AUTHOR Bosak, Jeanine; Perlman, Baron A Review of the ... · recent years as evidenced by the...

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AUTHOR Bosak, Jeanine; Perlman, BaronTITLE A Review of the Definition of Rural.PUB DATE 82 ../-7.

NOTE 33p.PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) -- Journal Articles 1080)JOURNAL CIT Journal of Rural Community Psychology; v3 nl p3-34

1982

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO: Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Census Figures; *Definitions; *Evaluation Criteria;

Evaluation Methods; *Evaluation Needs; Literature *

Reviews; Mental Health; Regional Characteristics;*Rural Areas; Rural Population; *Specific,dtions;Statistical Data; Statistical Surveys; Values

IDENTIFIERS Qualitative Analysis; Quantitative Analysis; RuralSociology; Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas

ABSTRAC?A review of 178 sources (articles, books, and other

sources from 1971 through 1980, and frequently-cited earlier sources)on rural sociology and rural mental health indicated 4 majorcategories of definitions of rural: not explicitly stated, verbal(qualitative), homemade quantitative, and external quantitative.Sources were summarized as to author(s), publication date, focus(rural-urban comparison, rural sociology, rural health/mental health,rural human services), basis for defining rural, statistics employed(none, narrative, descriptive, univariate, multivariate), andfindings. An unstated definition was used by 43% (77 sources); 19%(33) used vertal definitions, 15% (27) utilized homemade quantitativedefinitions, and 23% (41) used external quantitative definitions. Of101 sources which defined rural, 22 used multiple components,' butonly 5 sources using homemade quantitative and none using externalquantitative definitions employed multiple criteria. Rural wasdefined in terms of population by 90 sources (verbal = 25, homemadequantitative = 25, external quantitative = 40), but with littleconsensus on population criteria. The most common quantitativeexternal population definitions, both based on census data, werethose of the Department of Commerce (Rural versus Urban) and Officeof Management and Budget (Standard Metropolitah Statistical Area).Other criteria included occupation (14 sources), socioeconomicinformation such as education and income level (19), values (7),isolation (5), and government (4). (MH)

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I

Journal of Rural Community Psychology. Vol 3. No 1. 1982

N-MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED By%ID a"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS

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Ot)Pr\ .(\It TO THE EDUCATIONAL,

RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)"

LW U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER 1E100

Vttutt document nes been Moo:leveed esoftemed from the person or organeasonMtge:mono it

Minor changes nose beefs made to .mptoveremoduOtern owirray

OorntS of .levem epoIons stated in the. (SOOmere do not neteeSenly represent Off 491NiEPosition or policy

A Review of the Definitionof Rural

/ 4 ,

iSEP1983

I , P,ICE:VEDERIC CRESS

Jeanine Bosak Sophistication in defining rural does notand , seem to have kept pace ,vith increased in-Baron Perlman terest in rural psychology and communityUniversity of Wisconri Oshkosh mental health. A sample of the rural soci-

ology and rural mental health literature wasreviewed and analyzed to determine thestate of rural definitions This review of 178

sources indicated four major categories of definitions (a) not explicitly stated.(b) verbal, (c) homemade quantitative. and (d) external quantitative It wasconcluded that there exists a need for more clearly delineated. multidimen.vomit definitions of rum. Other results of the analysts and implications arediscussed

A Review of the Definition of Rtiral

C.C. Interest in rural psychology and community mental health has grown inlakr. This review. Is based in part on the thee* of Jeanine Bosak The authors would like to thank L Alan flanman for his assistant,M.' Reprints may be *blamed from Baron Perlman DeprOMere 01 Psychology %Plover sov of Wisconsin

Oshkosh Oshkosh Wisconsin 54901f'"''

3

4 Bosak and Perlman

recent years as evidenced by the Association for Rural Mental Health. Journalof Rural Community Psychology. Rural Interest Group of Division 27 (Com-munity Psychology) of the American Psychological Association, and theHandbook of Ruri- Community Mental Health (Keller and Murray. in press)However. while attention paid to rural has increased, it seemed to the authorsin their readings (see Table 1) that rigorous explorations of components anddefinitions of rural had not kept pace. that often there has been an assumptionof genenc rurality

Ford (1966) called for a refined definition of rural to allow more preciseclassification and analysis This is not an easy task as reflected in the work by'Willits and Sealer (1967), who evaluated a composite definition of rural, usingecological, occupational and sociocultural variables at an individual and sociallevel They assumed that people and places differed in both number andamount of rural characteristics and concluded that being rural in regard to onecomponent did not imply a high degree of rurality in regard to other compo-nents Furthermore: their research indicated that breadth. power, and direc-tionality of rural components were highly inconsistent. Their work underscoresthe complexities involved when attempting to define a rural area

Detailed definitions of rural (delineating components and degree of rural'ty) would lead to better specification in the meaning of rurality, yielding moredetailed and valid comparisons of different rural areas The result would bemore valia data and better information for understanding and application of thisknowledge for public poky, models and delivery of health services. and distil,button of government 'federal. state. and local) funding for human servicesTo help achieve this goal this article presents an analysis of rural definitions

