a treatment plan,due to its influence on available space and smile aesthetics.Furthermore, the post-treatment arch form is highly influentialon long-term occlusal stability [1,2].

However, the extreme individual variability of this factormakes an ideal arch form rather difficult to describe. In fact,numerous studies have reported differences in both form andsize between races [3], between individuals from similar eth-nic backgrounds, and between males and females [4,5].Moreover, the form of the arch is modified during growth [4],during the transition between mixed and permanent dentition,and over time, irrespective of whether orthodontic treatmenthas been performed or not.Nevertheless, some arch form parameters have been shown toremain relatively unchanged over time, once the growingphase is complete. Indeed, Harris et al. [6] showed only slightmodifications over time in overbite, overjet, molar relationshipand lower inter-canine distance.

Nowadays, there is a general consensus within the orthodonticcommunity that the arch form, especially of the lower jaw,should be maintained throughout the course of treatment [7–10]. In fact, instability due to changes in arch form (especiallythe lower inter-canine distance) can lead to periodontal dam-age [5] or crowding relapse [11–13]. Nevertheless, the axiomthat the initial arch form should be considered a guide for theentire course of treatment is the fruit of a group of studiesconspicuous for their heterogeneity as regards approach,means of measurement and type of sample considered. In fact,authors who have dealt with this topic [14–16] have reachedtheir conclusions after carrying out measurements on modelscast in plaster, acquired from digital-imaging or rendered in3D, and the majority have chosen to measure these modelsusing computerized mathematical systems, rather than simplelinear measurements [17,18]. Even the reference points usedfor taking these measurements have differed widely betweenstudies; although the majority of authors have focussed on thedental cusps, others have considered the palatal or lingualnecks of the teeth or the points adopted for bracket positioning[13,14,19].

In light of these differences, the main aim of our study was toperform a meta-analysis of several of the arch form measure-ments reported in the literature, in an attempt to clarify thesituation somewhat. Our secondary objective was to obtain a

Mots-cl�es

·Revue syst�ematique.

·Largeur intra-arcade.Introduction

La forme de l’arcade dentaire est un param�etre fondamentalpour le diagnostic orthodontique et pour le plan de traitementqui en d�ecoule en raison de son influence sur la quantit�ed’espace disponible et sur l’esth�etique du sourire. Par ailleurs,la forme de l’arcade en fin de traitement influe fortement sur lastabilit�e occlusale a long terme [1,2].Cependant, du fait de l’extreme variabilit�e individuelle de cefacteur, la forme d’arcade id�eale est plutot difficile a d�ecrire. Enr�ealit�e, de nombreuses �etudes ont rapport�e des variations deforme et de taille entre diff�erentes races [3], entre les individusd’un meme groupe ethnique, et entre les hommes et lesfemmes [4,5]. De plus, la forme d’arcade se modifie pendantla croissance [4], pendant la transition entre denture mixte etdenture permanente, et au fil des ann�ees, que le sujet recoiveun traitement orthodontique ou pas.N�eanmoins, il a �et�e d�emontr�e que certains param�etres li�es a laforme d’arcade restent relativement inchang�es au fil du temps,une fois la phase de croissance termin�ee. En effet, Harris et al.[6] ont rapport�e le peu de modifications survenant avec letemps en mati�ere de supraclusion, d’overjet, de relationsmolaires et de distance inter-canine mandibulaire.De nos jours, il existe un consensus g�en�eral parmi les ortho-dontistes en faveur du maintien de la forme d’arcade, surtoutpour la mandibule, pendant toute la dur�ee du traitement [7–10]. Il est de fait que l’instabilit�e provoqu�ee par des modifica-tions au niveau de la forme d’arcade (essentiellement la dis-tance inter-canine inf�erieure) peut donner lieu a des l�esionsparodontales [5] ou a une r�ecidive d’encombrement [11–13].N�eanmoins, l’axiome qui veut que la forme d’arcade initialedoit guider le praticien pendant toute la dur�ee du traitement estle r�esultat d’un groupe d’�etudes qui sont notoirementh�et�erog�enes en ce qui concerne leur approche, leurs techni-ques de prise de mesures et du type d’�echantillon consid�er�e.En fait, les auteurs qui ont trait�e ce sujet [14–16] sont arriv�esa leurs conclusions apr�es avoir r�ealis�e des mesures sur desmod�eles en platre, acquis a partir d’images num�eris�ees ourendues en 3D, et lamajorit�e d’entre eux ont choisi demesurerces mod�eles a l’aide de syst�emes math�ematiquesinformatis�es plutot que de faire de simple mesures lin�eaires[17,18]. Meme les points de r�ef�erence utilis�es pour r�ealiserces mesures �etaient tr�es diff�erents d’une �etude a l’autre.Quoique la majorit�e des auteurs se soient focalis�es sur lescuspides dentaires, d’autres se sont pench�es sur les colletspalatins ou linguaux des dents ou sur les points adopt�es pourle positionnement des attaches [13,14,19].A la lumi�ere de ces diff�erences, l’objectif principal de notre�etude �etait de r�ealiser une m�eta-analyse de plusieurs desm�ethodes de prise de mesures de la forme d’arc rapport�eesdans la litt�erature afin de clarifier quelque peu la situation.

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mean of the intra-arch widths pertaining to each of the dentalClasses and then to perform a comparison of the same.

