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Plant Science

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Plant Structure & Growth

Transport in Angiosperms

Reproduction in Angiosperms

http://www.isstavanger.no/

Plant Structure


A. Monocots & Dicots

B. Roots, Stems, & Leaves

C. The Leaf

D. Structural Adaptations

E. Plant Growth


A. Monocots & Dicots

1. Angiospermophytes, or flowering plants are the most successful of all the plants

2. They are divides into two classes

a. monocotyledons (monocots)

b. dicotyledons (dicots)_

Wojtek Gil Photographyhttp://woyteg.com/blackberry/wallpapers/accessed 05.09.07

http://woyteg.com/blackberry/wallpapers/

3. Moncots differ from dicots in a number of distinct characteristics

a. parallel versus net-like venation in leaves

b. distribution of vascular tissue_

Biology Class Noteshttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/plant_structure_bi1.htmaccessed 5.09.07

Biology Class Noteshttp://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/plant_structure_bi1.htmaccessed 05.09.07

Click

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/plant_structure_bi1.htm

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/plant_structure_bi1.htm

c. number of cotyledons_

Beloit Collegehttp://beloit.edu/~grossman/Botany/resources.htmaccessed 05.09.07

http://beloit.edu/~grossman/Botany/resources.htm

d. floral organs in multiples of 3 in monocotyledonous versus 4 or 5 in dicotyledonous_

Bridgewater Collegehttp://www.bridgewater.edu/~lhill/Monocotordicot.htaccessed 05.09.07

Wiki Bookshttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Botany/Print_versioaccessed 05.09.07

Click

http://www.bridgewater.edu/~lhill/Monocotordicot.ht

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Botany/Print_versio

e. unbranched roots in monocotyledonous versus branched roots in dicotyledonous_

Plants in the Hawaiin Environmenthttp://hawaii.hawaii.edu/laurab/generalbotany/130syllabus.htmaccessed 28.08.07

http://hawaii.hawaii.edu/laurab/generalbotany/130syllabus.htm

B. Roots Stems & Leaves

1. External parts of a dicotyledonous plant include

a. root, stem, leaf

b. axillary and terminal buds_


2. The distribution of tissues in the stem, root and leaf of a generalized dicotyledonous plant can be seen in a plan diagram or “low-power” diagram

a. plan diagrams show distribution of tissues (eg xylem, phloem) and do not show individual cells_


Think

1. There is a relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the functions of these tissues including

a. absorption of light

b. gas exchange

c. support

d. water conservation

e. transport of water

f. transport of products of photosynthesis_

C. The Leaf




ClickClick

2 Epidermal Tissue

a. water conservation (upper epidermis) secrete a waxy coating (cuticle) to minimize water loss_



Click

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Leaf/Syringa_leaf/Cross_Section/Upper_epidermis_palisade.php

b. water conservation (lower epidermis) guard cells close stomata to minimize water loss_

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Leaf/Syringa_leaf/Cross_Section/Stoma.php

3. Ground Tissue

a. absorption of light (palisade layer) cells packed close together near the surface_


b. gas exchange (spongy mesophyll) round, loosely arranged cells with air spaces between them_


c. support & structure (collenchyma and sclerenchyma) common around the vascular bundles (of the midrib) and leaf tips_


4. Vascular Tissue

a. transport of water (xylem) brings water and mineral salts to the leaf

b. transfer of products of photosynthesis (phloem) brings sucrose and other products away from the leaf_


Think

D. Structural Adaptations

1. Structural modifications can be made to roots, stems, and leaves to provide a variety of different functions

a. storage roots (carrot) become swollen with food_

Biology Reerencehttp://www.biologyreference.com/Re-Se/Roots.htmlaccessed 30.08.07

http://www.biologyreference.com/Re-Se/Roots.html

b. stem tubers (potato) form on sections of stems that grow down into the soil and store food_

Allergy Resources International http://allergyadvisor.com/Educational/Oct05.htmaccessed 31.08.07

http://allergyadvisor.com/Educational/Oct05.htm

c. bulbs (onion) form from the base of leaves growing under ground and store food_