Method

A sample of rural mental health and rural sociology literature was ex-amined The former was specified by a recent N1MH annotated bibliographyof rural mental health literature (Flax. Wagenfeld. Ivens. & Weiss, 1979) andreading of relevant puma's such as Mental Hygiene. Community MentalHealth Journal. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. American Journal ofOnhopsychiatry etc The latter focused on the Journal, Rural Sociology. andother publications discussed and referenced in it and the rural mental healthreadings This literature was emphasized for review since it offered the bestdata source for application of rural definitions to community psychology andcommunity mental health The total review included articles. books. and othersources from 1971 through 1980 and earlier sources which were cited fre-quently A rating form and four categories of rural definitions were developedand piloted on 40 references The rural literature was summarized using (a1authoris) date of publication. (c) locus of writing (rural-urban comparison.rural sociology rural mental health etc 1. (dl basis for defining rural. (el statis-

A Rewew of the Deft:101°r of Rural 5

tics employed (none, narrative, descnptive, univanate, mulbvanate. and (9findings The four rural definitional categories were:

1 not stated the author(s) used the term rural without definition(e g , that which is not urban, that which is not metropolitan, ornot stated at all).

2 verbal a definition was employed which relied on qualitative cn-feria. rather than quantitative, such as type of predominant occu-pational, sociocultural, or value systems of a region Althoughspecific charactenstics were described, amounts were not pre-sented (e g , a small town'and surrounding farm area comprisedthe rural region)

3 homemade quantitative a definition included specific quantitiesof what was rural without reference to an external source (i.e thedefinition was not cited as based on previously published work ordata)

4. external quantitative a definition indicated specific quantities ofrural, utilizing external sources such as census data or previouslypublished research

For purposes of this paper only the four rural definitional categones willbe reviewed and discussed Presence or absence of statistical analyses andtype of analysis were included to determine if companng data between studieswas possible Detailed examination of statistical procedures was not carvedout by the authors nor was an analysts of significant findings addressed Thisinformation was provided so that it could be utilized by readers in conceptual-izing and summanzing rural issues and research

Results

The categorization of rural definitions (see Table 1) showed that of 178references reviewed, 43% (N= 77) used a "not stated definition of rural,19% (N= 33) used a "verbal" definition, 15% (N= 27) utilized "homemadequantitative" definitions, and 23% (N=41) used "external quantitative- def.'moons a the 101 sources which defined rural, 22(22%) used multiple com-ponents. however, only five sources utilizing homemade quantitative andnone using external quantitative definitions employed multiple cntena. This isbased in part on the authors' decision to categorize Standard Metropolitan Sta-tistical Areas (SMSA) as a singular definition (population) Although (seebelow) it includes social" and economic components, these are not explicitlydefined in Office of Management and Budget (1975) data

Table 1Review of Rural WeraturesNOT STATED DEFINITION

Basis ofAuthors Date Focus Definition Statistics

Alonia S A 1979 rural urbancomparison

Descriptive

Auerbach A .1 InI. H Ginsberg II:d 1

1976 rural urbancomparison

OeSCriptiVe

Racine'. I) C &Molnar .1 .1

19110 ruralsociology

Bacon I 1971 rural urbancomparison

Descriptive

Bankston W B &Allen If I)

19}10 ruralsociology

Multwarrate

Beale: R C 1966 rural urbancomparison

Bents W K . Edgerton,.1 W & Hollister W Cr

197I rural menialhealth

Bents W K . Edgertor.1 W . & Kherlopran M

1969 rural mentalhealth

Descriptive

Bentz W K . Fdgerion.1 W . & Miller 1- T


Descriptive

Memos. A 1 .1i 1971 rural urbancomparison

Descriptive

'The "Statistics

Findings

Rural origin does not inhib.t adjustment of workersto structure organised around rigid rules of behavior

Found differences in population. sources of income.housing, transportation. use of leisure time

Origin in rural south more likely impoverished ifnever migrated. origin in rural north. poverty maximired if intra regional migration to another ruralplace

High rates of lethal violence in some areas seemsubcultural in others structural influences moreimportant .

Education & income significantly related totendency to identify cases as mentally ill

Dillerences found between rural ouhlic & ruralteachers in attitudes toward mentally ill

Urban incomes higher than rural urban hold moreprestigious jobs

and "findings" columns do nor apply for Merano.* with no data collection or s:curstics, and thus are lett blank

ON

Authors Date

Brown D L 1'478

Carrutlivs 0 E Ereckson 197r,F C & Renner K N Mile 1

Focus

TUTal urbancomparison

coniinundyservices

Table 1 (Continued)

Basis ofDefinition Statistics

Descrtrunre

Cedar I & Salmon J 1°79 rural mentalhealth

Cohen .1 1972 rural rnentalhealth

Descriptive

Capp .1 II 1972 ruralsociology

Carney 11 T 1068 rural mentalhealth

Dulaney P 1 Sr

Wooili .11975 commundy

mental health

Dunne I 19841 ruralsocoilogv

Narrative

Durant T .1 Jr &Knowlpin C S

1978 ruralsot pit o%

In I R lord 0 d 1Edgetton 1W &Brim, W K

1968 ruralmental health

Descriptive

Fisenhari M A 1978 rural urban:gr 1 mental health

comparison

Eisenhart M A 1979 natalNote 1 mental health

Aetc

Findings a)

Socioeconomic status is lower arid racial disparity is o....,greater in less whanned counties 3.

m

..-.