Materials and methods

The study commenced with a review of the pertinent literature,collected by means of the search engines PubMed, Cochraneand Embase. The keywords used to perform this search were:Dental Arch, Dental Arch Form, Maxillary Arch form andMandibular Arch Form. The inclusion criteria for the articlesthus obtained were: publication in journals during the last10 years; human, rather than animal, subjects; and data per-taining to both growing and fully-grown patients. No limits onlanguage were set.

Subsequently, only pure orthodontics articles were selectedand their abstracts read by two operators. Before proceeding toa review of the full-length articles, a further exclusion wasperformed on the basis of the following criteria: case reports;studies involving patients with labio-palatal schisis or othermalformations; those on patients treated by extraction; andstudies into the efficacy of simple orthodontic appliances usedto modify the arch form, such as palatal expanders, functionalappliances or extra-oral traction devices.

Finally, only those studies using the same method of measure-ment and a homogeneous patient sample were selected formeta-analysis.

Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the heterogeneityof the data and to calculate a rational mean of intra-archwidths in the different dental Classes. A Forest plot wasemployed to illustrate the relative power of each article deal-ing with the same topic. A confidence interval of 95% wasused.

Results

A total of 628 articles were found during the search, of which23 dealt with pre-surgical orthodontics, 62 were prosthetic orsurgical case reports, 43 were from the field of oral surgery,109 reported multi-disciplinary cases, 122 were articles onprosthetic or periodontal implants, and the remaining 265articles were classified as purely orthodontic.

Among these 265 articles, those meeting the precise exclusioncriteria detailed above were discarded, leaving a total of 28articles for further scrutiny. As we realized that the

Notre objectif secondaire �etait d’obtenir une moyenne deslargeurs intra-arcades relatives a chacune des classes den-taires et de r�ealiser une comparaison.

Mat�eriels et m�ethodes

Cette �etude a commenc�e par une revue de la litt�erature perti-nente, rassembl�ee au moyen des moteurs de recherchePubMed, Cochrane et Embase. Les mots-cl�es utilis�es poureffectuer cette recherche �etaient : Arcade Dentaire, Formed’Arcade Dentaire, Forme d’Arcade Maxillaire et Formed’Arcade Mandibulaire. Une fois les articles obtenus, lescrit�eres d’inclusion suivants ont �et�e appliqu�es : publicationdans des revues pendant les dix derni�eres ann�ees ; sujetshumains, plutot qu’animaux ; et donn�ees relatives a despatients en p�eriode de croissance ou ayant achev�e leur crois-sance. Aucune restriction n’a �et�e plac�ee sur la langue utilis�eedans l’�etude.Ensuite, seuls les articles strictement orthodontiques ont �et�es�electionn�es et leurs r�esum�es ont �et�e lus par deux op�erateurs.Avant d’entreprendre une revue du texte int�egral des articles,une exclusion suppl�ementaire a �et�e r�ealis�ee bas�ee sur lescrit�eres suivants : �etudes de cas ; �etudes portant sur despatients avec une fente labio-palatine ou d’autres mal-formations ; celles concernant les patients trait�es par extra-ctions ; et les �etudes sur l’efficacit�e d’appareils orthodon-tiques simples utilis�es pour modifier la forme de l’arcade, ex.les disjoncteurs palatins, les appareils fonctionnels et les dis-positifs de traction extra-orale.Enfin, seules les �etudes utilisant la memem�ethode demesureet un �echantillon de patients homog�ene ont �et�e retenues dansla m�eta-analyse.

M�eta-analyse

Une m�eta-analyse a �et�e r�ealis�ee pour �evaluer l’h�et�erog�en�eit�edes donn�ees et pour calculer unemoyenne des largeurs intra-arcades dans les diff�erentes classes dentaires. Un « forestplot » a �et�e employ�e pour illustrer la puissance relative dechaque article traitant du meme sujet. Un intervalle deconfiance de 95 % a �et�e utilis�e.

R�esultats

En tout, 628 articles ont �et�e trouv�es pendant la recherche,dont 23 traitaient de l’orthodontie pr�echirurgicale, 62 �etaientdes rapports de cas proth�etiques ou chirurgicaux, 43 portaientsur la chirurgie orale, 109 rapportaient des cas multidiscipli-naires, 122 �etaient des articles traitant des implants proth�e-tiques ou parodontaux et les 265 restants �etaient class�escomme �etant strictement orthodontiques.Parmi ces 265 articles, ceux qui correspondaient aux crit�eresd’exclusion pr�ecis list�es ci-dessus �etaient �ecart�es, laissant untotal de 28 articles soumis a une �etude plus approfondie. Nous

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dimensions of the arch considered were the same in severalarticles (inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar dis-tances in the upper and lower arches), as were the methodsof measurement and reference points, we selected a finalsample of eight studies [14,15,20–25], characterized by thehomogeneity of their experimental methods and patientsamples.

All pre-treatment data reported in these eight articles weregathered, ensuring that no repetition of information by thesame authors or due to patients participating in longitudinalstudies were included. The data from each article were thenprocessed using an Excel table indicating the name of author;year of publication; number of test subjects; gender, wherespecified; mean distances and standard deviations (Table I).