About.comhttp://gardening.about.com/od/gardeningwithkids/ig/Vegetable-Gardening-with-Kids/Egyptian-Walking-Onion.htmaccessed 05.09.07

http://gardening.about.com/od/gardeningwithkids/ig/Vegetable-Gardening-with-Kids/Egyptian-Walking-Onion.htm

d. tendrils (sweet pea) are outgrowths of leaves that allow plants to attach to supports and climb upwards_

Canalphotos.orghttp://canalphotos.org/photopage_303.htmaccessed 05.09.07

http://canalphotos.org/photopage_303.htm

E. Plant Growth

1. Dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems (regions that generate new cells for growth of the plant)

a. apical meristems are sometimes referred to as primary meristems

b. lateral meristems as cambium_

Custom Flute Shophttp://www.customflutes.com/poem.htmaccessed 11.09.07

http://www.customflutes.com/poem.htm

2. Compare growth due to apical and lateral meristems in dicotyledonous plants_

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University of Floridahttp://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_15/lect_15.htmaccessed 12.09.07

Click

http://student.nu.ac.th/u46410288/PLANT.HTM

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_15/lect_15.htm

3. Apical meristems

a. located at the tips of roots and shoots

b. supply cells for the plant to increase in length (grow up for shoots and down for roots)

c. growth in this direction is known as primary growth_

Web site เพื่��อการเรยนการสอนชีวว�ทยาของเซลล�http://student.nu.ac.th/u46410288/PLANT.HTMaccessed 11.09.07

http://student.nu.ac.th/u46410288/PLANT.HTM

4. Lateral meristems

a. located near the periphery of the plant, usually in the vascular tissue

b. supply cells for the plant to increase in girth

c. growth in this direction is known as secondary growth

d. annual rings are a way to visualize the work of lateral meristems_

Encyclopedia Britannicahttp://www.britannica.com/eb/art-66141/Cross-section-of-a-tree-trunkaccessed 12.09.07

http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-66141/Cross-section-of-a-tree-trunk

5. Hormones control the growth of both stems and roots of plants

a. stimulated by light and gravity (tropisms)

6. Auxin is the hormone responsible for phototropism, controlling plant growth toward light

a. absorption of light by phototropins triggers the control of certain growth related genes_

Planet Natural http://www.planetnatural.com/site/photo_19.htmlaccessed 12.09.07

University of Arkansas at Little Rockhttp://www.ualr.edu/botany/botimages.htmlaccessed 12.09.07

Click

http://www.planetnatural.com/site/photo_19.html

http://www.ualr.edu/botany/botimages.html

7. Auxin promotes elongation of cells in stems (loosening the connections between cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall)

a. produced in the tips of growing stems and is transported down the stem

b. transported laterally from the side with brighter light to the more shaded side_

Universiteit Maastricht http://popgen.unimaas.nl/~jlindsey/commanster/Habitat/spruce.htmlaccessed 12.09.07

http://popgen.unimaas.nl/~jlindsey/commanster/Habitat/spruce.html

c. higher concentration of auxin on shady side causes stem growth on this side

d. stem grows curved toward light

e. leaves attach to the sun receive more light (rate of photosynthesis increases)_

University of Wisconsin Madisonhttp://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Tropisms/gravitropism/+_gravitropism_MC_.htmlaccessed 12.09.07

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Tropisms/gravitropism/+_gravitropism_MC_.html

The End

Transport in Angiosperms

F. Mineral Absorption

C. Regulating Transpiration

A. Transpiration

D. Active Translocation

B. Abiotic Factors


E. Support Systems


A. Transpiration

1. Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants

2. Structure of xylem vessels

a. columns of empty dead cells

b. end walls broken down completely

c. strengthened by rings or spirals or network of lignin_


3. Water is carried by the transpiration stream

4. Evaporation

a. evaporation of water from mesophyll cells into the leaf air spaces…

5. Cohesion and adhesion

a. means water lost from cell sap, so the water potential is lowered, so more water enters by osmosis from the next cell so…

b. water enters the leaf cells from the xylem_


6. Transpiration pull

a. water enters the xylem in the root as previously described so the water is PULLED from root to leaves by the purely physical process of evaporation from the leaves_


