Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches...
Transcript of Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches...
![Page 1: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2
![Page 2: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
FOLLOW THE LIFE
• Solvent • Biogenic elements• Source of Free Energy
searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from a search for life to a search for “life as we know it,” meaning life based on liquid water, a suite of so-called “biogenic” elements (most famously carbon), and a usable source of free energy.
(Chyba & Hand, 2005, p. 34)
![Page 3: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
FOLLOW THE LIFE
• Follow the water• Follow the carbon• Follow the nitrogen• Follow the energy• Follow the entropy• Follow the information
![Page 4: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Três Estados da Água
• Na Terra, a água pode estar presente nos seus três estados: gelo (sólido), água líquida (líquido) e vapor d’água (gasoso)
• Pressão e Temperatura controlam qual é o estado dominante em um particular ambiente planetário
![Page 5: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pressão Atmosférica
No nível do mar: 1 atmosfera = 101 325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
A pressão é devida ao impacto das moléculasna superfície
![Page 6: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Liquid
Vapor
Evaporation
Condensation
At some point Condensation = Evaporation – liquid and vapor phases are in Equilibrium – saturation curveT – triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibriumC – critical point – liquid phase cease to exist
Phase Diagrams
![Page 7: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. Conjunto de condições (1) – fase sólida2. Conjunto de condições (2) – fase líquida3. Conjunto de condições (3) – fase gasosa
Pode-se fazer um líquido ferver ou aumentando sua temperatura ou diminuindo sao pressão
![Page 8: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
H2O
CO2
Não pode haver H2O líquido abaixo de 0.006 atm (Marte)Não pode haver CO2 líquido abaixo de 5 atm – gelo seco
![Page 9: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Uma grande vantagem da H2O – gelo flutua!
• Para a maior parte das substâncias, a fase sólida é mais densa do que a líquida
• O gelo é mais denso que a água líquida, e assim o gelo flutua
• Lagos e oceanos não
congelam completamente
– A vida pode sobreviver
às glaciações
![Page 10: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Three major advantages of Water • A wider and higher range of temperatures over which it
remains liquid (major advantage)
• Water ice floats, whereas the other substances sink when frozen (also important)
• The charge separation of water molecules – water can dissolve some substances (salts) but cannot dissolve membranes
![Page 11: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• CALOR ESPECÍFICO DA H2O:
1 caloria (4,1868 Joules) para aquecer 1 g de H2O em 1oC.
•Isso significa que muita energia é necessária para aumentar a temperatura de uma dada massa de água; a energia é utilizada para superar a coesão das PONTES DE HIDROGÊNIO
•Assim, em um planeta com grande quantidade de água (como a Terra), variações da insolação só podem provocar PEQUENAS VARIAÇÕES NA TEMPERATURA DO PLANETA
GRANDE ESTABILIDADE TÉRMICA•O calor é armazenado nos oceanos no VERÃO e liberado de volta para a atmosfera no INVERNO.