Only the most frequently considered distances were includedin the analysis, i.e. the upper inter-canine distance (U3),measured from cusp to cusp; the distance between the upperfirst premolars (U4), measured using the labial cusps; thedistance between the upper first molars (U6), measuredbetween the mesio-buccal cusps; the lower inter-canine dis-tance (L3), measured from cusp to cusp; the distance betweenthe lower first premolars (L4), measured using the labialcusps; and the distance between the lower first molars (L6),measured between the mesio-labial cusps. Each of these mea-surements had been performed on groups of patients belongingto Class I; Class II, division 1 (II-1) and Class II, division 2 (II-2); few articles containedmeasurements pertaining to Class IIIpatients.

All measurements had been made on plaster models bymeans of a digital gauge. Patients were all fully grown anduntreated.Using the data available, meta-analysis was then performed bymeans of Forest plots (figs. 1–12). However, as a minimum ofthree values was necessary to compare measurements, not allcould be included in the statistical analysis. Hence, the fol-lowing means could not be calculated: mean lower inter-pre-molar and upper inter-molar distances in Class II-1 patients;and lower inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar andupper inter-premolar distances in Class II-2. Nevertheless,due to large size of the overall sample and the fact that datafrom each study could be assigned a statistical weight basedon its contribution, we were able to calculate several repre-sentative mean intra-arch values for the three classes(Table II).

No statistically significant differences were found between themeasurements pertaining to the three groups of patients(Classes I, II-1 and II-2); the greatest differences were notedfor L3, which was found to be greater in Class II-1 with respect

nous sommes rendus compte que les dimensions d’arcadeconsid�er�ees �etaient les memes dans plusieurs articles (dis-tances inter-canines, inter-pr�emolaires, inter-molaires auxarcades sup�erieure et inf�erieure) comme l’�etaient aussi lesm�ethodes de prise de mesures et les points de r�ef�erence.Par cons�equent, nous avons s�electionn�e un �echantillon finalcomportant huit �etudes [14,15,20–25], caract�eris�ees parl’homog�en�eit�e de leurs m�ethodes exp�erimentales et les�echantillons de patients.Toutes les donn�ees pr�etraitement rapport�ees dans ces huitarticles ont �et�e recueillies en prenant soin d’�eviter lesr�ep�etitions d’information fournie par les memes auteurs oudues a la participation de certains patients dans des �etudeslongitudinales. Ensuite, les donn�ees extraites de chaque arti-cle ont �et�e trait�ees a l’aide d’un tableur Excel indiquant le nomde l’auteur, l’ann�ee de publication, le nombre de sujets dansl’�etude, leur sexe (si sp�ecifi�e), les distances moyennes et les�ecarts-types (Tableau I).Seules les distances les plus fr�equemment �etudi�ees ont �et�eincluses dans l’analyse, a savoir, la distance inter-caninesup�erieure (U3) mesur�ee de cuspide a cuspide ; la distanceentre les premi�eres pr�emolaires sup�erieures (U4) en utilisantles cuspides vestibulaires ; la distance entre les premi�eresmolaires sup�erieures (U6) mesur�ee entre les cuspidesm�esio-vestibulaires ; la distance inter-canine inf�erieure (L3)mesur�ee de cuspide a cuspide ; la distance entre les pre-mi�eres pr�emolaires inf�erieures (L4) mesur�ee entre les cus-pides vestibulaires ; et la distance entre les premi�eresmolaires inf�erieures (L6) mesur�ee entre les cuspides m�esio-vestibulaires. Chacune de ces valeurs avait �et�e relev�ee surdes groupes de patients appartenant a la Classe I, la Classe IIdivision 1 ou la Classe II division 2. Peu d’articles contenaientdes donn�ees relatives aux patients en Classe III.Toutes les mesures ont �et�e faites sur des mod�eles en platrea l’aide d’une jauge num�erique. Tous les patients avaientachev�e leur croissance et n’avaient pas recu de traitement.En utilisant les donn�ees disponibles, la m�eta-analyse a �et�er�ealis�ee a l’aide de graphiques « forest » (fig. 1–12).Cependant, puisqu’il �etait n�ecessaire de disposer d’au moinstrois valeurs afin d’effectuer une comparaison, toutes ne pou-vaient etre incluses dans l’analyse statistique. Par con-s�equent, les moyennes suivantes n’ont pas pu etre calcul�ees :moyenne des distances inter-pr�emolaires inf�erieures et inter-molaires sup�erieures chez les patients en Classe II,1 ; et lesdistances inter-canines, inter-pr�emolaires et inter-molairesinf�erieures, et inter-pr�emolaires sup�erieures en Classe II,2.N�eanmoins, en raison de l’importance de l’�echantillon globalet du fait que nous �etions en mesure d’attribuer un poidsstatistique aux donn�ees provenant de chaque �etude en fonc-tion de sa contribution, nous avons pu calculer plusieursvaleurs intra-arcadesmoyennes repr�esentatives pour les troisclasses (Tableau II).Aucune diff�erence statistiquement significative n’a �et�e trouv�eeentre les mesures appartenant aux trois groupes de patients(Classes I, II,1 et II,2). Les diff�erences les plus importantes�etaient relev�ees pour L3, qui s’est r�ev�el�e etre plus prononc�e en

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to Class I, and for U4, which, conversely, seemed to be greaterin Class I with respect to Class II-1.