Play

B. Abiotic Factors

1. Abiotic factors such as light, temperature, wind, and humidity affect the rate of transpiration in a typical terrestrial plant_

Oxford University Presshttp://sciencecity.oupchina.com.hk/biology/student/fun_learning/ch09.aspaccessed 09.09.08

http://sciencecity.oupchina.com.hk/biology/student/fun_learning/ch09.asp

2. Light

a. stomata open in the light due to water uptake by guard cells causing them to bend, and pull the stomata open

1) hydrogen ions pumped out in light, and return on a carrier which brings chloride ions also and potassium ions follow

2) water potential is lowered and water moves in by osmosis, guard cells swell and open the stoma_

Wikimedia Commonshttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sunlight_Through_Leaves.jpgaccessed 09.09.08

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sunlight_Through_Leaves.jpg

b. more water vapour diffuses out of the stomata, so more water evaporates from the mesophyll cells

c. transpiration rate increases_

Wikimedia Commonshttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sunlight_Through_Leaves.jpgaccessed 09.09.08

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Sunlight_Through_Leaves.jpg

3. Temperature

a. higher temperature means molecules move more rapidly

b. increasing the rate of evaporation from the mesophyll cells and the diffusion of water vapour out of the stomata


ADESDESIGN.nethttp://www.adesdesign.net/php/tutorials/photoshop/heatCore.phpaccessed 09.09.08

http://www.adesdesign.net/php/tutorials/photoshop/heatCore.php

4. Wind

a. increased air movement blows the water vapour away from the leaf increasing the diffusion gradient

b. the diffusion and evaporation rates increase


Česká geologická služba http://nts2.cgu.cz/bar/webs/paces/gallery/pages/Windy%20day.htmaccessed 09.09.08

http://nts2.cgu.cz/bar/webs/paces/gallery/pages/Windy%20day.htm

5. Humitity

a. increased humidity lowers the diffusion gradient between the air spaces and the air outside the leaf

b. evaporation and diffusion are slowed

c. transpiration rate decreases_

Lyndon State College Meteorologyhttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/idm3020/tut_folder/nick_tutorial/accessed 09.09.08

http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/idm3020/tut_folder/nick_tutorial/

C. Regulating Transpiration

1. Guard cells can regulate transpiration by opening and closing stomata

2. The plant hormone abscisic acid causes the closing of stomata_

A Review of the Universehttp://universe-review.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htmaccessed 22.05.08

http://universe-review.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htm

3. Xerophytes have adaptations that help to reduce the rate of transpiration

a. reduced leaves, rolled leaves, spines

b. thickened waxy cuticle

c. reduced number of stomata, stomata in pits surrounded by hairs

d. deep roots, water storage tissue, low growth form_

NETSTATEhttp://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flowers/az_saguaro_cactus_blossom.htmaccessed 22.05.08

http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flowers/az_saguaro_cactus_blossom.htm

D. Active Translocation

1. The phloem plays a role in active translocation of sugars (sucrose) and amino acids from source to sink

a. source- parts of the plant that have a surplus (photosynthetic tissue and storage organs)

b. sink- parts of the plant that have a need (fruits, seeds, roots)_



2. Phloem links the source with the sink

a. phloem sap flows inside tubes because of pressure gradients

b. energy is needed to generate the pressures

c. movement of sap is an active process

3. Sometimes sinks turn into sources_


Play


E. Support Systems

1. Terrestrial plants support themselves by means of thickened cellulose, cell turgor, and lignified xylem_

Punit Sinha Photographyhttp://www.punitsinha.com/picture_of/giant_sequioa_tree_trunk_050530M168.htmlaccessed 11.09.07

