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A guide to completing
a water supply
management plan
For schools using private
drinking water supplies
health
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A guide to completing
a water supplymanagement plan
For schools using private
drinking water supplies
8/3/2019 Australia; A guide to completing a water supply management plan - for schools using private drinking water supplie…
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Acknowledgement
I you would like to receive this publication in an accessible ormat,
please phone 1300 761 874 using the National Relay
Service 13 36 77 i required, or email: [email protected]
This document is also available in PDF ormat on the internet at:
www.health.vic.gov.au/oodsaety/bus/resources.htm
Published by the Environmental Health Unit, Victorian Government,
Department o Health, Melbourne, Victoria
Authorised by the State Government o Victoria, 50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne.
© Copyright, State o Victoria, Department o Health, 2011
This publication is copyright, no part may be reproduced by any process except
in accordance with the provisions o the Copyright Act 1968.
Authorised by the State Government o Victoria, 50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne.
Printed on sustainable paper by Patterson Press,1-9 Doonside Street, Richmond.
May 2011 (1006022)
The Department o Health would like to acknowledge NSW Health or allowing
the adaptation o material rom its publication Private water supply guidelines.
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Foreword
The Department o Health is committed to the provision o sae drinking
water supplies to all Victorians. While this work largely ocuses on the oversight
o water corporations to ensure the drinking water delivered out o our taps
does not cause illness, we must not orget that not all drinking water supplies
in Victoria are managed by the water industry.
There are many schools in rural and regional Victoria which are not serviced
by water corporations, but rather these schools rely on other sources such
as rainwater or bore water.
This guidance document has been developed to assist rural and regional
schools to understand the risk management expectations and to eectively
manage the risks associated with their private drinking water supplies.
Managing risks associated with private drinking water supplies requires a
long-term commitment rom school management. It is the responsibility o
schools to exercise a duty o care and ensure that drinking water supplies
are protective o human health. This can be achieved by the adoption o
the preventive risk-based approach described in this guidance document.
The Department o Health, in partnership with the Department o Education
and Early Childhood Development, is committed to working with schools to
acilitate the ongoing provision o sae drinking water supplies. We would like
to recommend this guide to schools with private drinking water supplies asa practical source o advice or managing their water supply systems.
Dr John Carnie
Chie Health Ocer
Department o Health
Dr Jenny Proimos
Principal Medical Advisor
Department o Education and
Early Childhood Development
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Introduction 1
What is a private drinking water supply? 1
How to use this guide 1
Legal aspects 1
Water sources 2
What is a water supply system? 2
Is there enough fuoride in my private drinking water supply? 2
A water supply management plan: How to ensure your water supply is sae 3
Step 1: Nominate a person to be responsible or the water supply system 3
Step 2: Provide a detailed description o the water supply system 3
Step 3: Identiy hazards and ways to manage risks to the water supply 3
Ways to minimise risks to a rainwater supply system 4
Ways to minimise risks to a groundwater supply system 5
Step 4: Document operation, monitoring and maintenance procedures or the water supply system 6
Testing the quality o the water 6
Shutdown periods 7
Step 5: Have an emergency management plan in place 7
Gastrointestinal outbreaks in schools 7
Taking corrective action 8
Boiling water 8
Carted water 8
Further inormation 9
Reerences 10
Appendices
Appendix 1: Water supply management plan template 11
Appendix 2: Water supply management plan checklist 12
Appendix 3: Common sources o rainwater contamination and how to reduce the risks 13
Appendix 4: Common sources o groundwater contamination and how to reduce the risks 15
Appendix 5: List o maintenance activities or private water supply systems 17
Appendix 6: Checklist or inspecting and maintaining a rainwater supply system 18
Appendix 7: Checklist or inspecting and maintaining a groundwater supply system 21
Appendix 8: Common ways to treat a water supply 25
Glossary 28
Contents
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1
Introduction
Throughout Victoria there are schools
and acilities that rely on private water
supplies. Schools and acilities that
have private drinking water supplies
have the responsibility to manage
their water supply systems and
ensure the water provided or drinking
is sae. This guide is designed
specically or Victorian schools that
rely on private drinking water supplies.
Outbreaks o gastroenteritis can
occur as a result o people drinking
contaminated water rom private
drinking water supplies and the risk
o illness can be greatly reduced by
obtaining water rom a good quality
source and regularly maintaining and
monitoring the water supply system.
A water supply management plan
(WSMP) is a structured plan designed
to assist schools and acilities tomanage private drinking water
supplies. Completing a WSMP helps
identiy those risks associated with a
water supply system that should be
appropriately managed. Guidelines
or private drinking water supplies at
commercial and community acilities
2009 and the Private water supply
guidelines by NSW Health provide
general guidance or commercial
and community acilities on how toprepare and implement a WSMP.
What is a private drinking
water supply?
When treated reticulated (mains)
drinking water is not available,
an alternative source o water is
required; this alternative water
supply is reerred to as a private
water supply. I the private water
supply is used or drinking, thenthe water supply is reerred to as
a private drinking water supply.
How to use this guide
This guide is designed to help
schools complete a WSMP.
It details each step o the WSMP,
ollowed by an example template.
Included are examples o two types
o private drinking water supplies:
• rainwater
• groundwater.
These examples can be used as
guidance on what to include in a
WSMP. Every water supply system
is dierent so the examples in this
guide may not cover all the hazards
and risks that need to be considered
or each water supply system.