8n

thil$7011011 ratec for outpatient services dropped with o.-..distance from agency P3

2,

Rural young chow substantial occupationalstereotyping especially when educational aspirationsme lower

Most rural studied unaware of mental health facilityaadable but seen ac net ded resource Mosttolerate mentally ill &not related

Authors Date Focus

Table I (Continued)


Eisenhart. M . & Ruff T 1980 rurahurbanNote 4 mental health

comparison

van Es. J C . &Whittenharger. R L.

1970 ruralsociology

Univartaie

Featherman. DI 1971 rural urbancomparison

Multivariate

Flora. C B B. & Johnson SIn T R Ford tEd I

197R ruralsociology

Ford, T R 1966 rural urbancompansln

Ford, T R . &Sutton.W A . Jr

19(A ruralsociology

In J H Copp (Ed /Goldschmidt, W 1978 rural

sociologyOnwanate

Grasmick. H 0 &0rasmick M fi


Univariate

Gunan. H 1971 ruralmental health

Hackler T 1979 rural urbanmental healthcomparison

Haga. W -1 &I else C L

1971 ruralsociology

Descriptive

Findings

Social participation is related to stratification positionWithin social strata. participation in formal political sy-stem is related to other forms of social participation

Effect of paternal occupational status is most directin the early years of a mans career

Support agrarian thesis that family farms are condu-cive to democratic rural communines

Farm family background significantly effects modernity. even with control for other variables

Social boundaries differ from trade boundaries Assize of town decreases, number of reta.lienrsbought decreases, but allectional relationships persist Greaser number identift 3 with smallest townsborn near residence than those identifying withlarger towns

03

Table 1 (Continued)

Basis ofAuthors Date Focue Definition Statistics

Hanson. 1 RIn E W Hassinger SiL R Whiting lEds I

1976 rural urbanhealthcomparison

Hargrove. D $ in ruralIn P A Keller & press mental healthJ D Murray lEds 1Higgins. W M in ruralIn P A Keller & press mental healthJ D Murray (Fds IHinkle. J E. , &Ivey A E


Descriptive

I lobbs D .1 1980 ruralsociology

Hollister. W GIn L H Ginsberg 1E4 ?


Huessy. H R .1972 roiralIn H H Saito & .nenial healthL Bellak (Eck IHunter W F 1973

Nor, 5ruralmental health

Jeffrey NI J &Reeve R E


Johnson R 1. & 1970 rural urban MuttivanateKnepp F comparison

Jones J I)Robin S S &


-Descriptive

Wagenfeld M 0

8

Findings

Rural altitudes of residents and community leadersinward mental health not faun(' to differ much

Community satisfaction is a multidimensional variableLillian reorients more satisfied with shopping. meltcal facilities. leachers, work opportunities entertainment Rural residents more satisfied with local democrate: processes geographical milieu, salary stale

Rural centers spend more time in outteach thanurban Staffing patterns differ Community mentalhealth ideology endorsed more strongly by ruralstall .

so

sO

Author, Date

Keller, P A . & Prutsman. inT D , In P A Keller & press.1 D Murray (Eds 1.Korsching. P F , & 1978Sapp. S G

Ladewig. H . &McCann. G C

Table 1 (Continued) C2;

Basis ofFocus Dofiniiion Statistics Findings

ruralmental health

ruralsociology

1980 ruralsociology

Larson. 0 r & Rogers. 1964F. M In J H Copp (Ed )Lee F S 1972

LeVeen, F P

Lowe G I) &Pinhey I K

rural urbancomparison

rural mbarcomparison

1979 rural

1980 ruralsociology

Mernielstein J & 1973Sundet PMermelstern J & Sundet. 1976P In I. II Ginsberg (Ed 1Miller M & Ostendorf in0 In P A Keller & press.1 I) Murray (Nis )Mornson .1 1976In L 11 Ginsberg OA 1

UnpubbahodManompi

I ONONob 6

Murray, .1 1) &Keller P A

ruralmental health

ruralsocial workruralmental health

rural urbancomparison

ruralmenial health

Descriptive Official procedures used to estimate unemploymentin rural areas lack validity to some degrees. & mayunderestimate the actual employment

Multivanate Mass media score most salient social & economiccharacteristic influencing ones level of communitysatisfaction

Descriptive Rural-urban differences an fertility rates are c,,sappealing In rural the lower the educational attainmeat the higher the fertility ratio