The only measurement it was possible to compare in Classes I,II-1 and II-2 was the upper inter-canine distance, which was

Classe II,1 par rapport a la Classe I, et pour U4, qui, enrevanche, semblait etre plus marqu�e en Classe I par rapporta la Classe II,1.La seule mesure que nous avons pu comparer entre lesClasses I, II,1 et II,2 �etait la distance inter-canine sup�erieure,

Table ICharacteristics of included studies.

Tableau ICaract�eristiques des �etudes incluses.

Authors/Auteurs Sample/ �Echantillon Age/Age(years/ans)

Article

Kuntz TR (2008) CIN(Class I Normal/Classe I Normale)

Comparison of crowded ClassI, Class III malocclusion andClass I with normal occlusion/Comparaison entre Classe Iencombr�ee, malocclusion deClasse III et Classe I avecocclusion normale

Male/Homme: 20 22.5

Female/Femme: 20 18.3

CIRC(Class I Crowded/Classe I avec encombrement)

Male/Homme: 20 21.5

Female/Femme: 19 21.1

Forster CM (2008) Male/Homme: 92 18–68 Relationship between dentalarch width and vertical facialmorphology/Relation entre lalargeur de l’arcade dentaire etla morphologie verticale duvisage

Female/Femme: 93

Huth J (2007) Class I Comparison of Class I, II-1 andII-2/Comparaison entreClasse I, II-1 et II-2

Male/Homme: 18 20.9

Female/Femme: 16 16

Class II-1

Male/Homme: 19 22.4

Female/Femme: 19 18

Class II-2

Male/Homme: 19 23.9

Female/Femme: 22 23.3

Isik F (2006) Class II-1 Comparison of Class II-1 andII-2/Comparaison entreClasse I, II-1 et II-2

Male/Homme: 27 15.22

Female/Femme: 19 15.5

Class II-2

Male/Homme: 17 15.78

Female/Femme: 27 16.05

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[(Fig._1)TD$FIG]

Fig. 1: Comparison between lower inter-canine distances in Class Ipatients.Fig. 1 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-canines inf�erieures

chez les patients en Classe I.

Table ICharacteristics of included studies. (following)

Tableau ICaract�eristiques des �etudes incluses. (suite)

Authors/Auteurs Sample/ �Echantillon Age/Age(years/ans)

Article

Uysal (2005) Class II-1 Comparison of Class I, II-1 andII-2/Comparaison entreClasse I, II,1 et II,2

Male/Homme: 61 17.8

Female/Femme: 45 21.1

Class II-2

Male/Homme: 63 19.4

Female/Femme: 45 17.6

Uysal (2005) Class I Comparison of Class I and III/Comparaison entre Classe I etIII

Male/Homme: 72 21.6 W 2.6

Female/Femme: 78

Sayin (2004) Class I Comparison of Class I and II-1/Comparaison entre Classe I etII,1

Female/Femme: 30 19.17 W 3.19

Class II-1

Female/Femme: 30 19.17 W 3.19

Tibana (2004) Class I Changes in dental archmeasurements of young adultswith normal occlusion/Changements des valeurs desarcades dentaires chez dejeunes adultes avec occlusionnormale

Male/Homme: 13 21

Female/Femme: 14

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found to be smaller, by barely a few fractions of a millimetre, inClass II-1 with respect to Class I; no difference betweenClasses I and II-2 were found.

Discussion

Although numerous studies have discussed arch form, theanalytical methods utilized in recent years have differed

qui s’est r�ev�el�ee etre plus petite, de quelques fractions demillim�etre, par rapport a la Classe I ; aucune diff�erence n’a�et�e relev�ee entre les Classes I et II,2.

Discussion

Quoique de nombreuses �etudes se soient pench�ees sur laforme d’arcade, les m�ethodes d’analyse utilis�ees ces

[(Fig._3)TD$FIG]

Fig. 3: Comparison between lower inter-molar distances in Class Ipatients.Fig. 3 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-molaires inf�erieures

chez les patients en Classe I.

[(Fig._2)TD$FIG]

Fig. 2: Comparison between lower inter-premolar distances in ClassI patients.Fig. 2 :Comparaison entre les distances inter-pr�emolaires inf�erieures

chez les patients en Classe I.

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widely [14,18]. Thus, for our meta-analysis, we selected stud-ies exploiting similar methodologies of intra-arch measure-ment, i.e. using a digital gauge to make measurements onthe plaster models of a homogeneous sample of adult patientsin permanent dentition.

derni�eres ann�ees montrent des variations importantes[14,18]. Ainsi, pour notre m�eta-analyse, nous avonss�electionn�e des �etudes qui pratiquaient des m�ethodes simi-laires de mesure des distances intra-arcades, a savoir, enutilisant une jauge num�erique pour prendre les mesures surles mod�eles en platre d’un �echantillon homog�ene de patientsadultes avec leurs dents permanentes.

[(Fig._4)TD$FIG]

Fig. 4: Comparison between upper inter-canine distances in Class Ipatients.Fig. 4 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-canines sup�erieures

chez les patients en Classe I.

[(Fig._5)TD$FIG]

Fig. 5: Comparison between upper inter-premolar distances in ClassI patients.Fig. 5 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-pr�emolaires

sup�erieures chez les patients en Classe I.

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As the greater the sample size, the lesser the error, we soughtto analyse the data provided by various studies so as to yieldmean values representative of the “real”, therefore “ideal”,situation in a “real” population.