Legal aspects
I a school uses a private drinking
water supply to provide drinking
water or prepare ood or others,
there is a responsibility to make
sure the water will not pose a risk
to public health. I registered under
the Children’s Services Regulations
2009, Food Act 1984 (Vic), Public
Health and Wellbeing Regulations
2009, or Residential Tenancies
(Caravan Parks and Moveable
Dwellings Registration and Standards)
Regulations 2010, the law requires
that water supplied as drinking
water is t or human consumption.
Children’s Services
Regulation 2009
Any child being cared or or
educated by a children’s service
must ‘have access to resh drinking
water at all times’. In addition,
‘all ood and beverages on the
premises intended or consumption
are protected at all times rom
contamination’.
The Food Act 1984
The Food Act requires ood
businesses to use drinking water
or ood preparation at registered
ood premises. This includes water
used or washing ood ingredients,
cooking, adding to ood and
drinks, making ice, cleaning,
sanitising and hand-washing.
Food businesses are required to
record details o any private water
supply and how it is managed in
their ood saety program.
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2
Water sources
The main sources o private water
supplies include:
• rainwater
• groundwater
• cartedwater.
Adopt a risk management approach
to assess what source o water
is most suitable or your school’ssituation. Figure 1 shows the risk
hierarchy o water sources or private
drinking water supplies. The risk
hierarchy can be used to assist in
the choice o private drinking water
source. Caution and consideration
should be taken to ensure the
drinking water source selected is t
or drinking. Adopt a low-risk water
source using the highest quality water
available. For example, rainwateris considered a high-quality water
source with lower risk than surace
water. Surace water is considered
high risk and is not recommended
as a drinking water source. The
quality o surace water cannot be
guaranteed due to the variability in
water quality and possibility o any
contamination events occurring
upstream impacting on the quality
o water downstream.
In instances where a reliable source
o drinking water is not available, or
example during outdoor activities
such as hiking and camping, always
ensure a sucient quantity o drinking
water is available. I it is not easible
to bring drinking water with you,
ensure an alternative drinking water
supply is available and t or drinking
by taking the necessary precautions
and treatment.
What is a water
supply system?
A water supply system includes
everything rom the collection o the
source water through to the point
where the water is used or drinking
(such as a tap). Mapping out your
water supply system will assist in
developing your WSMP.
Example
Is there enough fuoride in my
private drinking water supply?
Rainwater does not contain
fuoride, however some ground
water supplies may. In the absence
o a reticulated fuoridated drinking
water supply, fuoride supplements
should not be added to private
drinking water supplies. For
people who live in communities
without water fuoridation,
it is important to undertake the
ollowing measures or good
oral health:
•maintainahealthydiet
•haveregulardentalcheckups
•useuoridatedtoothpaste
appropriately.
More inormation on water
fuoridation is available at
www.health.vic.gov.au/
environment/fuoridation/index.htm
Figure 1: The risk hierarchy or water sources used in private drinking
water supplies
A rainwater supply system
Water source
Collection o rainwater rom
roo/gutters
Storage and
distribution system
Storage tank (rainwater tank
and distribution pipes)
Treatment
Filtration/chlorine disinection
Lowest risk
Highest risk
Mains water
Rainwater
Deep groundwater
Shallow groundwater
Surfacewater
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3
A water supply management plan:
How to ensure your water supply is safe
To keep the school’s water supply
sae or human consumption, the
ollowing steps should be taken.
Step 1: Nominate a person
to be responsible or the
water supply system
Someone should be nominated as
responsible or the water supply
system. The role will require them
to make sure the water supply
system is adequately managed,
treated and routinely monitored to
ensure the private drinking water
is o a potable quality.
This rst step requires organisational
commitment and preventative
measures to ensure the responsible
use and management o the water
supply.
The ollowing details should bedetailed in the WSMP:
School details
1. Name o school
2. Principal
3. School’s contact details
4. Principal’s contact details
(including out-o-school hours)
Responsibility or system
monitoring and maintenance1. Name o the person responsible or
the water supply system, plus their:
• roleandresponsibilities
• contactdetails(including
out-o-school-hours)
2. Name o a second person
responsible, plus their:
• roleandresponsibilities
• contactdetails(including
out-o-school-hours)
Step 2: Provide a detailed
description o the water
supply system
A detailed description and map o
the water supply system is important
to help understand how the system
works. The description and map
should include:
• thewatersource
• storageanddistributioninformation
• anytreatmentappliedtothewater
• locationofanywastewater
systems (or example, septic tanks,
disposal absorption trenches)
• theendusesofthewater.
A variety o methods can be used
to map out the water supply system.
Each school should use a ormat that
best suits their needs. For a WSMP
template and fow diagram to mapout the water supply system, reer
to Appendix 1. A WSMP checklist is
provided in Appendix 2. Schools are
encouraged to use this checklist to
ensure all elements relating to their
WSMP are implemented. Please
note that additional actions specic
or each school should be added to
this checklist.
Step 3: Identiy hazards
and ways to manage risks
to the water supply
A thorough risk assessment o the
water supply system should be
completed. A good understanding
o the water supply system is
required in order to identiy all
potential hazards to the water
supply and possible sources o contamination. The identied
hazards need to be managed and
adequately addressed to minimise
any risk to the water supply. This is
done by measures such as routine
maintenance o the system, and i
required, appropriate treatment.
Factors to consider when identiying
hazards:
• possiblesourcesofcontamination
and any control measures to take
• sourcewater
• storageandriskofcontamination
inputs above ground and below
ground
• treatmentfailure
• pipework(cross-connectionrisks
and biolm growth).
To help manage risks, Figures 2–3
illustrate some examples o ways
to minimise risks to the school’s
water supply. Additional examples
o common causes o contamination
are detailed in Appendices 3–4.