http://www.punitsinha.com/picture_of/giant_sequioa_tree_trunk_050530M168.html

F. Mineral Absorption

1. The root system provides a large surface area for mineral ion and water uptake

a. branching- forming an extensive fibrous network

b. root hairs- increases capacity for absorption_

Killing Narcissus http://erikmarple.com/blog/2007/05/14/death-to-id/accessed 22.05.08

http://erikmarple.com/blog/2007/05/14/death-to-id/

2. Mineral ions in the soil move to the root in various ways

a. diffusion of mineral ions

b. fungal hyphae (mutualism)

c. mass flow of water in the soil carrying ions_

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Educationhttp://www.sare.org/publications/bsbc/chap3.htmaccessed 10.09.08

Play

http://www.sare.org/publications/bsbc/chap3.htm

3. Mineral ion absorption from the soil into roots

a. for some mineral ions concentration gradients are established by active transport

b. protein pumps in the membrane of root cells (specific to ion type) pump ions against the concentration gradient

c. large numbers of mitochondria make possible the increased expenditure of energy_cartage.org

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/botanicalsciences/PlantHormones/PlantHormones/PlantHormones.htmaccessed 22.05.08

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/botanicalsciences/PlantHormones/PlantHormones/PlantHormones.htm

d. large amounts of oxygen to generate ATP by respiration are needed

e. concentration of ions in root can be 100x greater than the soil

f. allows water to be absorbed by osmosis

g. mineral ions can only be absorbed if they come in contact with the appropriate pump_

A Review of the Universehttp://universe-review.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htmaccessed 10.09.08

Play

http://universe-review.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htm

The End

Reproduction in Angiosperms

free-slideshow.comhttp://www.free-slideshow.com/flowers_plants.shtmlaccessed 10.10.07

A. The Flower

B. Seeds

C. Germination

D. Flowering

http://www.free-slideshow.com/flowers_plants.shtml


1. The structure of a dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower

a. sepal, petal, anther, filament, stigma, style and ovary_

A. The Flower

VOXhttp://charliemouse.vox.com/library/photo/6a00d4143067c53c7f00d41446f7386a47.htmlaccessed 14.10.07

Hawaii Community Colegehttp://hawaii.hawaii.edu/laurab/generalbotany/130syllabus.htmaccessed 14.10.07

ClickThin

k

http://charliemouse.vox.com/library/photo/6a00d4143067c53c7f00d41446f7386a47.html

http://hawaii.hawaii.edu/laurab/generalbotany/130syllabus.htm

2. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the stigma

a. assisted by animals (insects, birds, & bats) or the wind

b. both self pollination (same flower) and cross pollination (different flowers) occur_

Stephen Buchmann, Michael R. Kunzmann, Arthur James Donovan and Royden J. Hobbshttp://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap530/p530.htmaccessed 14.01.08

http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap530/p530.htm

3. Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes

a. haploid nucleus from the pollen (male gamete) fuses with the egg cell (female gamete)_

National Science Foundationhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/pr0209.htmaccessed 14.01.08

http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/pr0209.htm

4. Seed dispersal

a. animals- fruits eaten by birds and mammals (carried in gut) or hitch a ride with glue or hooks

b. wind- lifted and carried by parachute or wing, or rolled

c. water- sea travel of coconut

d. propulsion- squirted or shaken_

DiggingVOXhttp://www.penick.net/digging/?p=255accessed 14.01.08

http://www.penick.net/digging/?p=255

1. The external and internal structure of a named dicotyledonous seed

a. testa, micropyle, embryo root, embryo shoot and cotyledons_

B. Seeds

3D Photographyhttp://www.3dphoto.net/world/macro/poppy_seeds.htmlaccessed 15.10.07

The Seed Biology Placehttp://www.seedbiology.de/structure.aspaccessed 15.10.07

ClickThin

k

http://www.3dphoto.net/world/macro/poppy_seeds.html

http://www.seedbiology.de/structure.asp

1. When conditions are favorable, a seed breaks dormancy and germination begins

a. requires specific water, oxygen, and temperature levels_

C. Germination

astrophysics.comhttp://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrintsIndex/GP2154.htmlaccessed 22.05.08

