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Breaking Down and Absorbing

The Digestive System

Digestive Enzymes

Digestion

The Digestive System

A. Digestion

B. Peristalsis

C. The Alimentary Canal

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A. Digestion

1. Food is ingested through the mouth

2. Digestion breaks large molecules of food into small ones (polymers are broken down into monomers)

a. starch glucose

b. triglyceride (fat) glycerol + fatty acids

c. protein amino acids_

author unknownhttp://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/item.php?news=719 accessed unknown

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3. Small particles can pass through the wall of the gut into the blood (absorption)

4. Undigested food is eliminated (egestion)_

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1. Food is moved along the gut by peristalsis

a. waves of muscular contraction

b. push food (bolus) through the length of the gut

c. fiber in diet assists in movement_

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B. Peristalsis

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C. The Alimentary Canal

1. The gut is a coiled tube that is the site of digestion and absorption

2. The digestive system includes

a. mouth- tongue and teeth

b. oesophagus- moves food to stomach

c. stomach- stores/mixes food with acidic digestive juices (chyme)

d. pancreas and liver (bile)- neutralize acidic chyme and emulsify fats_author unknown

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NAME AS MANY PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AS YOU CAN.

Think about it!

Think

e. small and large intestine- food is absorbed into blood reabsorbs water and vitamins and minerals

f. rectum and anus- stores and release of faeces_

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The End

Digestive Enzymes

A. Enzymes

C. Commercial Uses

B. Enzyme Activity

University of Hokkaidohttp://www.hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp/~gengo/kazuabe/histology/dig2/dig23e.htmlaccessed 11.02.09

1. Digestion is brought about by enzymes (special proteins), acting as catalysts

a. speed up the break down of food (millions of times faster)_

A. Enzymes

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WHAT ARE SOME THINGS YOU DO TO SPEED UP THE WAY YOU DO WORK (HOUSE OR SCHOOL WORK)?

Think about it!

Think

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2. Amylase (mouth) breaks down starch to maltose

3. Protease (stomach) breaks down protein to amino acids

4. Lipase (pancreas) breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol_

The Life Treehttp://www.thelifetree.com/detoxify.htmaccessed 12.02.09

1. The rate of an enzyme reaction can be effected by temperature and pH

2. As temperature increases, the rate of the reaction increases, peaks, and then decreases

a. temperature speeds up motion of molecules

b. enzymes work best at a certain temperature

c. too much heat destroys (denatures) the protein_

Ministry of Education, Singaporehttp://schools.moe.edu.sg/chijsjc/Biology/Enzyme/enzyme.htmaccessed 12.02.09

B. Enzyme Activity

3. As pH increases, the rate of the reaction increases, peaks, and then decreases

a. enzymes work best at a certain pH (optimum)

b. too far above or below destroys the protein_

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1. Enzymes are also used in many industrial processes and products

a. detergents containing enzyme to digest food stains from clothing

b. juice production uses enzymes to break down fruit and allow juice to flow_

Corbishttp://pro.corbis.com/search/Enlargement.aspx?CID=isg&mediauid=%7BD4F2EF73-6ABA-4E76-8968-60C6933978F3%7Daccessed 12.02.09

C. Commercial Uses

Henkelhttp://www.henkel.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-0AC83309-B702B559/henkel_com/hs.xsl/14394_COE_HTML.htmaccessed 12.02.09

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The End

Breaking Down & Absorbing

A. Teeth

C. Absorption of Nutrients

B. Tooth Decay

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A. Teeth

1. Different types of teeth are used when eating

a. incisors (8)- for cutting and biting

b. canine (4)- for holding and biting

c. premolars (8)- for chewing and crushing

d. molars (12)- for chewing and crushing_

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HOW DO YOU THINK LARGE PARTICLES OF FOOD GET INTO THE TINY LITTLE CELLS OF YOUR BODY?

Think about it!

Think

2. There are three main regions to the internal structure of the tooth

a. enamel- hardest tissue in the body

b. dentine- forms major part of tooth

c. pulp cavity- contains tooth-producing cells, blood vessels, and nerve endings_

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1. Excessive consumption of refined sugars leads to tooth decay

a. sugars used by bacteria to carry out life processes

b. bacteria produce a matrix to trap particles (forms plaque)

c. bacteria form acids in the mouth which remove enamel from dentine

d. allow bacteria to reach soft dentine_

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B. Tooth Decay

1. The small intestine is the site of absorption of the products of digestion

2. Villi in the small intestine increase the surface area of absorption

a. folds of intestine contain villi

b. microvilli on the cells further increases the area_

C. Absorption of Nutrients

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University of Hokkaidohttp://www.hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp/~gengo/kazuabe/histology/dig2/dig23e.htmlaccessed 12.02.09

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MCAT Zonehttp://www.mcatzone.com/glosslet.php?letter=vaccessed 11.02.09

3. Products absorbed by the villi are transported through the body

a. hepatic portal vein transports carbohydrates and proteins to the liver

b. the lymphatic lacteal transports fats

4. Indigestible food (such as fiber) is removed through the anus by the process of egestion_

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The End