Fauna ofNew Zealand

`Fauna' Advisory Group(appointments made on a rotational basis)

MEMBERS AT DSIR PLANT PROTECTION

Mount Albert Research CentrePrivate Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

Ex officioDirector — Mr J. F. Longworth

Group Manager, Systematics — Dr O.R.W. SutherlandSection Leader, Entomology — Mr J. S. Dugdale

Co-opted from within Systematics GroupDr B. A. Holloway, Dr T. K. Crosby

UNIVERSITIES REPRESENTATIVE

Dr R. M. EmbersonEntomology Department, Lincoln University

Canterbury, New Zealand

MUSEUMS REPRESENTATIVE

Mr R. L. PalmaNatural History Division, National Museum of N.Z.

P. O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand

OVERSEAS REPRESENTATIVE

Dr J. F. LawrenceCSIRO Division of EntomologyG.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City

A.C.T. 2601, Australia

Series EditorMr C. T. Duval

Systematics Group, DSIR Plant ProtectionMount Albert Research Centre

Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

Fauna of New ZealandNumber 20

Bibionidae(Insecta: Diptera)

Roy A. Harrison

P.O. Box 300, Rangiora, New Zealand

Cataloguing-in-publication citationHARRISON, ROY A.

Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera) / Roy A. Harrison. - Auckland: DSIR Plant Pro-tection, 1990.(Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111-5383 ; no. 20)

ISBN 0-477-02595-1

I. Title II. Series

UDC 595.771(931)

Date of publication: see `Titles in print' in subsequent numbers

Suggested form of citationHarrison, R.A. 1990: Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand [no.] 20.

-$-

Fauna of New Zealand is prepared for publication by the Series Editor using computer-basedtext processing, layout, and laser printer technology.

--

Front cover. The insect depicted is Dilophus nigrostigma, male

© Crown Copyright

Published by DSIR Plant Protection, Mt Albert Research Centre,Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand

Printed by Kings Time Printing Press Ltd, Hong Kong

ABSTRACTThe Bibionidae known from New Zealand are revised, and their taxonomic affinities arediscussed. Eight extant species (three of them new) and one fossil species are recognisedas valid. All are placed in Dilophus; the genus Philia is considered not to be represented inNew Zealand. All extant species are endemic. Their known seasonality and geographicdistribution are indicated, with maps showing locality records, and a key to their identifi-cation is given. Characters helpful in species discrimination are illustrated, and plantspecies with bibionid associations are listed.

CHECKLIST OF ΤΑΧΑ

Family BΙΒIΟNIDΑΕ Subfamily ΒIΒIΟΝΙΝΑΕ

Genus Dilophus Meigen,1800 alpinus new species [campbelli Harris, 1983 — fossil] crinitus (Hardy, 1951) new combination fumipennis new species harrisoni (Hardy, 1953) new combination neoinsolitus new species nigrostigma (Walker, 1848) segnis Hutton, 190

insolitus Hutton, 1901 new synonymytuthilli (Hardy, 1953) new combination

mology, University of Hawaii. Dr Holloway kindly gaveme the notes she had organised for an initial study of the

7 family as represented in the New Zealand Arthropod Col-8 lection, and has subsequently viewed the manuscript. Dr8 Hardy reviewed the manuscript at an early stage while on9 a visit to New Zealand, and examined specimens with a8 view to commenting on possible relationships between the

10 Australian and New Zealand faunas (Hardy 1982).11 I am grateful to the curators and staff of the institutions12 listed on p. 7, primarily for loan of appropriate specimens,13 including type material, and for discussions on aspects of15 the family.16

INTRODUCTION17

55667799

18192025

CONTENTSAcknowledgments Introduction Morphology Biology Methods and conventions Systematics Key to species of Dilophus known fτom N.Z .

Descriptions References Table 1: Host-plant associations Illustrations Taxonomic index

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Two colleagues have persistently encouraged this study,especially by persuading me to enlarge my initial conceptof writing a paper on some new species and new records ofBibionidae to a full revision of the family in New Zealand.They are B.A. Holloway of DSIR Plant Protection, Auck-land, New Zealand and D. Elmo Hardy, Professor of Ento-

Bibionid flies occur worldwide, abundantly in tropical andtemperate regions. There are about seven hundred knownspecies. They are commonly known as march flies, but thisis not current usage in respect of the New Zealand species.

New Zealand representatives of the family Bibionidaeare here all included in the genus Dilophus Meigen. In theCatalogue of the Diptera of New Zealand (Miller 1950),however, Bibiο imitator Walker is listed, implying that it ispart of the bibionid fauna of New Zealand. It is nowgenerally accepted that this record of occurrence is notvalid.