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4
Figure 2: Ways to minimise risks to a rainwater supply system
Rainwater contamination hazards include:
• roofmaterialssuchasroofs
coated in bitumen products
or lead-based paints
• animalfaeces
• leavesanddebris
• ashandchemicalsfromwood
heaters (or example in instanceswhere chimneys and fues are not
installed properly or the burning
o inappropriate uel)
• pesticidesandfertilisersfrom
aerial spraying.
Screens installed
on all tank inlets,
outlets and vents
Light-proofing tank
and plumbing to
minimise algae growth
Gutters maintained
and regularly cleaned
Roof surface is suitable
for collecting rainwater
First flush device installed
to prevent the most
contaminated rainwater
from entering the tank
Securely
covered tank
Water disinfected
to remove most
disease-causing
microorganisms, for
example chlorination
TV antenna
mounted off
the roof
Remove
overhanging
branches
Leaf stopper installed
Holding tank
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5
Figure 3: Ways to minimise risks to a groundwater supply system
Groundwater contamination hazards include:
• sewage
• animalfaeces
• industrialandagriculturalrun-off
(such as pesticides and ertilisers)
• seepagefromrubbish
• pollutedstormwater
• chemicalspills
• naturallyoccurringchemicals
(such as arsenic)
• contaminatedsurfacewaters.
Septic tank system maintained
Appropriate buffer distance between bore and septic tank system
Pump mounted
on a separate
concrete slab
Bore surrounded with a concrete
slab sloping away from the bore
casing for suface drainage
Bore fenced
off to prevent
access
Light-proofing
tank and plumbing
to minimise
algae growth
Bore cover securely in
place to prevent entry of
pests and contaminants
Ultra violet
disinfection to
remove most
disease-causing
microorganisms
Water filtered
to remove
contaminants
Filter Holding tankBore Pump Disinfection unit
Septic tank
Screens
installed
on all tank
inlets, outlets
and vents
Securely
covered tank
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6
Step 4: Document operation,
monitoring and maintenance
procedures or the water
supply system
Document the standard operating
procedures or the school’s
water supply system, including
what procedures to ollow or
regular operation, monitoring and
maintenance. Appendix 5 provides a list o
maintenance activities or private
water supply systems. Tailor the list
to suit the school’s water supply
system and add additional items as
necessary. Reer to Appendices 6–7
or template checklists or rainwater,
and groundwater supply systems.
Treating the water supply helps to
ensure the health o consumers is
not placed at risk. The most common
treatment methods include ltration
and disinection (ultraviolet light
and chlorine). To select the best
method to treat the school’s water,
consider consulting a water treatment
specialist.
Reer to Appendix 8 and Your private
drinking water supply 2006 or
more inormation on ltration and
disinection treatments.
For each monitoring activity, the
ollowing inormation should be
recorded:
• personresponsible(including
contact details)
• frequencyofmonitoring
• procedureused
• outcomeofmonitoringactivity.
Records should be kept or:
• resultsofsysteminspections
• resultsofmicrobialandchemical
testing
• treatmentperformance(include
indicators such as chlorine levels,
UV intensity and turbidity)
• details(dateandtype)of
maintenance carried out on the
water system, including calibrationo any monitoring equipment
and equipment manuacturer
maintenance and replacement
schedules
• incidentsandthecorrective
actions taken
• deliveriesofcartedwater
• thepostingofwarningsigns.
I the school has a treatment process
in place, keep records o water supplyinspections and test results or at
least two years.
An environmental health ocer rom
your local council has the authority to
ask or maintenance and monitoring
records o the school’s water supply
system. The ocer may sample the
water or compliance against the
Australian drinking water guidelines.
Testing the quality
o your water
In certain circumstances, the
school may need to use a water-
testing laboratory to check the
quality o its drinking water.
Water samples should be sent
to a laboratory accredited by the
National Association o Testing Authorities (NATA) to ensure the
highest level o accuracy. Contact
the laboratory to get details o
sampling protocols. Look in the
business telephone directory
under the heading ‘Analysts’ or
contact NATA to nd a laboratory
in your area.
As a minimum, the quality o the
water should be tested:
• beforeusingthewaterfrom
a new treatment system
• afteratreatmentsystemhas
been altered
• afterasignicanteventthat
may have aected water quality
• afterprolongedperiodsof
treatment system shutdown.
A signicant event would include
(but is not limited to) events such
as food, re, dust storms, chemical
spills and bushre.
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7
Shutdown periods
Water may become stagnant in
pipes ater periods o prolonged
shutdown. To ensure stagnant
water is not delivered in the
drinking water supply, fush out
pipes in the water supply system
ater prolonged shutdown periods
such as term holidays and end-o
-year breaks.
Step 5: Have an emergency
management plan in place
Schools should plan how to respond
i an emergency occurs, include
contingency plans and who to notiy.
Unusual events can contaminate
water supplies that are normally
clean. These events might include:• sewageorchemicalspills
• deadanimalsinastoragetank
• bushres
• equipmentfailure
• algalblooms.
I you suspect that the school’s
private drinking water supply has
been contaminated, act immediately
to ensure everyone with access
to the water is notied. Advise
teachers o the situation and
prevent students rom accessing
potentially contaminated water.
Put up adequate signage to warn
that the water is, or may be, unsae
to drink. Ensure that potable water
is available via an alternative source
such as bottled water or carted water
rom a registered water carter.
I there are any cases o illness due
to consumption o the contaminated
drinking water, the aected individual
should be provided with school-level
medical assistance or assessed by
a doctor.