No statistically significant differences were found between themeasurements reported for the three groups of patients: thegreatest differences were noted for L3, which was found to be

Puisque plus grand est l’�echantillon, moins nombreuses sontles erreurs, nous avons cherch�e a analyser les donn�ees four-nies par diverses �etudes afin d’obtenir des valeurs moyennesrepr�esentatives de la situation « r�eelle », et donc « id�eale »,dans une population « r�eelle ».Aucune diff�erence statistiquement significative n’a �et�e trouv�eeentre les mesures rapport�ees pour les trois groupes depatients. Les diff�erences les plus marqu�ees �etaient relev�ees

[(Fig._6)TD$FIG]

Fig. 6: Comparison between upper inter-molar distances in Class Ipatients.Fig. 6 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-molaires sup�erieures

chez les patients en Classe I.

[(Fig._7)TD$FIG]

Fig. 7: Comparison between lower inter-canine distances in ClassII-1 patients.Fig. 7 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-canines inf�erieures

chez les patients en Classe II,1.

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greater in Class II-1 with respect to Class I, and for U4, which,conversely, seemed to be greater in Class I with respect toClass II-1. Our finding that L3 was greater in Class I than inClass II-1 is concordant with results reported by Sinclair Little[4] and Bishara [26], and could be correlated with an increasedoverjet in Class II-1 patients [22].

pour L3, qui �etait plus importante enClasse II,1 qu’en Classe I,et pour U4, qui, en revanche, �etait plus grande en Classe Iqu’en Classe II,1. Notre r�esultat montrant que L3 �etait plusimportante en Classe I qu’en Classe II,1 concorde avec lesr�esultats rapport�es par Sinclair Little [4] et Bishara [26], etpourrait etre corr�el�e avec une augmentation de l’overjet chezles patients en Classe I [22].

[(Fig._8)TD$FIG]

Fig. 8: Comparison between lower inter-molar distances in Class II-1 patients.Fig. 8 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-molaires inf�erieures

chez les patients en Classe II,1.

[(Fig._9)TD$FIG]

Fig. 9: Comparison between upper inter-canine distances in ClassII-1 patients.Fig. 9 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-canines sup�erieures

chez les patients en Classe II,1.

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The only measurement it was possible to compare in Classes I,II-1 and II-2 was the upper inter-canine distance, which wasfound to be smaller, by barely a few fractions of a millimetre, inClass II-1 with respect to Class I; no difference betweenClasses I and II-2 were noted. This result reflects findingsdocumented in the literature [14–16], although the type ofsample selected clearly had a great influence on the meta-analysis. For example, if an author selected only patients

La seule mesure que nous avons pu comparer entre lesClasses I, II,1 et II,2 �etait la distance inter-canine sup�erieure,qui �etait plus petite, de peu, c’est-a-dire, de quelques fractionsde millim�etre, en Classe II,1 par rapport a la Classe I. Aucunediff�erence n’a �et�e trouv�ee entre lesClasses I et II,2. Ce r�esultatconcorde avec les observations rapport�ees dans la litt�erature[14–16], quoique le type d’�echantillon s�electionn�e ait manifes-tement eu une forte influence sur la m�eta-analyse. Par

[(Fig._10)TD$FIG]

Fig. 10: Comparison between upper inter-premolar distances inClass II-1 patients.Fig. 10 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-pr�emolaires

sup�erieures chez les patients en Classe II,1.

[(Fig._11)TD$FIG]

Fig. 11: Comparison between upper inter-canine distances in ClassII-2 patients.Fig. 11 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-canines sup�erieures

chez les patients en Classe II,2.

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without cross-bite, the resulting values would obviously differsignificantly from those yielded by a study not taking thiscriterion into account. This is also true for factors that caninfluence the dimensions of the dental arch, such as skeletaldivergence [27] or gender.

Indeed, in the Forest plot relative to distance L3, the squareareas are all in contact with the vertical line, signifying thatthe values are close to the ideal value for the population andthat there were no statistically significant differences, exceptfor that illustrating an exclusively female sample, which is tothe left of the line. In fact, the mean lower inter-canine

exemple, si un auteur devait s�electionner seulement lespatients sans articul�e crois�e, les valeurs r�esultantes seraient,et de toute �evidence, significativement diff�erentes de cellesfournies par une �etude qui ne tenait pas compte de ce crit�ere.Cette observation est vraie �egalement pour les facteurs telsque la divergence squelettique [27] ou le sexe qui peuventinfluer sur les dimensions de l’arcade dentaire.En effet, sur le graphique « forest plot » relatif a la distance L3,les marques carr�ees sont toutes au contact de la ligne verti-cale, ce qui signifie que les valeurs sont proches de la valeurid�eale pour la population et qu’il n’y avait pas de diff�erencessignificatives, sauf pour celle qui illustre un �echantillon exclu-sivement f�eminin, qui est a gauche de la ligne. En fait, la

[(Fig._12)TD$FIG]

Fig. 12: Comparison between upper inter-molar distances in ClassII-2 patients.Fig. 12 : Comparaison entre les distances inter-molaires sup�erieures

chez les patients en Classe II,2.

Table IIRepresentative mean intra-arch values for the three classes.

Tableau IIValeursmoyennes intra-arcades repr�esentatives pour les troisClasses.