Descripnve Imposition of Reclamation Act would benefit ruralcommunity

Descriptive Rura: people in general or farm people an par-ticular do not place lower value on formai educanon as compared to urban counterparts

..Authors Date Focus

Table 1 (Continued)


Nelsen. M M . Frost. E 1971 - ruralsociology

Descriptive

Nelsen, H M .Yokley. R I . &

1971 rural-whencomparison

Descriptive

T W MadronNelson, A D InE W Hassinger & I. R

1976 ruralhealth

Whiting (Eds )

Nelson J I &Grams. R

1978 ruralsociology

Univanate

Darin. I. D , SamuelsM E & Biedenkapp J

1978 communilymental health

Pahl. R E 1966 ruralurbancompanson

Perez I. 1979 ruralsociology

Price, M 1. &Clay. D C

1980 ruralsociology

Multivanate

Riggs, R I . &Kugel. I. F


--,

Stoked* R N Read, 1-1Evans. J F .:r Kong A C

1971 rural urbancompel's°

Narrative

Schultz. I. G In1. H Ginsberg (Ed I

1976 rural socialwork

Schwab. J .1 Werhen0 J & Holzer, C E

1974 rural urban.mental healthcomparison

10

Findings

Rural respondents more anemic Rural say schoolsworse than elsewhere Relationship betweenresidence & success significant. with response"education" more common in rural

Inverse relationship between residence and tonervelum

Industrial homogeneity related to interaction

Migration is strongly associated with perceived problems in municipal service, eddcatiors. social welfare.health care. recreation. & cultural iitivenis

Farmers significantly more favorable towardpesticide industry than city dwellers

Table I (Contlr.ed)Basis of

Authors Date Focus Definition Statistics FindingsSmith. C L . Hogg, T C ,

& Reagan. M C,

Southern RegionalEducation Board

1971

1976

ruralsociology

rural socialwork

Descriptive Economic development of Sweet Home

In L H Ginsberg (Ed )Stellensmeter D J &Jordan, C


Descriptive Trends of rural female crime parallel urban femalecrime, except female levels of larceny theft are increasing faster in urban woman

Stoianovic E J t972 ruralsociology

Descriptive Lowincome rural were successfully informed ofpublic program for aged

Venda. M 1979 rural urbancomparison

Multivariate Rural children more economically active than urban(Peru)

United Stales Departmentof Health. Education &

1977 final urbancomparison

WelfareWhite House ConferenceAging. 1971

1976 ruralsociology

In L H Ginsberg (Ed IWilson. V E In E WHassinger & L R

1976 ruralhealth

Whiting (lids )

Wylie, M 1.In L H Ginsberg (Ed I

1976 rural socialwork

VERBAL DEFINITION

Basis ofAuthors Date Focus Definition Statistics Findings

Beater, R C , Willits. F K ,& Kuvlesky. W P

196S ruralsociology

population,occupation,

socioeconomics

't Z

Authors Date Focus

Table I (Continued)


Beers. H WIn J B Gut ler (Ed /

1957 ruralsociology

population

Bentz W K &Niger:on .1 W


population Narrative

Berry B & Davis A f 197K communitymental health

populationoccupation

Bopegamage A & 1972 rural urban population DescriptiveROAM, R N c c imparison Sot mecOriOmIC$

Institutionsmarketing

Buxton E B 1976 rural social populationIn 1. II Ginsberg (hi / work socioeconomics

educationpolitics

Copp J I1 In f W11a.m:slier & I. R Whiting

197b ruralhealth

location

(Eck l

Daniels () 1,4 1967 ruralmental health

population.isolation

economicsgovernment

Fiviculer. C Alms( c hi 1911it rural population.1 & Young R I mental health occupation

density. Income

Englend .11 Ciibbrins 1979 rural populatioil MultivariateW I X4 101111.011 11 B1 sor vilogy occupation

ef0,100)40

Findings

Community leaders & general public similar in atNudes toward mentally ill Public more likely toascribe illness to heredity morality organicity

Urbanization has varying impact on different castesand occupations, with other factors influencingvariation

Values sect predicted by variables indicatingposition of respondent m class struct l of (amtriunity. maturity strabfkalum of community &rurality Industrialization & organizational revolutioncontribute modestly

t'u

Authors

Falk W W , &Puthev T KFischer C S

Flax J W hens R EWagenfeld M 0 &Weiss R JFord. T RIn T R lord (Ed /

form w ri

Gecas V

Date Focus

1978 rota)sociology


1978 ruracreirntalhealth

Table 1 (Continued)


eihnomettiodo-logical

population

populationsocioeconomics.

values

1978 rural population so,sociology cioeconomics

values. environ-ment technology

1971 rural urban father's Descriptiveoccupation

population Multivariate1980 totalsociology

Hassinger E W In F W 1976Hassmger & I R Whilinglids I

Hollingsworth R &Hendrix F MHowell. r M

i

N

rural health

1977 rota! mentalhealth

1980 rural

population, ccccupation, wooeconomics. val

ues age chslithunoVisolation

population

population. Multivariatesocioeconomics .