I the water has been contaminated,
the microbiological or chemical levels
may have to be tested at a water-
testing laboratory. You may wish toconsult with your local environmental
health ocer, the Department o
Health’s Environmental Health Unit
or a water treatment specialist or
advice. I the water cannot be treated
to a standard sae or drinking, you
should provide an alternative drinking
water supply until the regular water
supply is proven to be sae.
Gastrointestinal outbreaks
in schools
I there are two or more associated
cases o gastrointestinal
disease conrmed by a medical
practitioner, the school is required
to notiy Communicable Diseases
Prevention and Control at the
Department o Health immediately
by phone on 1300 651 160. The
school principal should ensure
that sta, parents and the school
community are aware o the
outbreak and make sure anyone
suering rom gastroenteritis
symptoms seeks medical attention
and is excluded rom attending
school until the symptoms have
ceased. Viral gastroenteritis
is highly contagious and can
be transmitted via person–to-
person contact or contact with
contaminated suraces. Bacterial
gastroenteritis can be transmitted
via contaminated ood or water.
I your school’s private drinking
water supply is conrmed as the
source o gastroenteritis inection,
as a priority, immediately stop
using the supply o contaminated
water or drinking purposes.
Inorm all teachers and students
o the contamination and prevent
access to the contaminated water.
Make sure an alternative source o
drinking water is available. Contact
your local council’s environmental
health ocer or assistance.
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8
Taking corrective action
I monitoring indicates that the
school’s water supply is unt or
drinking, corrective action must
be taken. This may include:
• stoppingthesupply,putting
up warning signs (such as “do
not drink”) or notiying water
users i the water is suspectedto being contaminated
• sealingthetankandremoving
the source o contamination
• installingnewordifferentwater
treatment systems
• emergencydisinfection
• roofcleaningandgutterrepairs
• arranginganalternativesource
o drinking water.
• undertakingmaintenancework
on water treatment systems,
such as changing lter
cartridges or UV lamps
It is important that records are
kept o any corrective actions that
are undertaken to make the water
supply sae.
Boiling water
Bringing water to the rolling boil
is an eective means o disinecting
small amounts o water quickly
i microbial contamination is
suspected. Water should be
brought to a rolling boil to
disinect it.
It is important to note that coee
machines do not necessarily
boil water. Water must be treated
beore being dispensed into a
coee machine.
.
Carted water
In some circumstances the school
may need to top up its tank with
carted water. Carted water must be
o drinking quality and transported
by a registered water carter rom a
supply approved by a Victorian water
corporation. Contact your local water
corporation or more inormation or
reer to the Guidelines or drinking
(potable) water transport in Victoria
or more inormation.
The storage tank should be cleaned
beore potable water is delivered
to prevent any sludge being
re-suspended, which may cause
odour or water-quality issues. I the
tank has not been cleaned beore
delivery, a settling period ollowed
by treatment (such as disinection)
may be needed. Where cleaningnecessitates entering the tank,
always ensure a proessional tank
cleaner is employed. Working in
conned spaces is dangerous
and should only be carried out by
proessionals. (For more inormation
contact WorkSae Victoria.)
Alternatively, proessional rainwater
tank cleaners can be ound in the
business telephone directory
under ‘tank cleaning’.
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9
Local government
Environmental health ocer
For enquiries about the saety o
your private drinking water supply,
identiying hazards and managing
risks to the school’s water supply
system, water-related issues or
emergency water treatment, contact
the environmental health ocer at
your local council (reer to the White pages or the Municipal Association o
Victoria website at www.mav.asn.au).
Department o Health
For enquiries about the saety o your
private drinking water supply reer
to the Guidelines or private drinking
water supplies at commercial and
community acilities at www.health.
vic.gov.au/oodsaety or contact:
Environmental Health Unit
1300 761 874
www.health.vic.gov.au/environment
Regional environmental health
ocer (REHO)
Barwon-South Western Region
Geelong oce (03) 5226 4540
Eastern Metropolitan Region
Box Hill oce (03) 9843 6000
Gippsland Region
Traralgon oce (03) 5177 2500
Grampians Region
Ballarat oce (03) 5333 6669
Hume Region
Wangaratta oce (03) 5722 0654
Loddon Mallee Region
Bendigo oce (03) 5434 5555
North & West Metropolitan Region
Fitzroy oce (03) 9412 5333
Southern Metropolitan Region
Dandenong oce (03) 9213 2005
For notication o two or more
related cases o suspected ood -
or water-borne illness, contact:
Communicable Diseases
Prevention and Control
1300 651 160
Department o Education and
Early Childhood Development
For inormation regarding
requirements o Victorian schools
with private drinking water supplies or
or issues regarding inrastructure or
Victorian schools with private drinking
water supply systems, contact:
Regional acility manager
Barwon-South Western Region
Geelong oce (03) 5225 1010
Eastern Metropolitan Region
Glen Waverly oce (03) 9265 2437
Gippsland Region
Moe oce (03) 5127 0484
Grampians Region
Ballarat oce (03) 5310 5308
Hume Region
Benalla oce (03) 5761 2159
Loddon Mallee Region
Bendigo oce (03) 5440 3148
Northern Metropolitan Region
Coburg oce (03) 9488 9434
Southern Metropolitan Region
Dandenong oce (03) 9794 3545
Western Metropolitan Region
Footscray oce (03) 9291 6527
Inrastructure Division
(03) 9637 3063
Rural Water Corporation
For inormation on groundwater
use, licensing and bore
construction, contact:
Southern Rural Water
1300 139 510
Goulburn-Murray Water
(03) 5833 5500
National Association o
Testing Authorities (NATA)
accredited laboratoriesFor details o laboratories with
accreditation or particular water-
quality testing, phone (03) 9329 1633
or visit www.nata.asn.au.