The Seed Biology Placehttp://www.seedbiology.de/water.aspaccessed 14.01.08

Click

http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrintsIndex/GP2154.html

http://www.seedbiology.de/water.asp

author unknownhttp://www.planetnatural.com/site/photo_19.htmlaccessed unknown

2. Rapid uptake of water (through micropyle)

a. hydrophyllic substances beneath the surface attract water (imbibition)

b. rapidly saturates outer coat

c. water moves quickly into deeper tissue by osmosis

d. water allows for metabolic function of enzymes and embryo to release hormones_

SciELOhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04202006000100011accessed 14.01.08

http://www.planetnatural.com/site/photo_19.html

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04202006000100011

3. Use of oxygen

a. increased water content speeds up metabolism initially by anaerobic respiration

b. aerobic respiration quickly takes over in response to high energy demands thus requiring oxygen_



4. Need for a suitable temperature

a. hydrolytic enzymes are used to convert insoluble polysaccharides, fats, and proteins into soluble products

b. enzymes require favorable temperatures to work efficient

c. different plant have different temperature requirements_



5. The metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed involves:

a. begins with absorption of water (allows cells to become metabolically active

b. after rehydration, the formation of gibberellin occurs in the embryo’s cotyledon

c. this stimulates the production of amylase_

Iowa State Universityhttp://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/4-9/seedingrate.htmlaccessed 14.01.08

http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/4-9/seedingrate.html

d. amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch to maltose

e. this subsequently diffuses to the embryo (root and shoot)

f. finally, maltose (converted to glucose) for energy release and growth_

Iowa State Universityhttp://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/4-9/seedingrate.htmlaccessed 14.01.08

http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/4-9/seedingrate.html

D. Flowering

1. The photoperiod is the relative length of day and night which varies throughout the year

a. plants respond to changes in day length or night length (photoperiodism)

b. short-day plants flower sometime between late-summer and early-spring

c. long-day plants flower late-spring or early-summer

2. Flowering is controlled with a light-sensitive protein called phytochrome_

Louisiana State Universityhttp://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/dlongstreth/plphys/lecture_26.htmaccessed 16.01.08

http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/dlongstreth/plphys/lecture_26.htm

3. Phytochrome exists in two interconvertible forms:

a. Pr (red absorbing) in red or white light is converted to Pfr

b. Pfr (far-red absorbing) in far-red light (or gradually in darkness) reverts back to Pr

4. Pfr acts as a promoter of flowering in long-day plants and an inhibitor of flowering in short-day plants_

The College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s Universityhttp://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/bind/olbindtransciption.htmlaccessed 16.01.08

http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/bind/olbindtransciption.html

The End

1. The structure of a dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower

a. sepal, petal, anther, filament, stigma, style and ovary_

A. The Flower

VOXhttp://charliemouse.vox.com/library/photo/6a00d4143067c53c7f00d41446f7386a47.htmlaccessed 14.10.07

ThinkA. Allott, Biology IB Study Guide, Oxford University Press 2007

DRAW AND LABEL THE STRUCTURE OF A DICOTYLEDONOUS ANIMAL-POLLINATED FLOWER

TIMES UP!

http://charliemouse.vox.com/library/photo/6a00d4143067c53c7f00d41446f7386a47.html

1. The external and internal structure of a named dicotyledonous seed

a. testa, micropyle, embryo root, embryo shoot and cotyledons_

B. Seeds

3D Photographyhttp://www.3dphoto.net/world/macro/poppy_seeds.htmlaccessed 15.10.07

ThinkA. Allott, Biology IB Study Guide, Oxford University Press 2007

DRAW AND LABEL THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A NAMED DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED

TIMES UP!

http://www.3dphoto.net/world/macro/poppy_seeds.html

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