The genus Bibiο was used by Walker (1848) to encom-pass his new species nigrostigma, which is endemic to NewZealand, and the first bibionid to be described from thiscountry. Hutton (1901) recorded three species, two ofwhich he described as new, in the genus Dilophus, andtransferred nigrostigma to Dilophus.

There was a gap of over 50 years before the bibionidsof New Zealand were again investigated. Then Hardy(1951, 1953) recorded one species of Bibio and six ofPhilia Meigen, four of the latter being new species. Thiscurrent review recognises eight extant species, all endemicto New Zealand; three of them are newly described. Afossil species from an Eocene siltstone lens is also noted aspart of New Zealand's bibionid fauna.

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Within the New Zealand representatives of Dilophus,nigrostigma stands out as a large, bold species havingstrong spines and prominences on legs and thorax. It is alsothe most common.

Two species have reduced venation, but there is noreason beyond this character to consider them closelyrelated. All other species have normal venation (i.e., no ob-vious reductions or absences) and appear to be within thelimits of a close relationship, yet with satisfactory distin-guishing characters.

Hardy (1982) has recorded information to suggest thatat least five Australian species of Dilophus bear resem-blances to New Zealand species.

MORPHOLOGYNew Zealand examples of the subfamily Bibioninae are themain source of the following generalised morphologicaldescription of the family. Other sources are from worldwideliterature on bibionids. The terminology used is standardfor Diptera.

The body (Fig. 1) shows varying degrees of hairiness,and varies in length from 2.0 mm to 16.0 mm.

The head (Fig. 1 and 2) is holoptic in males. Therostrum (the portion of the head anterior to the eyes) iseither well developed and produced distinctly beyond thebase of the antennae or is not or scarcely developed beyondthe antennal base; in length it is equal to the lower divisionof the eye in males, or is equal to or longer than the eye infemales, or in both sexes is only half the length of the eye.The antennae have a variable number of segments — up to16 have been recorded — with fusion of segments some-times apparent, reducing the number of distinguishablesegments beyond the pedicel; the pedicel is flattened, andits distal segment is often distinctly longer than the others.The mouthparts have labella usually as a prominent struc-ture, and often hairy; the proboscis is never much elon-gated; and the palpi are 3-5-segmented. The round orreniform eyes are larger in males and sometimes dividedinto distinct areas of different-sized ommatidia, the smallerones ventral. The ocelli are strong, and the ocellar triangleis distinct, and sometimes raised above the level of theeyes.

The thorax (Fig. 1 and 3) lacks sutures. The pronotumhas two comb-like transverse rows of strong or fairlystrong spines which are variable in number, colour, andstrength. The mesonotum is bare, or bears longitudinalrows of hairs embedded in or adjacent to two longitudinalsulci and on the lateral margins. The pleurites are generallybare. The scutellum (Fig. 3) has a tuft of apical setulae.

The legs have the coxae bare or with a few hairs orminute pubescence, and the trochanters with fine hairs. Thefemora are elongate, sometimes enlarged towards the apex,and occasionally grooved. The fore tibiae (Fig. 9-13) havespines, varying in number and strength, at the apex and onthe middle third of the posterodorsal surface. The foretarsus and middle tibia and tarsus are normal, but the hindtibia (Fig. 14-17) maybe normal or swollen, especially to-wards the apex, and sometimes has an apical spur; the tarsalsegments are sometimes enlarged. The empodium andpulvilli (Fig. 4) are equally strong, or the empodium isabsent in some species.

The wings (Fig. 18-22) have the membrane usuallyclear, but when not so then the shading is more prominentanteriorly, but with transverse clear areas on either side ofthe stigma. The anterior veins are darker than the posteriorveins. A stigma is usually present at the apex of R1

Venation is normally as in Fig. 21, but with modificationsusually in the form of deletions of portions of Μ1 and Μ2

and/or loss of m-cu. There is no discal cell, and at most asingle complete anal vein reaches the wing margin. Theanal cell is rarely closed. The costa does not extend to theposterior margin but ends close to the wing apex. The Rveins bear dorsal hairs which are either few and weak ornumerous and strong; if the latter, then their length equalsor exceeds the distance between them.

The abdomen is of 7-9 segments, elongate, and moreor less cylindrical and hairy. The male terminalia (Fig. 5and 23-30) have the terminal sternite supporting a pair ofclaspers, the hairiness and shape of which is variable, andthe terminal tergite supporting a pair of cerci. The femaleterminalia (Fig. 6 and 7) have the posterior sternite andtergite bearing a pair of lobes and cerci respectively.

BIOLOGY

Adult habitats and foodMost of this information comes fτom my own collectingnotes and from the labels of specimens examined. Adultsare associated with a wide range of plant species (Table 1,p. 19) and feed on flowers, probably consuming the nectarand other exudations. Flowers of some plants are very at-tractive to bibionids, and during the months of peak activity(November to February) are visited by adults in swarm-likenumbers. Two such flowers are those of citrus and cordy-line, and there are probably others from the list of plants inTable 1 which are just as attractive.