13

Findings

No differences in adaptation found between workersfrom rural & urban backgrounds within countriesMore urban workers skilled. & educational achievemenu higher in urban

Staustional obstbeles have's! least as much influorite on motivational variables as the mote cornmonly stressed family interaction variables

Among women who marry soon alter high schoolaccess to higher educatioo has most influence onhusband's occupational status Process of attainmeat in marriage differs for white & black women

Authors Date Focus

Table 'I (Continued)

Oasis ofDefinition Statistics

Htrssy, H R In S EGoa ', & C Endorfer(Eds )


population,occupation.

socioeconomics

Kraentel. C F . &Macdonald. F H

1972 rural menialhealth

density

Larson 0I=In T R Ford

1978 rural -urbancomparison

population Descriplive

Miran& A M 1970 rural urbancomparison

population Descriptive

Perry H I 1980 ruralsociology

population

Schnore I I 1966 rural urbancomparison

occupationindustry

Sorensen J I & in rural mental populationlfargreaves W A press healthIn P A Keller & J I)Murray Was I

Streit,. G F 1970 rural urbancomparison

occupation Descriptive

Swanson B E . & Swartson E in I: W Kissinger

1976 rural health socioeconomics

& I It Whiting (Us ITranel N 1970 rural mental occupationIn II fitunebaunt (Id I health socioeconomics

values

Wedel H I. 1969 rural mentalhealth

population

14

Findings

Activity & work/gib attachment significantly higherin rural Rural more puritanical & more religious

More rural dwellers visited relatives regularlyFriendship participation more extensive in urban

Farmers gave more traditional answers to intergenerational dilemmas than urban males IVferences even greater between high socioeconomicstatus categories

ui

Authors

Wilkinson K P InP A Keller & J 0Murray (ids 1

Wilson. V-E

Young R C &Larson o r

Authors

&mollifier I. C ben.1M & Gage R WBischoff If (i W

Bokeineier .1I &Tait J 1

Christenson .1 A

C q AM

Table 1 (Continued)

Basis ofDate Focus Definition Statistics

in !total population soptess sociology croeconomics

values spatialarrangement

1971 rural medical populationhealth socioeconomics

1970 rural population Descriptives.ociology school district

T.

Date

1971

1976POO

MO

l()79

1971

Findings

e::..1

Position in community structure limns social interac-tion Structural position influences perception ofcommunity structure Potential for interaction increases identification & participation in communitystructure

HOMEMADE QUANTITATIVE DEFINITION

Basis ofFocus Definition Statistics

rural human populationservices

rural menial populationhealth

rural population Narrativesociology

rural*sociology

ruralsot wimp/ socioeconomics

population Multivanate

iopulatum Narrative

Findings

Women power actors have less community efficacythan men Degree of community efficacy of womengreater relative to sow expressive issues than to instrumental issues

Value based push pull forces seem to operateprimarily on non metro to metro movers

More difkrentiated community has higher rate ofrural urban migration

on

AuthorsDuncan, 0 DIn J P Gibbs fEd /

Date1961

Focusrural urbancomparison

Table I (Continued)Basis of

Definition Statisticspopulation Descriptive

Haller, A 0 &Sataiva. H U

1972 ruralsociology

isolation Multivariate

Hassmger E W Benson. 1972 rural population DescriptiveJ R . & Holik J S sociology (township size,

largest place.density)

Hollister C D , BastD & Dotezal. R In

1976 ruralsociology

population

L H Ginsberg Bid /Hougland .1 0 Rim K& Ornstenson .1 A

1979 ruralsociology

population Univariate

Miller M K & 1979 rural urban population MultivariateCinder K W comparison occupation.

socioeconomics,isolation

Molnar .1 J Purohii. 1979 rural population khilavanateS Mats H A &Lee V W

sociology incomeeducation

Napier T I 1971 rural urbancomparison

population Univarsate

16

FindingsDensity declines with decreased community sizeFarming decreases as community size increasesMore males in farm & nonfarm than urban Elderlyincrease as size decreases. but farm, non-farm morelike urban % high school graduates, white collar,& income decreases with community sizeAn 8 -item levelol.living scale is shown to be valid.reliable. & an economical indicator of the sottoeconomic status (actor measured by alt stratificationinstruments usedChurch programs duties with size of township andchurch sect type

Socioeconomic status is positively associated withboth general membership & the degree of participation in voluntary organizationsUrban economic satisfaction higher than rural Impact of residence on community satisfaction is mainlamed when controlled for personal characteristics

Changes in satisfaction with individual services hashole to do with changes in overall communitysatisfactionUrban socioeconomic status higher Urban morecommitted to formal education Rural mote modestwit Urban more satisfied with community services Urban more mobile Educational achievemerit income. lerfifity ratio. & median age differences ate converging

Table I (Continued)Basis of

StatisticsMultivariate

AuthorsNelsen. H M ReedJ P & Init. 13 ENelsen H M &Yokley R INi:Ison, J 1

Ozartis I D

Date1971

1970

1973

inpress

Focusrural urbancomparisonrural urbaacomparisonrural urbancomparisonrural mentalhealth