Business telephone directory
For the details o businesses that
provide water treatment advice and
solutions to water supply issues,
analysts, tank supplies, tank cleaning,
maintenance services and watercarting, consult your local or preerred
business telephone directory.
Further information
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Australian drinking water guidelines
(2004), National Health and
Medical Research Council/National
Management Ministerial Council,
Commonwealth o Australia,
Canberra. Available rom:
http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/
publications/synopses/eh19syn.
htm#comp
Guidance on the use o rainwater tanks, enHealth council (2004).
Available rom: http://www.health.
gov.au/internet/main/publishing.ns/
Content/ohp-enhealth-raintank-cnt.
htm
Guidelines or environmental
management code o practice - onsite
wastewater management publication
891.2 (2008), EPA Victroria. Available
rom: http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/
water/wastewater/onsite.asp
Guidelines or potable (drinking)
water transport in Victoria (2008),
Department o Human Services.
Available rom: http://www.health.vic.
gov.au/oodsaety/downloads/water_
transport_guidelines01.pd
Guidelines or private drinking
water supplies at commercial
and community acilities (2009),
Department o Human Services. Available rom: http://www.health.
vic.gov.au/oodsaety/downloads/1_
guidelines_report.pd
Private water supply guidelines
(2008), NSW Health. Available rom:
http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/
resources/publichealth/environment/
water/pd/pwsg.pd
Your private drinking water supply
(2006), Department o Human
Services. Available rom: http://
www.health.vic.gov.au/environment/
downloads/your_private_drinking_water_supply.pd’
References
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Water source(s)
Uses o the supply
Treatment methods
Map o system
Example
Rainwater Groundwater Dam Other
Drinking Food preparation (including cleaning ood preparation suraces)
Hand washing Bathing Other, please explain _____________________________
Filtration Chlorine UV light Other, please speciy _______________________
Use this fow diagram to map your system. Include your water source, storage
tanks and treatment systems.
Appendix 1: Water supply
management plan template
Rainwater
First-fush diverter
Filtration
Storage tank
Drinking
Manual disinection –
chlorination
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Appendix 2: Water supply
management plan checklist
Schools are encouraged to
use this checklist to ensure the
elements relating to the water
supply management plan have
been implemented.
1. Record school’s details and details
o nominated person
2. Provide a detailed description o the
water supply system
3. Identiy hazards and ways to manage
risks to the water supply
4. Document operation, monitoring and
maintenance procedures or the water
supply system
5. Have an emergency management
plan in place
Checklist ActionStep
A nominated person(s) is assigned to be responsible or the
school’s water supply system.
The school’s details and details o the nominated person(s) are
recorded and in a readily accessible location.
A detailed description and map o the water source and water
supply system have been documented.
A thorough risk assessment identiying hazards to the water supply
system has been completed.
Reer to Appendices 3–5 or potential hazards.
The hazards and identied risks are appropriately addressed
and managed.
The standard operating procedures or the water supply system
are documented.
All regular monitoring activities are identied and documented.
All regular maintenance activities are identied and documented.
This includes methods or water supply sample testing by NATA
accredited laboratories.
An emergency management plan has been developed.
This includes contingency plans and who to notiy.
Where contamination o the water supply is suspected, access
and delivery o water is suspended.
Where the water supply system is suspected or conrmed to
be contaminated, an alternative drinking water supply is made
available.
Corrective action is taken to ensure the water supply is saeor drinking. This includes appropriate treatment and disposal
o contaminated water.
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Appendix 3: Common sources of rainwater
contamination and how to reduce the risks
Build-up o leaves, dirt
and animal droppings
Roo material (such as
lead-based)
Spray drit (such as
pesticides and ertilisers)
Solar hot-water system,
overfows and bleed-o pipes rom roo-mounted
appliances such as
cooling systems and
hot-water services
Build-up o dirt and debris
in strainers
Birds, animals, insects,
algal growth
Sediment build-up within
the tank
Tank materials
Roo and
gutter
Screens and
strainers
Storage tank
Action
System
component
Source o
contamination
• Installarst-ushdiverter
• Cleantheguttersandroofregularly
• Installguttershields
•MountTVantennaeoffroof
•Maintaintheguttering
• Removeoverhangingbranches
•Useleafltersorscreeningatthetankinlet
• Conductregularinspections
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
• Don’tcollectwaterfromroofscoatedorpaintedwithsubstancesthat
may leach hazardous materials (such as lead rom lead-based paints)
•Maintainroof,guttersanddownpipesingoodcondition
•Replaceleadashing
• Sealanyexposedtreatedtimber
•Cleantheguttersandroofregularly
• Installarst-ushdiverter
• Don’tcollectwaterfromtheguttersbelowsolarhotwatersystems
• Ensureoverowandbleed-offpipesdonotdischargeontotheroof or into gutters that collect the rainwater supply
•Cleanscreensandstrainersregularly
• Conductregularinspections
• Installscreensonalltankinletsandoverowswithmaximum1mm
mesh
•Coverthetankwithalight-proofcover
• Conductregularinspectionsoftankcoversandscreenstoensure
they are intact
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
• Clean(desludge)regularly(minimumeverytwoyears)
• Cleanbeforereceiptofcartedwater
• Locatethedraw-offpointfortakingwaterfromthetankatleast
150 mm above the base o the tank (the manuacturer’s minimum
height or the draw-o point should be noted)
• EnsurestoragetankscomplywithAustralianStandards.Referto
enHealth Guidance on use o rainwater tanks (available online at http://
www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.ns/Content/ohp-enhealth-
raintank-cnt.htm )
• Ensurethetankisstructurallysound
•ChemicallyadjustpHinnewconcretetanks
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Seepage rom surace
water/sub-surace water
such as sewage rom a
septic tank
Pump and plumbing
materials
In-ground
storage tank
Action
System
component
Source o
contamination
• Ensurethetankisproperlydesignedandsealedtoprevententry
o surace or sub-surace water
• Ensurethetankisnotburiedinlandcontaminatedwithchemicals
• Ensurethebufferdistancebetweenthetankandwastewater
disposal system complies with EPA publication 891.2: Guidelines or
Environmental Management: Code o Practice - Onsite wastewater
management (available online at http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/
wastewater/onsite.asp). Alternatively contact your local council’senvironmental health ocer or urther advice
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
• Ensureburiedpipesareinstalledawayfromandshallowerthan
septic tanks or wastewater pipe work
• Ensurealltankmaterialsincontactwithdrinkingwatercomplywith
Australian Standards.
