Australian macrofungi have wide distributions that …...Australian macrofungi have wide...
Transcript of Australian macrofungi have wide distributions that …...Australian macrofungi have wide...
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Australian macrofungi have wide distributions that are
explained by climate
Tom May & Grant Harris
Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne
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• What are the patterns of distribution of fungi within Australia?
• What are the determinants of such patterns?
QUESTIONS ABOUT AUSTRALIAN FUNGAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
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• Reviews by Walker (1983: Aust. J. Bot. Supp. Ser. 10; 1996: Fungi Australia 1A)
• Focus on microfungi and continental/regional distributions
• E.g. Gondwan patterns (Cyttaria, Acacia rusts)
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN FUNGI
Acacia rusts •Atelocauda •Ravenelia •Uromycladium
Walker (1996) Fungi of Australia 1A
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Worldwide 382 studies (1933-2012) using herbarium specimens for study of biogeographical patterns or environmental change
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Bryophytes Lichens Seaweeds Fungi
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FUNGI HERBARIUM SPECIMENS UNDER-USED IN BIOGEOGRAPHY
Lavoie (2013) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 15: 68-76
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• Databasing of herbarium specimens – Australia’s Virtual Herbarium: c. 160,000 records
• Fungimap: >120,000 records, mainly of target species
• Atlas of Living Australia – single portal
ALA: UNPRECEDENTED ACCESS TO POINT DISTRIBUTION DATA
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FUNGIMAP – FOCUS ON TARGET SPECIES
fungimap.org.au
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FUNGIMAP targets
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Amanita xanthocephala – 1793 records
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Broad Mycogeographical Regions
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Proportion of presence in each mycogeographical region
Species AC TT NE SE TAS SW Records
Mycena interrupta 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.13 79.87 0.00 2280
Podaxis pistillaris 93.91 3.26 1.30 1.09 0.00 0.43 460
>50 records co-ord uncertainty < 10 km
ArcGIS 9.3
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DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 193 species of agarics, puffballs, polypores and false-truffles
Species AC TT NE SE TAS SW Records
Mycena interrupta 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.13 79.87 0.00 2280
Podaxis pistillaris 93.91 3.26 1.30 1.09 0.00 0.43 460
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Centre only
Centre + TT + NE Centre + NE + SE
Montagnea arenaria Schizostoma laceratum
Podaxis pistillaris Battarrea stevenii
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Everywhere
Everywhere (not Centre) +/- TAS
Pycnoporus sanguineus Schizophyllum commune
Coltricia cinnamomea Phaeotametes decipiens
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TT + NE
TT + NE + SE
Gloeophyllum concentricum Trametes mariana
Fomitopsis feei Coriolopsis polyzona
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TT + NE + ?SE
TT + NW + SE + TAS
Microporus xanthopus
Flavodon flavus
McLeay/Macpherson Overlap
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NE + SE n=4
NE + SE + TAS n=9
Microporus affinis Oxyporus cervinogilvus
Dictyopanus pusillus Mycena leaiana
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SE + TAS n=40 SE only n=1
TAS n=45
Marasmiellus affixus Mycena interrupta
Cortinarius chrysocopos Entoloma readiae
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WA + TAS+ SE n=40
WA + TAS + SE + NE n=13
Cortinarius persplendidus Gymnopilus allantopus
Macrolepiota clelandii Mycena austrororida
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• Gaps in data [especially TT and wet tropics of NE]
• Geocode errors [maps assist detection]
• Misidentifications
• Local name traditions [different names across range]
• Uptake of taxonomic revisions
• Omission of synonyms [ALA name service issues]
• Species delimitation [possible cryptic species, need to base on phylogenetic species]
ISSUES
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Cunninghamian Clelandian Cribbean
Biogeographic regions of Australia
Plants Animals
Fungi
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• Most species wide distributions, often spanning E+W or S+N of continent.
• Very few species restricted to one area
• Discrete ‘mycogeographic areas’ that make up broad distributions [big jig-saw pieces]
• Some species span areas of two regions
Mycogeographic regions/areas
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• 400 mm rainfall isohyet important boundary in south
• To the north, same species tend to need higher rainfall
• Distribution patterns not explained by single climate variable
CLIMATE AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
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Environmental Niche Modelling (ENM)
o 78 species o Coordinate uncertainty 1 km o Bioclim climate layers 1-19 [resolution ~ 1km2]
Maxent (ver. 3.3.3)
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Climate Variables
Annual Mean Temperature
Mean Monthly Temperature Range
Isothermality
Temperature Seasonality
Max. Temp. Warmest Month
Min Temp. Coldest Month
Temperature Annual Range
Mean Temp. Wettest Quarter
Mean Temp. Driest Quarter
Mean Temp. Warmest Quarter
Mean Temp. Coldest Quarter
Annual Precipitation
Precipitation of Wettest Month
Precipitation of Driest Month
Precipitation Seasonality
Precipitation of Wettest Quarter
Precipitation of Driest Quarter
Precipitation of Warmest Quarter
Precipitation of Coldest Quarter
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Omphalotus nidiformis
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Mycena interrupta
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Cymatoderma elegans
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Microporus xanthopus
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Podaxis pistillaris
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Importance of climate parameters to Maxent models
Permutation importance (% contribution) after 500 iterations
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Temperature seasonality
Precipitation warmest quarter
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Conclusions
• Discrete broad scale distribution patterns identified
• Niche modelling returned very high model confidences – suggesting climate is a strong driver of distribution
• Dispersal out to climate limits, subject to habitat availability
• Mycogeographic provinces similar to zoological and botanical – but no diverse SW area for fungi, and many span MM overlap
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Future Directions
Climate change
Conservation planning
Biogeography •Endemism •Elements •Origins
•Phylogeography
Records
management
Outliers
Cryptic species
Taxonomy- phylogenetic
species
Citizen Science
Population Genetics
DISTRIBUTION
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Acknowledgements
Photographs: Paul George, Geoff Lay, Kevin Thiele
Cybec Foundation (Grant Harris, RBG Melbourne Summer Student)
Fungimappers – for making the observations
ALA – for mobilising the data