Definitionpopulation

population

population

population

Rogers D I . Pendleton,B F Goudy V/ J &

1978 ruralsociology

population

Richards. R 0

Slesinger D P 198! rural urbancomparison

population

Swanson. I E . JrLuloff, A E . &

1979 ruralsociology

population

Warland, R HTremblay. K R JrDaman. D A &

1980 ruralsociology

population

Van (.sere. K DTremblay. K R Jr &Dunlap. R E


population

Wang. C S Y . &Sewell W H


population

Warner P D &Bun* R J


population

Descriptive

Narrative

Multivariate

Multivariate

tvlultivari

Find rigsUrban peso ers more likely to score high on Antilaw Index )Rural less liberal on civil rights scale than urbanMinisters more liberal than eldersFound moderate relationship between aspirations &community size

Change in manufacturing & in levels of income arerelated when employment data used Populationsize & change. distance to SMSA. & type of industr does not effect relationshipMoth 's education, age number of children, &phi of medical services for well care is significantlyrelated to preventive scoresA large segment of nonmetro population is swingto move if given good employment opportunity

e Nonmetro residence & single family home ownership is preferred

Descriptive

Multivariate

Rural-urban differences stronger when concern isassessed for environmental problems at community.not state, level Urban more concerned with environmeni than rural fanners & non farmersInfluence of residential variables is to altermagnitude of effecrs of occupation on earnings

Onivarole With respect to perceived adequacy of communityservices subjective & objective appraisals are consislent. urban correctly perceive their services asmore adequate. personal characteristics do not conWane much

fi

Zo'

Authors

MIAs, r K , &Bea ler R C

Woodrow. K Hastings,I) W & Tu. J

Zuiches J J &Rieger J H

Authors

Beak. C I.In I R Ford JEd )Beak C I. & FusionG V lii K E TaeuberL L Bumpass & .1 ASweet Ieds

Blackwood I G &carpenter F Fl

Table 1 (Continued)

Oasis ofDate Focus Definition Statistics

1967 rural occupation Multivanatesociology socioeconomics,

ecology

1978 rural urbancomparison population Descriptive

1978 rural population Descriptivesociology

Date

1978

1978

1978

findingsBeing tonal on regard to one component does notimply h.gh degree of rurality in regard to othercomponents Composite definition with constantweightings of little use in understanding influence ofcomponents

Urban average life expectancy at birth higher Ruralgrisly younger. more likely to ever many. &remarry younger Slightly greater likelihood ofdivorce in urban

Preference for :Jral area greatest among oldestcohort P-ogressive increase in initial preferences forrural among more recent cohorts Direct associationbetween preferences & short & long term residentialmobility

EXTERNAL QUANTITATIVE DEFINITIONBasis of

Definition StatisticsFocus

r Oral

sociology

meal urbancomparison

ruralsociology

population(rural urban)

populationISMSA)

population Muliwanaie(rural urban

SMSA)

16

Findings it

Expressed concern for population size related to sizeof place preferences Anourbanosm related to migralion potential of large cm, residents Antturbanismimportant in deierunrung preference for moreisolated towns sO

Table I (Continued)

Basis ofAuthors Date Focus Definition Statistics

Bndges <I C 1972 ruralsociology


Descriptive

Brown. K M 1971 rurairbancomparison

population(SMSA)

Descriptive

Butler. J E , & 1970 rural populationFuguitt, G V sociology (rural urban) Univarrate

Clayton. I 1977 ruralsociology

population .

(SMSA)

Cordes. S M In E W 11976 rural populationHassinwr & L R `Autos health (SMSA)fEds I

Den. J M 1973 ruralsociology

population(rural urban,

SMSA)

Fuguitl. C V 1971 ruralsociology

population(SMSA)

Descriptive

Gertz. B Mender. J . & 1975 rural mental NIMilPltickhari. M L health Directory

Ginsberg, L II In 1976 rural social populationI. Ii Ginsberg lid 1 work ISMSA)

Findings

No support for idea that persons associated withnative religion will be found in greater proportion inrural districts

Urbanization gradients of 11960 data in same Juec-non as those reported by Duncan. 195() data, butdegree of slope less .