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Appendix 4: Common sources of groundwater
contamination and how to reduce the risks
Surace water run-o
Sub-surace contaminants
Sewage
Leaching rom bore
casings, pipes or
plumbing materials
Naturally occurring
chemicals within water
(such as heavy metals
and arsenic)
Chemical spillage
Birds, animals, insects,
algal growth
Sediment build-up within
the tank
Pump
Bore
Storage tank
How to reduce the risk
System
component
Source o
contamination
• Raisetheboreheadabovetheground,surfacedrainageowsaway
rom the bore head
• Ensuretheboreissurroundedwithaconcreteslabwiththebore
casing protruding above the slab and sloping away rom the bore head
• Ensuretheborecoverissecurelyinplaceandfreefromholesorcracks
• Ensuretheborecasingisintact
• Locatelivestockfencesatleast50mfrombore
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
• Conductregularinspections
• Avoidextractingwaterfromsiteswithknowncontaminants,including
heavy industrial and intensive agricultural areas
• Testthesourcewaterforchemicals
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
•Ensure the buer distance between bore and wastewater disposal
system complies with EPA publication 891.2: Guidelines or
Environmental Management: Code o Practice - Onsite wastewater
management (contact your local council’s environmental health ocer
or urther advice)
•Maintaintheseptictanksystem• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
• Testthesourcewaterandassessresultsagainstguidelinevaluesinthe
Australian drinking water guidelines
• Ensureallmaterialsincontactwithdrinkingwatercomplywith
Australian Standards
• Conductregularinspections
• Ensureenginesaremountedonaseparateconcreteslab
• Ensurefueloroilspillageispreventedfromgettinginthebore
•Maintainthepumptopreventdeteriorationofthefueland lubricant lines
• Installscreensonalltankinletsandoverowswithmaximum
1mm mesh
• Coverandsealthetankwithalight-proofcover
• Conductregularinspections
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
• Clean(desludge)regularly(minimumeverytwoyears)
• Cleanbeforereceiptofcartedwater
• Locatethedraw-offpointfortakingwaterfromthetankatleast150
mm above the base o the tank (the manuacturer’s minimum height
or the draw-o point should be noted)
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Tank materials
Tank materials
Stagnant water in pipes
Pump and plumbing
materials
Seepage rom surace
water/sub-surace water
such as sewage rom
septic tank
Storage tank
In-ground
storage tank
Distribution
lines
How to reduce the risk
System
component
Source o
contamination
• EnsurestoragetankscomplywithAustralianStandards
•Makesuretheyarestructurallysound
• ChemicallyadjustpHinnewconcretetanks
• Ensurethetankisproperlydesignedandsealedtoprevententry
o surace or sub-surace water
• Ensurethetankisnotburiedinlandcontaminatedwithchemicals
• Ensurethebufferdistancebetweenthetankandwastewaterdisposal system complies with EPA publication 891.2: Guidelines or
Environmental Management: Code o Practice - Onsite wastewater
management (contact your local council’s environmental health ocer
or urther advice)
• Treatthewater(ltrationanddisinfection)
•Maintainthesystem
• Flushthepipeworkifnotusedformorethanone week
• Ensurepipesareself-drainingordrainedeverysixmonths
• Burypipesatleast300mmbelowgroundandprotectthemfrom
tree roots
• Haveaplumberdoublecheckanyplumbingworkstoensureno
cross-connections have occurred
• Ensureburiedpipesareinstalledawayfromandshallowerthanseptic
tanks or wastewater pipe work
• Ensureallmaterialsincontactwithdrinkingwatercomplywith
Australian Standards
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Appendix 5: List of maintenance
activities for private water supply systems
Water source: rainwater
Water source: groundwater
Tank
Distribution system
Treatment system
Water quality testing
Clean spouting/gutters (three-monthly and ater storms)
Check and trim overhanging branches (annually)Inspect and repair downpipes (annually)
Check condition o roo (annually)
Check the bore head and any other mechanisms installed is watertight
and protected rom surace fows (monthly)
Check bore is securely protected such as ences, locks (monthly)
Check maintenance and operation o the pump ( monthly)
Check inlet and outlet screens (three-monthly)
Check access covers (monthly)
Clear strainer o debris (three-monthly and ater storms)
Check or presence o mosquito larvae in tank water (monthly)Check structural condition (annually)
Check sludge level and internal cleanliness (every two years or as required)
Check plumbing/piping is ully operational and well maintained (annually)
Replace lters (as per manuacturer’s advice or earlier i a decrease in water
fow is noticed)
Test chlorine level is at or above 0.5 mg/L (at least weekly or ater heavy rains)
Test pH level is 6.5–8.5 (weekly)
Check UV light is operating and ree rom scum (weekly)
Replace UV lamps every 12 months (or as per manuacturer’s instructions)
E. coli test* (initially to identiy risk, when the system is new or altered,or ater a signicant event such as heavy rainall)
Chemical test – (initially to identiy risk, when the system is new or altered,
or ater a signicant event)
Local councils require schools
with private water supplies to keep
records o system inspections and
test results or at least two years.