Class I Class II-1 Class II-2

Mean/Moyenne IC Mean/Moyenne IC Mean/Moyenne IC

U3 33,847 33.646–34.047 33,592 33.247–33.936 33,883 33.527–34.240

U4 40,731 40.455–41.006 39,93 39.53–40.33 – –

U6 50,490 50.213–50.766 50,956 50.594–51.318 54,669 54.296–55.042

L3 25,399 25.235–25.563 29,086 28.793–29.379 20,043 28.792–29.293

L4 33,69 33.467–33.913 38,349 37.999–38.699 – –

L6 46,217 45.971–46.473 49,987 49.593–50.381 29,043 28.792–29.293

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distance is smaller in females than in males. However,Forster’s study [23] yielded smaller values for all measure-ments, not only in female patients but also in an all-malesample, whose corresponding squares are all located to theleft of the vertical line on the Forest plots. This leads to thesupposition that some kind of method error was at play, eitherin the impression-taking and model-making procedures andsubsequent gauge measurements, or in the selection of thesample itself.

In fact, a third of Forster’s patients [25] were hyperdivergent,i.e. with a narrower dental arch than the norm, a fact that couldhave heavily influenced the lower mean values he reported.Indeed, the author himself correlated the greater divergencewith a pattern of musculature able to reduce the transversaldimension of the dental arch. Moreover, it should be noted thatthe standard deviation reported by Forster [25] was invariablythe highest of those considered. The squares pertaining to theother two all-female samples are located on the line, one to theleft [14] and one to the right [22]; neither patient group fea-tured cross-bite or crowding, thereby explaining the highervalue.

Uysal [23], on the other hand, analysed a sample of Class Ipatients with little crowding and no cross-bite, and the squarespertaining to these patients are all on or in contact with thevertical line in all the Forest plots relative to Class I, i.e. arevery similar to the unknown real value of the generalpopulation.These, however, are mere considerations, as informationregarding the selection criteria was incomplete in all of thearticles included, as far as our purposes were concerned.Thus, the data must be discussed in relation to the informationavailable for each sample.

Furthermore, the fact that the study with the largest samplewields a greater influence on the position of the vertical line inthe Forest Plots should not be ignored. In this case, the studyby Uysal [23], has the largest sample of all of those included inthe Class I plots. However, analysis of these plots reveals thatthere are differences of less than a millimetre between thevalues for upper and lower inter-canine distances provided byUysal [23], Tibana [24], Huth [21], and Kuntz [14], while thereis much greater variation in lower inter-molar distance: almostten millimetres between values reported by Kuntz [14] andForster [25]. This may be due to the fact that the shape of thelower molars could easily be a source of measurement error.Alternatively, the sample selection could have played a deter-mining role in these differences.

moyenne de la distance inter-canine inf�erieure est plus petitechez les femmes que chez les hommes. Cependant, l’�etudede Forster [23] a rapport�e des valeurs plus petites pour toutesles mesures, dans l’�echantillon des femmes aussi bien quedans un �echantillon constitu�e exclusivement d’hommes, dontles carr�es correspondants sont tous situ�es a gauche de laverticale sur les graphiques « forest plot ». Cela laisse sup-poser qu’il y avait une erreur m�ethodologique en jeu soit auniveau de la prise d’empreinte et du processus de fabricationdu mod�ele et des mesures faites a l’aide de la jauge, soit auniveau de la s�election de l’�echantillon lui-meme.En fait, un tiers des patients de Forster [23] �etaient hyperdi-vergents, c’est-a-dire, qu’ils avaient une arcade dentaire plus�etroite que la norme, ce qui a pu faire baisser fortement lesvaleurs qu’il a rapport�ees. En effet, l’auteur lui-meme a fait unecorr�elation entre la divergence squelettique plus importante etle sch�ema musculaire capable de r�eduire la dimension trans-versale de l’arcade dentaire. De plus, on peut noter que l’�ecart-type rapport�e par Forster [25] �etait invariablement le plus �elev�eparmi tous ceux que nous avons analys�es. Les carr�esrepr�esentant les deux autres �echantillons exclusivementf�eminins se trouvent pr�es de la verticale, l’un a gauche [14]et l’autre a droite [22]. Aucun des deux groupes de patientesne comportait des cas d’occlusion invers�ee ou d’encombre-ment, ce qui explique la valeur plus �elev�ee.Uysal [23], en revanche, a analys�e un �echantillon de patients enClasse I avec peu d’encombrement et sans occlusion invers�ee.Les carr�es correspondant a ces patients sont tous en contactavec la verticale dans tous les graphiques « forest » relatifs a laClasse I, c’est-a-dire qu’ils sont tr�es similaires aux valeursr�eelles inconnues de la population g�en�erale.Ce sont la, cependant, de simples suppositions puisque lesinformations concernant les crit�eres de s�election �etaientincompl�etes dans tous les articles retenus, du moins en cequi concerne le sujet de notre m�eta-analyse. Ainsi, lesdonn�ees doivent etre discut�ees en relation avec les informa-tions disponibles pour chaque �echantillon. Par ailleurs, le faitque l’�etude avec l’�echantillon le plus important a un impactplus grand sur la position de la ligne verticale dans le graphi-que « forest » ne devrait pas etre n�eglig�e. Dans ce cas, l’�etuded’Uysal [23] poss�ede l’�echantillon le plus important de tousceux inclus dans les graphiques de Classe I.Cependant, l’analyse de ces graphiques r�ev�ele qu’il existe desdiff�erences de moins de 1 mm entre les valeurs des distancesinter-canines sup�erieures et inf�erieures rapport�ees par Uysal[23], Tibana [24], Huth [21] et Kuntz [14], alors qu’il existe desvariations beaucoup plus grandes en ce qui concerne la dis-tance inter-molaire inf�erieure, avec une disparit�e de presque10 mm entre les valeurs rapport�ees par Kuntz [14] et Forster[25]. Cela s’explique peut-etre par le fait que la forme desmolaires inf�erieures pourrait facilement donner lieu a deserreurs de mesure. Alternativement, le choix de l’�echantillona pu jouer un role d�eterminant dans la parution de cesdiff�erences.

