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Australian Biogas, Hydrogen and CCS Research · Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2013 (IEA, 2006) *...
Transcript of Australian Biogas, Hydrogen and CCS Research · Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2013 (IEA, 2006) *...
David HarrisResearch Director: Low Emissions Technologies
Australian Biogas, Hydrogen and CCS Research Underpinning clean and efficient energy products from fossil and renewable sources
CSIRO ENERGY
Energy Networks Australia, Gas Seminar Melbourne, 28 June 2017
Australia’s Energy mix
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2001–02 2003–04 2005–06 2007–08 2009–10 2011–12 2013–14G
Wh
Black coal Brown coalNatural gas RenewablesOther
Australian Electricity Generation
14.9%
21.9%
18.6%
42.6%
• Overall consumption still trending down (-1%yoy)
• Renewables still growing (4%pa) displacing coal
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1973-74 1978-79 1983-84 1988-89 1993-94 1998-99 2003-04 2008-09 2013-14
PJ
Coal Oil Gas Renewables
Australian Energy Consumption
Source: Australian Energy Update 2015
The carbon intensity of the global economy can be cut by two-thirds through a diversified energy technology mix
Contribution of technology strategies to global cumulative CO2 reductions
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2013 2020 2030 2040 2050
GtC
O2
Renewables 32%
Energy efficiency 32%
Fuel switching 10%
Nuclear 11%
CCS 15%
IEA Energy Technology Perspectives (June 2016)
Key abatement strategies
Technology mix drives global efficiency improvements
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2013
(IEA, 2006)
* Rosemary Falcon, U Witswatersrand, Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 2016
• Average efficiency increases from ~35% to ~40% by 2035• 1% point inc. in efficiency for current ‘average’ plant results in 2-3%
reduction in CO2 emissions– Inc. average from 34% to 40% is equal to ~2 GTpa of CO2 – almost the entire
CO2 emitted from India in 2014. (3x Kyoto protocols, or 195x world solar capacity.*)
Lowering emissions through higher efficiency
1.61.51.41.31.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.2
30 40 50 60
Brown coal pulverised fuel
Thermal efficiency %
Tonn
es C
O2
per M
Wh
(Ele
ctric
al)
Black coal pulverised fuel
Brown coal Integrated Drying Gasification Combined Cycle
Super/ultra critical pulverised fuelBlack coal Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Integrated gasification fuel cell
Open cycle gas turbine
Combined cycle gas turbine
In useFuture
Current Australian technology
DCFCDICE
Increasing efficiency enables: • reduced fuel and emissions (lower CCS cost)• smaller plant size (& cost)• Modern fuel cells using gas/syngas/hydrogen
enable total energy efficiencies of >70%
CO2 capture increases costs and reducesefficiency and capacity!• ~30 % capacity reduction for pf
Offset emissions with bio-CO2, H2 etc
BioGas and Energy from WasteEnabling a waste to energy industry in Australia
• Urban waste streams• MSW, green waste, biosolids
• Agricultural residues• Bagasse, cotton gin trash
• Industry wastes and by-products• Timber industry
• Potential Australian resource: ~12GW capacity (240,000 tonnes/day)*• Global WtE market estimated to be ~$30B by 2022*
• Australia does not have an established large-scale waste to energy industry.• Challenges
• Understanding waste conversion technologies; matching technologies to waste types• Fuel preparation and handling requirements• Demonstration of waste gasification and hybrid processes
Biomass TechnologiesEnabling a waste to energy industry in Australia
* Source: Walter Howard, Westingouse Plasma, Australian Waste-to Energy Forum, Feb 2016
Role of BioEnergy in Australia
Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Supporting R&D to realise a new renewable energy resource | San Shwe Hla | Page 8
Power Generation in Australia480 MW (59%)
209 MW (26%)
124 MW (15%)
BagasseLandfill
gasForest/
Industrial residues
Biogas:• Anaerobic digestion most
commonly used• Biomass/syngas routes
• fuels, hydrogen, power• NG replacement/supplement
Biogas in Australia• Most commercial biogas facilities in Australia
are associated with municipal waste water/biosolids treatment facilities.
• Some uptake of the technology elsewhere (e.g. meat processing plants) • finance, policy, grid connectivity challenges.