Use this list to help gather inormation
or the school’s records (note this list
is not exhaustive).
* Assess results against guideline values in the Australian drinking water guidelines. Note: To ensure the water supply system has not been
compromised over prolonged shut down periods, maintenance checks are recommended upon commencement o school term.
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Test chlorine level is at or above 0.5 mg/L (weekly or ater heavy rains)
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
Test pH level is between 6.5 and 8.5
Check UV light is operating and ree o scum
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Appendix 6: Checklist for inspecting
and maintaining a rainwater supply system
Inspection date
Treatment system
Inspection by Reading Corrective actions
Recommended weekly inspections: rainwater
Check access covers
Tank
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Clean the spouting/gutters (three-monthly and ater storms)
Check inlet and outlet screens
Check strainer or debris
Check or the presence o mosquito larvae in tank water
Inspection date
Water catchment
Tank
Inspection by Reading Corrective actions
Recommended three-monthly inspections: rainwater
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Check and trim overhanging branches
Inspect and repair downpipes
Check condition o roo
Check structural condition
Check plumbing/piping is ully operational and well maintained
Replace UV lamps every 12 months or as per manuacturer’s instructions
E. coli test*
Chemical test*
Inspection date
Water catchment
Water quality testing
Tank
Distribution system
Treatment system
Inspection by Reading Corrective actions
Recommended annual inspections: rainwater
Recommended two-yearly inspections: rainwater
Inrequent inspections: rainwater
Check sludge level and internal cleanliness
Tank
* Assess results against guideline values in the Australian drinking water guidelines. Note: To ensure the water supply system has not been
compromised over prolonged shut down periods, maintenance checks are recommended upon commencement o school term.
Appendix 6: (continued)
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Check access covers
Appendix 7: Checklist for inspecting and
maintaining a groundwater supply system
Inspection
date
Inspection by
Frequency
o inspection
Reading
Corrective actions
Recommended weekly inspections: groundwater
Test chlorine level is at or above 0.5 mg/L (weekly or ater heavy rains)
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
Test pH level is between 6.5 and 8.5
Check UV light is operating and ree o scum
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Yes / No
Treatment system
Tank
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Inspection
date
Inspection by
Frequency
o inspection
Reading
Corrective actions
Recommended monthly inspections: groundwater
Check the bore head and other mechanisms installed are watertight and protected rom surace fows
Check bore is protected such as enced or locked
Check maintenance and operation o the pump (continued next page)
Water source
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Inspection
date
Inspection by
Frequency
o inspection
Reading
Corrective actions
Recommended monthly inspections: groundwater (continued)
Check maintenance and operation o the pump
Water source
Tank
Check inlet and outlet screens
Check strainer or debris
Check or the presence o mosquito larvae in tank water
Recommended three-monthly inspections: groundwater
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Inspection
date
Inspection by
Frequency
o inspection
Reading
Corrective actions
Recommended annual inspections: groundwater
Check structural condition
Tank
Check plumbing/piping is ully operational and well maintained
Distribution system
Replace UV lamps (every 12 months or as per manuacturer’s instructions)
Treatment system (where applicable)
Check sludge level and internal cleanliness (every two years or as required)
Clean/replace lters
E. coli test*
Chemical test*
Tank
Treatment system
Water quality testing
Recommended two-yearly inspections: groundwater
Inrequent inspections: groundwater
* Assess results against guideline values in the Australian drinking water guidelines. Note: To ensure the water supply system has not been
compromised over prolonged shut down periods, maintenance checks are recommended upon commencement o school term.
Appendix 7: (continued)
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Appendix 8: Common ways
to treat a water supply
Filtration
Filters can remove particular
contaminants within the water.
Filtration can remove some sediment,
chemicals, algal toxins (which are
a specic type o chemical) and
microorganisms.
Filters are commonly installed with
the regular plumbing between theroo catchment area and the storage
tank. They are normally used in
combination with ultraviolet light
and/or chlorine disinection.
Some flters are more eective than
others. Consult a water treatment
specialist to help choose the fltration
method most appropriate
or the contaminants you need
to remove.
Disinection
Disinection is generally the last
step o water treatment and will
remove most disease-causing
microorganisms. It is important
to realise that disinection will not
remove chemical contaminants.
Ultraviolet light disinection
Ultraviolet (UV) light is a common and
eective orm o disinection, which
kills many kinds o microorganisms.
A UV disinection system can be
installed with the regular plumbing
beore the point o use (such as the
kitchen tap).
Filtration to remove sediment oten
needs to occur beore the water
reaches the UV disinection unit
because UV light cannot penetrate
dirty or ‘cloudy’ water. For best
results, UV disinection should be
used either at the point o use or
in combination with chlorination.UV disinection systems need to be
designed and installed by a water
treatment specialist.
Chlorine disinection
Chlorine is oten used to disinect
rainwater because it is accessible,
economical and can treat large
volumes o water with a residual
eect. Water can be chlorinated either
through an automatic dosing systemwithin your regular plumbing or
manually added to the tank.
It takes about 5 mg o chlorine per
litre o water to disinect the water
in the school’s tank. However, this
will depend on the quality o the
water. For eective disinection
there should still be at least 0.5 mg/L
present in the water 30 minutes ater
dosing the water.