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The upper inter-molar distance too showed considerable var-iability, albeit to a lesser degree than the lower; in fact, there isa difference of 5.40 mm between the highest value, reportedby Kuntz, (53.40 mm) [14] and the lowest, documented byTibana, (48.00 mm) [24].

Indeed, Tibana’s sample [24] contained some Class I patients,but he described their occlusion as “normal”, rather thanideal; squares representing the values reported in this studywere either to the right or in contact with the vertical line,except for those pertaining to the upper inter-molar distance,which is situated to the left, i.e. lower than the average.

The upper inter-premolar distance, on the other hand, variedfrom the 38.68 reported by Forster to the 42.1 by Uysal [23].Here too the mean values obtained by Forster [25] and Sayin[22] are to the left of the vertical line, as is compatible withtheir all-female samples (F). However, Forster’s all-male sam-ple (M) [25] also yielded a slightly smaller inter-premolardistance than the mean, although this could be due to the factthat a third of his patients were hyperdivergent.

In contrast, squares representing the values provided by Sayinet al. [22], in their two all-female samples (selected for theirlack of crowding or cross-bite), one in Class I and the other inClass II-1, are invariably on or to the right of the vertical linerepresenting the mean, except for that pertaining to the Class Ilower inter-molar distance, which represents a value roughly2 mm lower than the average and is therefore found to the left.

In Class II-1, the upper inter-canine distance showed littlevariation between the four studies reporting this value, with adifference from the mean of approximately 1 mm; Huth [21]reported the smallest distance of 32.1 mm, and Isik the high-est at 34.12 mm. In fact, all squares for this criterion fallwithin the confidence interval for the line representing themean, except for those of Huth [21], whose reported mean waslower.

Only three articles provided measurements for upper inter-premolar distance, the greatest being that found by Isik, of40.56 mm [20], and the smallest, 39.9 mm, was reported byUysal [23]. Nonetheless, there is very little difference betweenthe values, i.e. the differences are compatible with the hetero-geneity of the sample.Analysis of the Forest Plot relative to the lower inter-molardistance reveals, once again, a certain heterogeneity ofresults, as per that found in Class I patients. In fact, thedifference in the measurements of inter-molar distance pro-vided by Sayin (F) [22] and Huth [21] is 5.70 mm. The studywith the largest sample was that by Isik [20], a fact which was,however, compensated for by giving it a higher weight in thestatistical calculation of the overall mean. The greatest value

La distance inter-molaire sup�erieure aussi a montr�e unevariabilit�e significative, quoique a un moindre degr�e quel’inf�erieure ; en fait, il existe une diff�erence de 5,40 mm entrela valeur la plus �elev�ee, rapport�ee par Kuntz (53,40 mm) [14]et la valeur la plus faible, document�ee par Tibana (48,00 mm)[24].En effet, l’�echantillon de Tibana [24] contenait quelquespatients en Classe I, mais il a d�ecrit leur occlusion comme�etant « normale » plutot qu’id�eale. Les carr�es repr�esentantles valeurs rapport�ees dans cette �etude se trouvaient soita droite de la verticale, soit en contact avec elle, a l’exceptionde ceux repr�esentant la distance inter-molaire sup�erieure qui�etaient situ�es a gauche, c’est-a-dire, en dessous de lamoyenne.La distance inter-pr�emolaire sup�erieure, en revanche, varieentre le 38,68 rapport�e par Forster et le 42,1 cit�e par Uysal[23]. Ici aussi, les valeurs moyennes obtenues par Forster etSayin [22] se trouvent a gauche de la verticale en accord avecleurs �echantillons exclusivement f�eminins (F). Cependant,l’�echantillon exclusivement masculin (M) [25] a �egalementdonn�e une distance inter-pr�emolaire l�eg�erement plus petiteque la moyenne meme si cela pouvait etre du au fait qu’untiers de ses patients �etaient hyperdivergents.En revanche, les carr�es repr�esentant les valeurs fournies parSayin et al. [22] pour leurs deux �echantillons exclusivementf�eminins (patientes choisies pour leur absence d’encombre-ment ou d’occlusion invers�e), l’un en Classe I et l’autre enClasse II,1, se trouvent in�evitablement sur la verticale oua droite de la ligne repr�esentant la moyenne, sauf pour celuirepr�esentant la distance inter-molaire inf�erieure des patientesen Classe I qui affiche une valeur approximativement 2 mmendessous de la moyenne et qui se trouve par cons�equenta gauche.En Classe II,1, la distance inter-canine sup�erieure a montr�epeu de variations entre les quatre �etudes qui ont publi�e surcette valeur, avec une diff�erence par rapport a la moyenned’approximativement 1 mm. La distance la plus petite(32,1 mm) a �et�e rapport�ee par Huth [21] et la plus grande(34,12 mm) par Isik. En fait, tous les carr�es pour ce crit�erese situent dans l’intervalle de confiance de la ligne repr�esen-tant la moyenne, a l’exception de ceux de Huth [21], dont lamoyenne �etait plus faible.Trois articles seulement ont fourni des valeurs pour la distanceinter-pr�emolaire sup�erieure, la plus �elev�ee (40,56 mm) �etantcelle trouv�ee par Isik [20] et la plus faible (39,9 mm) cellerapport�ee par Uysal [23]. N�eanmoins, il existe tr�es peu dediff�erence entre les valeurs, c’est-a-dire que les diff�erencessont compatibles avec l’h�et�erog�en�eit�e de l’�echantillon.L’analyse du graphique « forest » relatif a la distance inter-molaire inf�erieure r�ev�ele, encore une fois, une certaineh�et�erog�en�eit�e au niveau des r�esultats, conform�ement a celletrouv�ee chez les patients en Classe I. En fait, la diff�erenceentre les mesures de la distance inter-molaire fournies parSayin (F) [22] et Huth [21] est de 5,70 mm. L’�etude avec leplus grand �echantillon �etait celle d’Isik [20], ce qui a �et�ecompens�e, cependant, en lui attribuant un poids