• ARENA supports Bioenergy Australia’s involvement in IEA Task 37 • Potential for biogas to deliver a 20% share of
renewables in Australia’s electricity mix in 2020
• Development of appropriate CH4/CO2separation technologies could realise a new, higher-value market for the biogas
https://theconversation.com/biogas-smells-like-a-solution-to-our-energy-and-waste-problems-36136
Cogeneration plants at QUUwww.urbanutilities.com.au
Biogas recovery at JBS Dinmoremeat processing plantwww.wiley.com.au
SNG + Heat & Power
• SNG from biomass is a renewable clean fuel substitute for fossil fuels in heating, CHP and transportation
Gothenburg Biomass Gasification (GoBiGas)
Biomass and waste gasificationRenewable energy from waste
Facility for studying gasification behaviour of biomass and waste streams
Research gasifier• Designed for forestry waste• Can be integrated with gas-to-liquid test facilities• Can be integrated with a 25kW microturbine for
power generation
Microbial Enhancement of Coal Seam Methane MECSM™
• Project aims to enhance biogenic methane production in situ:• Phase 1: Microbial diversity of coal and associated water/ methanogenic
potential of samples• Phase 2: Nutrient optimisation, rate measurements, core flooding and
modelling. • Phase 3: Demonstration of the process in the field
• CSM producing regions of eastern Australia• Sponsored by APLNG (Origin, ConocoPhillips, Sinopec), Santos &
AGL.• Results indicate up to 140 L CH4/tonne/week produced in the field
• Could prolong the life of the field by another 10-30 years
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Australian CCS Demonstration projects• CarbonNet: Feasibility of commercial scale CCS;
• Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) Hydrogen production with CCS• Callide Oxyfuel: Japan/Australian industry collaboration (30MW retrofit)
• Gorgon: Set to be world’s largest commercial scale CCS project• Reduce Gorgon’s GHG by 40%
• Otway: World class CO2 injection testing facility• Significant contribution to international CO2 storage science and engineering
• CCS RD&D• CO2CRC and partners• Capture:
– Post-combustion (PCC)– Solvents, process, – Pilot plant trials
– Pre-combustion (IGCC, H2) • Compression• Storage, monitoring
ETIS
• Learning by doing• 4 operating Pilot plants• 1-3 kt pa CO2 capture• Combinations of:
– Coal type– Solvents– Flue gas properties
Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Pilot PlantsCSIRO and partners
Perspective on PCC cost reductions
Cost reduction 0% 10% 25% 50%
Designer amines
Packing-lesscontactor
Process Intensification
Co-capture of CO2/SO2/NOx
Higher reactivity; low regeneration energy
Capital & operating cost reduction
No FGD
Energy efficiency Lean-Rich
Heat exchanger
To absorber
From absorberMembrane evaporator
Membrane condenser
Reboiler
Regeneration column
H2O
CO2
Steam
H2O
H2O/CO2
Liquid
Vapour/gas Condensate
stirred reaction flask hotplate and stirringcontrol
syn-flue gas in
gas distribution valves
reactor coolingdisk
off gas to impingers
CO2 capture R&D also provides opportunities for solvent technologies in biogas upgrading
• Programs to identify and characterise potential storage sites• Oil and gas fields, saline aquifers
• Coal seams – enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) opportunities
• Monitoring and verification has a crucial role in understanding environmental impacts and public confidence
• The challenge is to determine and implement the appropriate monitoring needs for a storage site
• Key research partnerships: Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) and the National Geosequestration Laboratory (NGL)
CO2 storage: evaluation and monitoring of storage sites
CO2CRC Otway project
Scaling Challenge for CCS
Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2016: Towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems
Hydrogen
Primary Energy
H2Generation
Storage / Conversion UtilizationIntermediate Intermediate
MethanolProduction (9%)
Ammonia Production(60%)
Petroleum Refining (23%*)
Syngas
Electricity
Traditional Uses (60% of MeOH demand stable, Formaldehyde, Methyl Methacrylate, Methyl Choloride, Acetic Acid)
Energy & Methanol to Olefins (MTO)(40% of MeOH demand growing, Fuel Blending, Fuel Additives eg MTBE, DME, Marine Fuels)
Ammonium Nitrate(Urea Fertilizers, Explosives)
H2
Misc. Chemicals, Metallurgy, FCV’s, Other(8%)
Wind
Solar
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Biogas
Coal
Oil
Biomass
Waste
Electrolysis• Solid Oxide
Electrolysis• PEM• Alkaline Electrolysis
Photocatalysis (Water Splitting) Fermentation
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)*
Gasification (Coal, Biomass, Waste)
Catalytic Partial Oxidation (Oil)
Radiolysis
Thermochemical Cycles
H2
Compression
48%
* ~80% efficiency* Global (BCC Research 2015)
30%
18%
4%
Hydrogen Value Chain
Syngas & Hydrogen Pathways
Renewableseg Solar/Wind H2O
Electrolysis
Ammonia ProductionN2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
Ammonia Cracking
Urea Production2NH3 + CO2 ⇌ H2O + NH2CONH2
CO2 Hydrogenation(Methanol Synthesis)
CO2 + 3H2 ⇌ H2O + CH3OH
Methanation
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (GTL)
CO + H2 ⇌ H2O + CnH2n+2
HydrogenH2
RefiningChemicalsPowergenFuel Cells
SyngasCO + H2
Dry ReformingCH4 + CO2 ⇌ 2CO + 2H2
3C +O2+H2O → H2+3CO
Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC)
Steam Methane ReformingCH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3 H2
Coal Gasification
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Brown
EOR and CO2 storage opportunities
Gasification: a flexible enabling technology
Source: Shell 2007
KHI “CO2 free hydrogen chain”Gasification of Australian brown coal with CCS
Source: Yoshino et al, Feasibility study of CO2 free hydrogen chain utilizing Australian brown coal linked with CCS, Energy Procedia 29 (2012) 701-9
30JPY ~ US$0.25
Hydrogen Demonstration Opportunities
RE-Electrolysis
Cost-effective biomass and waste to hydrogen processes (gasification and small-scale gas processing)
Scalable, intermittency-friendly NH3 production technologies
Decarbonisation of heavy transport via direct-fired NH3 engines
New renewable energy export industry
Decarbonisation of personal transport via EV & FCV
Distributed non-intermittent renewables
World’s highest solar resource (2 x average of Japan). Unlimited, low-cost land area
Solar ElectricityAir Separation
Unit
Electrolysis
Unlimitedwater resource
AirAustralia
Renewable Ammonia – Carbon-free solar fuel and Hydrogen Energy Carrier
.