Positive association between small town nopulationchange & distance to nearest large town when largetown is slightly larger II nearest large town muchlarger. then negative association WI small townsshow tendency to grow when near large town.regardless of large town size

Incorporated nonSMSAs grew in 1950. M. '70More places move to larger size classes than movedown Places with larger initial sire show more &quicker growth

1d

hzo

Authors Date Focus

Table 1 (Continued)

Sage ofDefinition Statistics

Hasinger, E W & 1970 rural population DescriptiveHolik J S sociology (turaurban)

Heaton T B 1980 ruralsociology

populationISMSA)

Hougland. J 0 Jr & 1978 rural population MultivarrateSutton, W A . Jr sociology (Kruegel. 19661

Johansen H E & 1979 rural population. MultivanateFuguiti. G V sociology ISMSA)

Jones J D Wagenleld 1976 rural mental population NarrativeM 0 & Robin S S health INIMH Directory)

Kahn. E J sit 1973 populationdistribution

populationISMSA)

Kane W J 1478 rural health population(rural urban)

Kerschenbaum A 1471 ruralsociology

populationISMSA)

Descriptive

Lucille!. D T 1079 rural urban population MuluvanateHeaton T B & comparison (SMSAI'ileum G V

Mat et I & 1979 rural population MultivariateClietroweth I sociology ISMSA)

2u

Fl ndings

Greater number of rural churches since 1952 Sectsexperienced greater pioportion of additions thanchurches

Number of volunteers is useful predictor ol Interorganizational participation

Weak association between urban accessibility &retail change is due to negative direct effect of tit,ban accessibility on retail change offset by positiveindirect effect operating through pot...dation change

Rural show more stall hours invested in "programtalented consultation" than urban, Inner city, orsuburban Rural centers see selves as different frommedical model

No increase in volume on migration from metro tononmetro foundMigration streams less selective of young & highsocioeconomic groups since 1970, but decline isless prominent fot nonmetro Age structure. educabon. & occupation composition more dissimilarMigration has pushed age structure up & SFS statusdown in nonmetro areasIblletences in supply & demand factors related tolabor market activity between rural metro & ruralnonmetro women N.

Authors

McGinn. N F

P/och. L A

Pryor. R

Ramey. K D . &Rainey. K GIn T R Ford (EdRieger..1 H

Schwarzweller. H K

Smith. L W . &Petersen, K K

Solomon. G

Sleeves, A D

Date Focus

197i rinAl urbancomparison

197$ ruralsociology

1968 ruralsociology

197R ruralsociology

1972 ruralsociology

1979 ruralsociology

1980 rural-urbancomparison

cores rural mental

Men uthow health

uiptNote 8

1972 ruralsociology (census farm)

Table I (Continued)

Basis -ofDefinition Statistics Findings

population Multivariate Urban knowledge is acquired through exposure to(ruralurban) cities Once person fives in city. increase in involve-

ment in social systeM leads to increase in urbanknowledge

population(rutalurban)

Population(rural- urban)

populationfSMSA1


population(SMSA)

population(rural - urban)

populationISMS/0

Descriptive Most men raised In rural place would leave com-munity of orientation Preponderance of movementis cetyward Migrants have higher levels of occupational attainment Mean SES of normigrants en1957 exceeds that of fathers of migrants

Descriptive No support for Stouffer's suggestion that highertolerance level of urban may be due to having livedin both worlds

occupation Descriptive As proletarianization rises, capital commitments toagriculture decrease Degree of proletarianizationrelated to type of farm enterprise, age. education.income, & political preference

Table I (Continued)

Basis ofAuthors --.. Date Focus Definition Statistics

Sweet. J A 1972 rural urbancomparison

population(ruralurban)

Multsvanate

Tarver. J D 1972 ruralsociology

population(SMSA)

Descriptive

United States Depart 1974 rural mental population Descriptivemen' of i:ealth. Education health (SMSA)& Welfare

United States Depart 1978 rural mental populationmeat of Health. Education. health (SMSA)& WelfareVeevers J E 1971 rural-urban

comparisonpopulation Descriptive

Wagenfeld, M 0 & 1076 rural mental population NarrativeRobin, S S In health (SMSA)1 H Ginsberg IEd 1

xWeber. Ci K 1976 rural

sociologypopulation

(rural urban)

Wilkinson. K P 1978 rural populationIn T R Ford (Ed ) sociology (rural urban)

Witt. J 1977 ruralsociology


Zuiches .1 1 & 1978 rural population NarrativeBrown. D I. sociology ISMSA)In T R Ford (Ed I

22

Findings75% of working farm women in 1960 were engaged in nonfarm occupationsIndustrial structure of towns at start of decade in-fluenced population trends In ensuing decadeRural centers younger than non & part rural 90%of rural centers in poverty catchment area Ruralhad more inpatient than part . but less than non.rural Outpatient greater at non-rural

Rural woman less likely to be childless than urbanwomanRural centers view organization as social serviceUrban centers view is medical Rural centers moreactivist in organizational role than urban Ruralmore subject to discrepancy between organizational& personal expectation

Growth of young & old ages in nonmetro Propor-tion of males declining in nonmetro Ho"sehold saedeclining faster in nonmetro Nonwhite declined innonmetro Education. % white collar & income increasing in nonmetro

24Bosak and Perlman

Ninety sources defined rural in terms of population (verbal. N =25.homemade quantitative. /V= 25, external quantitative, N= 40) As definitionsbecame quantified. population becomes the sole component studied "Rural-urban' and SMSA were the two primary population definitions in Table 1. bothare based on census data However, there was little concensus on a populationrxitenon to define rural, it was applied to any town/city with a population ;assthan 2.500 to less than 40.000. Other criteria wed to define rural included oc-cupation (14 sources), such as farming versus manufacturing. socioeconomic(19 sources), such as education and income levels, values (7 sources), whichincluded importance of family and work ethic factors. isolation (5 sources).such as distance to a major city or university, and government (4 sources),such as type. or dependency on or autonomy from neighboring towns