The testing can be done with a
suitable chlorine test kit (such as
a swimming pool kit). I the
measured chlorine is below
0.5 mg/L, repeat chlorine dosing
until this level is reached.
How to treat water
stored in a tank
To work out how much chlorine
to add to the school’s tank or
disinection, rst calculate the
amount o water in the school’s tank.
Rectangular/square tanks
Volume (litres) = depth o water in tank
(metres) x tank width (metres) x tank
length (metres) x 1,000
Cylindrical tanks
Volume (litres) = depth o water in tank
(metres) x tank radius (metres) x tank
radius (metres) x 3,140
Radius: half the
diameter or width
of the tank (metres)
Water depth
(metres)
When handling and storing
chemical compounds, always
read and ollow saety directions
given on the package label
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Determining the amount
o chlorine to add
First, the turbidity (cloudiness) o the
water should be below a measure
o 1 nephlometric turbidity unit.
Second, the pH o the water should
range rom 6.5 to 8.5. A water-testing
laboratory will be able to check the
turbidity o your water supply, while
you can test the pH yoursel witha swimming pool kit.
When the turbidity and pH is
satisactory, an initial dose o chlorine
less than 5 mg/L may be sucient
to achieve the desired 0.5 mg/L ater
30 minutes.
Chlorine is available in a number o
dierent orms. As a general guide,
you will need to add:
The ollowing table estimates the
amount o dierent preparations o
chlorine that should be added to
various volumes o water to provide
an initial concentration o 5 mg/L.
1,000 125 40 2
2,000 250 80 3
5,000 625 200 6
6,000 750 240 7
7,500 938 300 9
10,000 1,250 400 12
16,000 2,000 640 19
20,000 2,500 800 24
30,000 3,750 1,200 35
•125mLofliquidbleach(4per
cent available chlorine) or every
1,000 L o water in your tank
or
• 40mLofliquidsodium
hypochlorite (12.5 per cent
available chlorine) or every
1,000L o water in your tank
or
• 8g/2tspofgranularcalciumhypochlorite (65 per cent
available chlorine) or every
1,000 L o water in your tank.
Volume o
water in
tank (L)
4% liquid
bleach (mL)
12.5%
liquid sodium
hypochlorite (mL)
65% granular or
powdered calcium
hypochlorite
(teaspoon)
Amount o chlorine to add to achieve 5 mg/L in tank
Appendix 8: (continued)
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Liquid household bleach can be
purchased at a supermarket or
hardware store. Check that the
product has at least 4 per cent
available chlorine and has no additives
such as ragrances or detergents.
Sodium hypochlorite and calcium
hypochlorite can be purchased
rom large supermarkets, hardware
stores or swimming pool suppliers.Stabilised chlorine (which contains
isocyanuric acid) is not eective in
enclosed tanks and should not be
used.
How to prepare chlorine
When adding the concentrated
chemical mixture to the tank, rst mix
the chlorine solution with cold water
in a plastic bucket in the open air,
then add to the tank and let it stand
or at least one hour (ideally 24 hours)
beore use.
Always add chlorine to water,
never water to chlorine and use
appropriate protective equipment
including gloves and goggles.
Always ollow the manuacturer’s
handling and storage instructions.
All chlorine products are required to
be replaced on a regular basis as
chlorine activity declines over time.
I you are uncertain about this
procedure, contact an environmental
health ofcer rom your local council
or the Department o Health’s
Environmental Health Unit or advice.
Maintenance
Filtration
You must regularly maintain and
replace lters or them to be eective.
I not, bacteria can grow on the lters
and then be released into the ltered
water. The manuacturer’s operating
and maintenance instructions must be
careully ollowed.
Chlorine disinection
At the point where the water is used
(such as at the kitchen sink), you need
to test the chlorine level weekly or
ater heavy rainall to check the level
o disinectant in the system. The level
o chlorine in the water needs to be at
least 0.5 mg/L.
When the water supply has not been
used or an extended period o time,
such as more than one week, you
should check the chlorine level and
fush the pipes or a ew minutes until
resh water fows through rom the
tank. Water fushed rom the system
is sae to use on the garden. Keep a
record o chlorine and pH readings.
Ultraviolet light disinection
Ultraviolet light disinection systems
need regular and careul maintenance
to ensure they remain eective by:
• providingareliablepowersupply
to the lamp
• maintainingorreplacingthelter
unit regularly or in accordance
with the manuacturer’s instructions
• checkingonaweeklybasisthat
the lamps are operating and ree
rom scum
• replacingthelampseverysix
months or in accordance with
the manuacturer’s instructions
• keepingarecordofinspections
and maintenance.
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Carted water
Water carted in a tanker and used
to top up an onsite tank.
Groundwater
Groundwater includes water
rom bores, spear points (shallow
installations), springs or wells.
Hazard
A biological, chemical, physical
or radiological agent that has the
potential to cause harm.
Potable
Fit or suitable or drinking on the
basis o both health and aesthetic
considerations.
Private water supply
When reticulated (mains) drinking
water is not available, an alternativesource o water is required; this
alternative water supply is reerred
to as a private water supply.
Private drinking water supply
A private water supply that is used
or drinking.
Preventative measure
Any planned action, activity or
process that is used to preventhazards rom occurring or reduce
them to acceptable levels.
Rainwater
Water collected directly rom
run-o ater rain.
Risk
The likelihood o a hazard causing
harm in exposed populations in
a specied time rame, including
the magnitude o that harm.
Source water
Water in its natural state beore
any treatment.
Surace water
All water naturally open to the
atmosphere (such as rivers,
streams, lakes and reservoirs).
Glossary
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