Uma outra vantagem da H2O: Alto Calor Específico
![Page 12: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Estrutura da Água
![Page 13: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ESTRUTURA da água
![Page 14: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
104.5o
![Page 15: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pontes de Hidrogênio
![Page 16: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Molécula Geometria Momento dipolar (D)H2 Lineal 0HF Lineal 1.78HCl Lineal 1.07HBr Lineal 0.79HI Lineal 0.38H2O Angular 1.85H2S Angular 0.95CO2 Lineal 0NH3 Piramidal 1.47NF3 Piramidal 0.23CH4 Tetraédrica 0
dipolo líquido = 1,85
dipolo líquido = 0
![Page 17: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1,85
![Page 18: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Na água líquida: grandes graus de liberdade entre as moléculas cria uma dinâmica entre as Pontes de Hidrogênio
![Page 19: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ih Ic
Organização no gelo
Ice IV
![Page 20: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Equilíbrio de dissociação: o pH
![Page 23: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
[H+]1 1 x 100 High H3O
+ concentration Low OH- concentration0.1 1 x 10-1
0.01 1 x 10-2
0.001 1 x 10-3
0.0001 1 x 10-4
0.00001 1 x 10-5
0.000001 1 x 10-6
0.0000001 1 x 10-7 Equal concentration of H3O+ and OH-
0.00000001 1 x 10-8
0.000000001 1 x 10-9
0.0000000001 1 x 10-10
0.00000000001 1 x 10-11
0.000000000001 1 x 10-12
0.0000000000001 1 x 10-13
0.00000000000001 1 x 10-14 Low H3O+ concentration High OH- concentration
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
Na ÁGUA PURA, as concentrações de H3O+ e OH- SÃO IGUAIS
![Page 24: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Solvatação
![Page 25: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ânionscátion
etanol
![Page 26: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Solutos polares não-ionizáveis:
Solutos ionizáveis:
Solutos não-polares:
![Page 27: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
No caso do sal, podemos representar a hidratação do cátion e do ânion como sendo:
Na+(g) + Cl-
(g) + xH2O Na+(aq) + Cl-
(aq)
No caso do NaOH:
NaOH + xH2O Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Quando os íons são hidratados, é liberada a ENERGIA DE HIDRATAÇÃO, que pode ser de natureza ENDOTÉRMICA ou EXOTÉRMICA
![Page 28: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Além da organização dos solutos na estrutura de dipolo da água, o fator mais importante na solubilidade é a sua CONSTANTE DIELÉTRICA:
F = (q1q2)
r2
(Lei de Coulomb)
Mas a organização das cargas no meio líquido depende do trabalho necessário para que isso ocorra, ou seja, depende também da CONSTANTE DIELÉTRICA DO MEIO:
F = (q1q2)
D r2
![Page 29: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
F (negativa) se q1 (+) e q2 (-) ATRAÇÃO
F (positiva) se q1 = q2 REPULSÃO
![Page 30: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Constantes dielétricas de líquidos selecionados (à 25 ºC)
Meio D ar 1 acetona 20,7 etanol 24,30 benzeno 2,27 água 78,54 Ácido sulfúrico anidro 101
![Page 31: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Podemos definir a constante dielétrica do meio como sendo a razão entre o trabalho necessário para separar cargas opostas a uma determinada distância no vácuo pelo trabalho necessário para separar as mesmas cargas quando imersas no meio. Assim sendo, podemos fazer algumas comparações: como o trabalho para separar partículas carregadas com cargas diferentes é inversamente proporcional à constante dielétrica, o trabalho para separar duas tais partículas em água é 1/78,54 vezes aquela necessária para separa-las no ar
1 = 0,013
78,54H2O
1 = 1
1ar
![Page 32: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Forças da água e na água
![Page 33: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Propriedades e papel da água
Líquido de maior estabilidade químicaAproximadamente 75% da composição de qualquer ser vivoAlto calor específicoAs pontes de HidrogênioEquilíbrio de dissociação: o pHSolvataçãoForças da água e forças na águaO mundo hidrofílico induzindo a organização química
Líquido de maior estabilidade químicaAproximadamente 75% da composição de qualquer ser vivoAlto calor específicoAs pontes de HidrogênioEquilíbrio de dissociação: o pHSolvataçãoForças da água e forças na águaO mundo hidrofílico induzindo a organização química
![Page 34: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Forças DA água:
CAPILARIDADE
AR
![Page 35: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Resultante das Forças 0
Resultante das Forças 0
TENSÃO SUPERFICIAL
![Page 36: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Forças NA água:
DISSOLUÇÃO DE SOLUTOS
![Page 37: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
OSMOSE
tempo
![Page 38: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
O mundo hidrofílico induzindo a organização química
![Page 39: Aula 9 Sigam a Água - 2. FOLLOW THE LIFE Solvent Biogenic elements Source of Free Energy searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/552fc133497959413d8d7ae2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Protein
Hydrophilic molecules