To determine if definitions were becoming more quantified in recentyears. sources published since January 1978 (N=73) were inspected. In thissubsample. 42% utilized homemade or external quantitative definitions versus38% of all sources reviewed. 57% of the sources reviewed since January1978. fell in the not stated and verbal categories as compared with 62% of allliterature reviewed

In the review, 48 sources presented a ruralurban companson. It wasfound that 23 of these (48%) were based on "not stated" definitions of rural.seven utilized "verbal" definitions. 11 "homemade quantitative," and seven"external quantitative" definitions Descriptive or inferential statistics related toruralurban differences were presented in 32 cases (non stated. N=9. verbal.N= 7. homemade quantitative. N= 10. external quantitative. N= 6)

The two most widely used quantitative external definitions were thosebased on United States Bureau of the Census data. Rural versus Urban (U SDepartment of Commerce, 1970). and Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area(SMSA) (Office of Management and Budget. 1975) For example. a NationalInstitute of Mental Health study published in 1974 (U S. Department ofHealth. Education and Welfare) defined a rural town as havin2 a populationof less than 2.500 and a rural county as having at least 50% of its populationresiding in towns no larger than 2.500 The rural county definition then wasused to define catchment areas of community mental health centers TheSMSA definition was formed on the basis of three cntena population size.metropolitan character. and integration (Maret & Chenoweth, 1979) Briefly.a SMSA was defined as an area which included one city with 50.000 or moreinhabitants, or a city with at least 25.000 inhabitants, which together with contiguous places. had a combined population of 50.000 and constituted for general economic and social purposes a single community. provided that thecounty had a total population of at least 75,000

DiscussionThe review of rural literature supported the belief that a wide vanety of

23

A Review of the Definitioi: of Rural 25

definitions of rural have been employed Comparative analysis of hypothesiz-ed .rural-urban differences. replication studies. and comparability of differentrural areas all are difficult because of lack of operational definitions (not statedand verbal) and because few authors are using the same definitions Whenrural was defined it was treated as a unidimensional concept in most literature.when rural was quantified, reliance was almost totally on population cntenaDisappointingly there is no strong trend toward more quantified explorationsof the meaning of rural. the proportions of "not stated" and "verbal" delini-tiOriS utilized since 1978 was comparable to those used in the entire literaturesample reviewed

This is not to argue that quantified definitions of rural are in and of them.selves the goal. they have limits They rely almost totally on population data.omitting such important considerations as sociocultural or value factors Theyalso may mask changing lifestyles and migration trends For example. todefine an area as rural or urban may overlook differences between rural andurban counties adjacent or nonadjacent to a SMSA (Beale & Fuguitt. 1978.Heaton. 1980. and Schwarzweller, 1979) (Adjacent counties have greater ac-cessibility to services and employment within an SMSA than do nonadjacentcounties and thus may be more urban than rural in nature)

It is evident that multidimensional definitions of rural which focus on so-ciocultural or occupational factors as well as population criteria are not in wideuse One example being explored by the authors in a study of mental healthadministrators combines a rural definition based on population density andcenter concepts with SMSA influences This taxonomy of rural has four parts(a) an urban $MSA baseline for comparison purposes, (b) rural county in aSMSA. (d rural county adjacent to SMSA, and (d) rural county nonadjacentto SMSA A county with a city of 10.000 or more (the population center) inwhich 50% of the population or more live in towns, cities of 2.500 or greaterwas defined as urban Any county not meeting either of these criteria is defin-ed as rural

This conceptualization of a heterogeneous rural has application in thestudy of mental health management and systems Selection and onentation ofpersonnel for mental health positions would locus on specific components ofrural in a catchment area and how these influence both work and nonworkparts of these professionals' lives (cultural events available. school systemquality and type. shopping. medical facilities available, etc ) A detailed in-spection of rural would aid in understanding the career paths and turnover ofmen al health professionals Rather than asking whether the generic ruralcatchment area has difficulty recruiting and retaining staff, interest would be onwhether differences occur between rural mental health systems in countiesnonadjacent to SMSA, counties adjacent to SMSA. and in SMSAs Do theserural systems differ in .:.alanes for mental health professionals, roles mentalhealth professionals fill, or turnover rates" For example, data under analysisindicate that retention of mental health administrators may be better" in urbanand nonadjacent rural areas. than in adjacent rural catchment areas These

2.i

26 &sok and Perlman

may be the starting systems in mental health management career paths. Fur.ther research is needed but the point is that propinquity of rural systems toSMSA may make these adjacent systems significantly different from nonadja-cent rural counterparts. .,

In conclusion, the authors are not arguing for any one specific definitionof rural but for attention paid in defining and conceptualizing rural equal to theenergy currently devoted to rural problems and issues.

1

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