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for lower inter-molar distance was that of 49.5 mm, reportedby Huth [21], while the smallest was that of Sayin, at 43.7 mm[22]; the value reported by Isik [20] was halfway between thetwo, at 45.9 mm. In this case too the form of the molar itself, aswell as the sample, was probably highly influential as far asmeasurement error was concerned.

Unfortunately, few authors analysed measurements pertainingto Class II-2 patients [20,21,23], and therefore only two Forestplots could be drawn: those relative to the upper inter-canineand inter-molar distances. In both of these analyses, the studyconducted by Uysal [23] alone carried more than half theweight, having the largest sample by far. However, the meaninter-canine distance values differed very little between thestudies, varying less than a millimetre from the overall mean.A similar statement could be made about the inter-molardistance.

Conclusions

At present, the most common form of intra-arch distancemeasurement is by means of plaster models and digital gauge.In the majority of cases, arch form analysis has been limited tostatic analysis of the inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar distances in subjects with skeletal Class I or II.

However, our meta-analysis of these studies did permit us todraw the following conclusions:— there were no statistically significant differences in thethree distances measured between Classes I, II-1 and II-2;

— the greatest differences revealed were for parameter L3,which was found to be greater in Class II-1 with respect toClass I; U4, which, conversely, was greater in Class I than inClass II-1; and U3, which was lower in Class II-1 with respectto Class I.

Disclosure of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest con-cerning this article.

suppl�ementaire au niveau du calcul statistique de la moyenneglobale. La valeur la plus �elev�ee pour la distance inter-molaireinf�erieure (49,5 mm) �etait celle rapport�ee par Huth [21] alorsque la plus petite �etait celle de Sayin a 43,7 mm [22]. La valeurrapport�ee par Isik [20] �etait interm�ediaire entre les deuxa 45,9 mm. Dans ce cas aussi, la forme de la molaire elle-meme, aussi bien que l’�echantillon, a pu avoir une influenceimportante en ce qui concerne d’�eventuelles erreurs demesures.Malheureusement, peu d’auteurs ont analys�e les mesuresrelatives a des patients en Classe II,2 [20,21,23]. Parcons�equent, deux graphiques « forest » seulement ont puetre trac�es, ceux concernant les distances inter-canine etinter-molaire sup�erieures. Dans ces deux analyses, l’�etuded’Uysal [23] repr�esentait, a elle seule plus, de la moiti�e descas, ayant de loin l’�echantillon le plus important. Cependant,les valeurs moyennes de la distance inter-canine ont diff�er�etr�es peu d’une �etude a l’autre, variant de moins de 1 mm parrapport a la moyenne globale. Cette observation pourraits’appliquer �egalement a la distance inter-molaire.

Conclusions

De nos jours, les outils de mesure de la distance intra-arcadeles plus utilis�es sont les mod�eles en platre et la jaugenum�erique. Dans la majorit�e des cas, l’analyse de la formed’arcade s’est limit�ee a l’analyse statique des distances inter-canine, inter-pr�emolaire et inter-molaire chez des sujets enClasse I ou II squelettique.Cependant, notre m�eta-analyse de ces �etudes nous a permisde tirer les conclusions suivantes :— il n’y avait pas de diff�erences statistiquement significativesparmi les trois distances mesur�ees entre les Classes I, II,1 etII,2 ;— les diff�erences les plus importantes relev�ees concernaientle param�etre L3, qui �etait plus grand en Classe II,1 par rapporta la Classe I ; le param�etre U4, qui, au contraire, �etait plusgrand en Classe I qu’en Classe II,1 ; et le param�etre U3, qui�etait plus faible en Classe II,1 qu’en Classe I.

D�eclaration d’int�erets

L’auteur d�eclare ne pas avoir de conflits d’int�erets en relationavec cet article.

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