Ammonia (NH3)Synthesiser
Hydrogen (H2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Renewable Ammonia (RNH3)
Renewable (carbon-free) Electricity
RNH3 for StationaryElectricity Generation
Japan
Engine Turbine Fuel Cell
or or
Waste Heat ~ 350C
Local distribution via common ammonia transport methods -Road, Rail, or Pipeline
H2
Renewable Ammonia reformed as 100% pure H2 Fuel Cell Car
Renewable Ammonia used as direct fuel, or as Hydrogen carrier
BAC 6/02/16
Renewable Ammonia (RNH3)
Renewable Ammonia is shipped using existing bulk ammonia or LPG vessels
• Separation of H2 from ammonia-derived mixed gas streams• This concept can also be applied to NG reforming, CO shift, or any process which
produces H2 as a product.
Catalytic Membrane reactorSingle stage production and separation of hydrogen
NH3N2 H2
Feed stream (high pressure)
Feed-side surface
Core
Pure hydrogen (low pressure)
High catalytic activity to H2 dissociationTolerance to non-H2 speciesLow transport resistanceHigh thermal stabilityLow cost
High catalytic activity to H2 recombinationLow transport resistanceHigh thermal stabilityLow cost
High permeabilityEmbrittlement resistanceLow cost
Permeate side surface
Catalytic alloy layer (200 nm)
0.25mm-thick dense metal tube
V in substrate: USD 180 m-2
Catalytic layers: USD 100 m-2
plus manufacturing costs
Solar Reforming
• 25% solar energy, 40-45% less CO2• Proven at pilot scale to 600 kWth for
hydrogen production.• Relatively easy as based on existing
mature technologies: materials, catalysts, water gas shift.
• By 2030 could produce H2 for ~$4.50 /kg• Current industrial price ~$2-3/kg• Premium for ‘renewable’ H2?
CSIRO solar fields with prototype reactor field on the LHS
CH4 + H2O(g) CO + 3H2
CSIRO SolarGasTM prototype reactor
• High efficiency power generation technologies will play a key role in achieving long term greenhouse abatement targets
– Increasing efficiency is a prerequisite for effective CO2 capture and storage • R&D challenges to increase efficiency, improve reliability, reduce costs• Biogas technologies offer pathways to increase penetration of renewables• Gasification provides a high efficiency platform for low emissions power and
energy carrier systems
– Development pathway for power, hydrogen & polygeneration systems
– New research in key areas where breakthroughs will improve cost and reliability
• Strong progress with Solar PV and Thermal technologies – Cost and energy storage are key
– Hybrid fossil/solar technologies address intermittency, scale & emissions• Hydrogen systems offer path for renewables export• National and international partnerships are needed to facilitate
research, development, demonstration and deployment
Summary
Thank youDavid HarrisResearch Director: Low Emissions Technologies
t: +61 7 3327 4617e: [email protected]: www.csiro.au/energy
CSIRO ENERGY
• CO2 capture increases costs and reduces efficiency and capacity!• ~30 % capacity reduction for pf
• Offset emissions with bio-CO2, H2 etc
High Efficiency is an essential requirement for emissions reduction & effective CO2 capture
Increasing efficiency has many virtues:• reduced fuel use• smaller plant size (& cost)• reduced emissions• more amenable to CO2 capture
and storage (CCS) – less CO2 for capture processes to
deal with
Gas
Coal
Biogenic methane microbiologyBacterial fermentations, demethylations, decarboxylations, ring cleavage
acetate
ethanolbutanol
H2 & CO2 CH4
Archaeal MethanogensisBacterial degradation of the coal ultrastructure.
BacteroidetesFirmicutes (Clostridia)SpirochaetesProteobacteriaTenericutes?
In Australia, thus far most coal-seam methanogens observed seem to have a CO2 reducing physiology.
BacteroidetesSpirochaetesDeferribacteres
dimethyl sulfide
methanol