Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide -Week 5-
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Transcript of Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide -Week 5-
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1914: Ottoman Empire enters WWI.
• 1917: Balfour Declaration on
Palestine
• 1921: Reza Khan stages coup in
Persia.
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 1
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1923: Republic of Turkey is established
• 1925: Reza Khan proclaims himself Shah.
Founds Pahlavi dynasty in Iran.
• 1932: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is established
• 1945 -46 : Autonomist movements in Iran
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 2
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1947: Truman Doctrine
• 1948: Proclamation of the state of Israel.
(750,000 Palestinian Refugess Created )
• 1948 : First Arab-Israeli War.
• 1951-53: Iranian Oil nationalization crisis and
overthrow of Iranian Mussadiq regime ,
masterminded by CIA
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 3
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1952: Egyptian Revolution
• 1953: Proclamation of the Egyptian Republic.
• 1954-55: Egypt and Syria purchase arms
from the USSR via Czechoslovakia
• 1956: Eqyptian leader Nasser nationalizes
the Suez Canal prompting a regional crisis.
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 4
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1958: Monarchy in Iraq is overthrown.
• 1963:Overthrow of Iraqi Qasim regime,
allegedly masterminded by CIA
• 1967: Six-Day Arab-Israeli War: Israel
gains control of Gaza, Golan Heights,
West Bank , Sinai Peninsula
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 3
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1968: Nominally pro-Soviet Ba'ath Party coup in
Iraq.
• 1973: The Yom Kippur War (October War) between
Israel, Egypt, and Syria
• 1974: PLO (nominally supported by the SU)
recognized as the sole legitimate representative of
Palestinians
• 1975-1989: Lebanese civil war
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 4
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1978: Camp David Accords: treaty between
Egypt and Israel
• 1979 : Islamic Revolution in Iran; Fall of the
Shah; installation of the Iranian Revolution
• 1980-1988: Iran-Iraq War.
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 5
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
Donald Rumsfeld -Reagan's Envoy- provided Iraq withchemical & biological weapons ( October,1983)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• 1981: Assanitation of President Sadat. Smooth
sucession by Mubarak in Eqypt.
• 1988: First intifada begins.
• 1989 : Taif Agreement ending of the civil war in
Lebanon.
• 1990-1991: The Gulf War.
Timeline of Modern Middle East – 6
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
1) The presence and development of oil in
much of ME and the rest of the worlds
demand.
2) Complex local issues such as Palestine
conflict.
3) Arab nationalism and political islam.
Political/economic characteristics of Middle East (with or without) Cold War
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Cold War had deep effects on the Middle
East, though the extent of this impact is
disputed.
• Struggle between US and USSR over
influence in the Middle East after WW II.
Origins
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
1) Polarized political life.
2) Encouraged the rise of military or
military backed regimes
3) Prevent the growth of indigeneous
political institutions.
Effects of CW on the Middle East
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
1) Strategic advantage
2) Oil reserves
3) Ideological conflict
Great Powers’ main areas of concern
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Conflicts in Greece , Turkey and Iran as early
manifestations of Cold War’s impact in the
Middle East
• Truman Doctrine (1947) , Baghdad Pact
(1955) , Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) ,
CENTO (1959)
• Suez Crisis (1956)
1) Strategic Advantage
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• After the evacuation of German forces from Greece in 1944, there were two groups in that country that wanted to take power: the monarchists and the Communists.
• In 1946 communists - received moral support from the USSR and actual material support from Yugoslavia - attempted a takeover.
• Greece was in a highly sensitive position militarily and Truman wanted to give the monarchists as much support as he could during the Civil War.
Strategic Advantage - Greece
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• The USSR’s Black Sea Fleet was bottled up in the Black Sea. It had to use the narrow waterway through Turkey – the Dardanelles – to get into the Mediterranean Sea.
• Dissatisfied with the Turkish straits regime, in June 1945, Moscow called for joint Soviet-Turkish defense of the straits and the installation of Soviet bases.
• These demands were coupled with territorial claims over the eastern Turkish provinces.
Strategic Advantage -Turkey
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Faced with an armed leftist movement with external support coupled with prospects of British withdrawal and parallel develepments in Turkey, the US announced the Truman Doctrine.
• Promising to send $400 million in military and economic aid to support Greece and Turkey.
• The Doctrine was to set the tone for US foreign policy throughout the world post-March 1947.
• In 1952, they became NATO members with a clear message to Moscow that an attack on either would be deemed by others to be an attack on all of them.
Truman Doctrine (March 1947)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
Authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to
secure and protect the territorial integrity and
political independence of such nations, requesting
such aid against overt armed aggression from any
nation controlled by international communism."
The Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• In August 1941, after the German invasion of Russia and Reza Shah’s pro-German leanings, British ( south ) and Soviet forces (north) occupied Iran.
• Following the end of WWII, most Azeris and Kurds (in north) decided that autonomy within Iran, with Soviet support was both praticanle and desirable.
• Accordingly, a Kurdish autonomous republic and an Azeri autnomous government were declared, which looked threatening from London, Washington ,and Tehran.
Strategic Advantage – Iran (Azeris and Kurds )
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• These fears intensified when the SU declined to set a
date for the withdrawal of its troops from the country in
contravention of the Tripartite Treaty of Alliance (1942).
• The SU certainly sought an oil concession in the areas
around the Caspian and a friedly local government in
along with a share of Anglo-Iranian oil company (BP
later).
Strategic Advantage – Iran (Kurds and Azeris)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• The Middle East was a key area within the Cold War context and the Suez Canal was seen as vital.
• By 1951 the British had 80,000 troops stationed along the Suez Canal making it the largest military base in the world.
• To many in Britain the Suez Canal was a sign of Britain’s overseas power – to many Egyptians it was an emblem of an empire and should have gone when WWII ended.
Suez Crisis (1956)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• As the last British troops left Egypt, Nasser
was completing the purchase of Soviet-made
aircraft, tanks and arms.
• On 19 July, the US informed not to provide
funding for the construction of the dam.
• On 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalised the
Anglo-French Suez Canal Company.
Suez Crisis (1956)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Politically, the intervention in Suez was a
disaster. World opinion, especially that of the
US, together with the threat of Soviet
intervention, forced Britain, France and Israel
to withdraw their troops from Egypt.
• Nasser emerged as “Suez Hero” afterwards
and headed pan-Arabism in the Middle East.
Suez Crisis (1956)
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Role of production from Arab countries and
Iran in meeting Western oil demands.
• Nationalisation efforts: from rallying cry to
damp squib?
• For all the discussion of oil as a “vital
interest”, it never functioned as a contentious
issue between the superpowers.
2) Oil in the Middle East
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Communist and leftists movements in the Middle East: from early freedom to later repression.
• Ideology plays important role in US/USSR rivalry:
- US policy initially ambiguous.
- American vision of modernity vs Soviet alternative of egalitarianism and benevolent
state.
3) Clash of Ideologies – 1
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• Role of ideology changes over the course of the Cold War.
• Superpower relations with Middle Eastern states complex, not simply imperialist or neo-imperialist.
• Patron/Client relations: but clients can switch patrons, or have multiple patrons playing superpowers off each other, eg. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq,Iran.
3) Clash of Ideologies – 2
Author/s: Book title, edition number – edit on master slide
• How would politics have developed without the Cold War?
• Secular opposition driven underground:
- Dictatorial regimes maintained.- Rise of the religious right.
• Polarization of political life distorted growth of indigenous political institutions.
Cold War’s Internal Impact