Pre-adult habitats and foodAn account of the habitat of D. nigrostigma is given byHudson (1892). He records that larvae frequently inhabit

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the woody powder often found under rotting logs, that theyare gregarious, and that larvae live for up to 8 months,pupating in spring. Harris (1983) records that larval D.nigrostigma are abundant in forest margins under fallenleaves of broad-leaved trees, both exotic and native. Hecultured D. nigrostigma and D. segnis in boxes with soiland leaves, and adults emerged. Textbooks (Tillyard 1926,Colless & McAlpine 1970) generalise that Australasianbibionid larvae inhabit soil or decomposing vegetation,some feeding on plant roots, but probably on dead tissue.Larvae of New Zealand species probably all occur indecaying vegetation at soil level. None have been found inliving plant tissue.

Generally, world wide, bibionid larvae are recorded asoccupying the range of habitats described above. Pupaeappear to be always found in the soil.

Economic importanceThe economic importance of bibionids is unclear, butlarvae are not generally regarded as likely to be of greatsignificance to crops or other plants. Hardy (1961) notedthat larvae have been recorded as damaging vegetable orcereal crops.

Adults which feed on nectar may play a part in pol-lination.

SeasonalityAdults have been collected from July through to April, withpeak populations in the summer months, generally Nov-ember to February.

METHODS AND CONVENTIONSCollecting, preparation, and curationAdults are sluggish, and are readily captured with net ortube. Preservation as dry, pinned specimens is quite ade-quate, but ethanol preservation is also commonly used.Preparations of terminalia may be obtained from abdo-mens cleared in sodium hydroxide solution. These can beexamined in situ, or may be prepared for slide mounting byteasing or cutting through the median lateral lines.

Collections have increased moderately since the previ-ous works on New Zealand Bibionidae were published(Hardy 1951, 1953). The very common species D.nigrostigma occurs in all collections in numbers, and D.segnis and D. crinitus in reasonable numbers, but onlysmall series of other species have accumulated.

All type series specimens are pinned unless otherwisestated. All records were determined or checked by theauthor.

AbbreviationsThe two-letter code at the beginning of each new record orgroup of similar records alludes to the areas of NewZealand designated by Crosby eta!. (1976).

Abbreviations for repositories are as follows.British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K.Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii,

U.S.A.Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zea-

landLincoln College, Canterbury, New ZealandNational Museum, Wellington, New ZealandN.Z. Arthropod Collection, DSIR, Auckland,

New ZealandOtago Museum, Dunedin, New ZealandUniversity of Canterbury, Christchurch, New

ZealandUniversity of Hawaii Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii,

U.S.A.

SYSTEMATICS

Family BIBIONIDAEThe name Bibionidae originated from Bibio Geoffroy,1762, and has subsequently remained in use unchanged.

Bibionidae can be recognised as members of the divi-sion Bibionomorpha of the suborder Nematocera. Withinthe Bibionomorpha are included a majority of the familiesof the Nematocera, and the closest family to Bibionidae hasalways been regarded as the Scatopsidae. In literature up toabout 1940 it was common to have both families includedin the Bibionidae as subfamilies. Recently, and sometimesearlier (e.g., Tillyard 1926), both have been given fullfamily ranking. Scatopsidae can be separated from Bibio-nidae by the absence of apical spurs on the middle and hindtibiae and by having the antennal base near or above mid-eye level.

Diagnostic characters. Adults: antennae arising fromnear or below lower margin of eyes; ocelli present; coxaenot elongate; middle and hind tibiae with 1 or 2 distinctapical spurs; empodium and pulvilli strongly and usuallyequally developed; discal cell absent; males holoptic, theeyes large and almost always differentiated into a larger an-terodorsal section and a smaller posteroventral section; fe-males dichoptic; small to moderate-sized flies up to 16 mmlong.

Mature larvae terrestrial, 12-segmented, holopneus-tic or peripneustic; integument with conspicuous hairs orfleshy processes, usually dark and rather leathery; head

ΒMΝΗBPBM

CMNZ

LCNZΝMΝΖNZAC

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UHMH

-7—

large; mouthparts well developed; metathoracic spiraclesusually distinct.

Pupae inactive, living in smooth cavities excavated bylarvae near surface of ground.

The family contains three subfamilies — Bibioninae,Pleciinae, and Hesperininae — of which the first two are themost common. Bibioninae are found predominantly intemperate regions, whereas Pleciinae are most numerous inthe tropics. Only Bibioninae are known to occur in NewZealand. The subfamilies are readily separated on anten-nal, leg, and wing characters.• Bibioninae: antennae robust; fore tibiae terminating in a

large apical spur or having a ring of strong spines at apexand 1 or 2 sets of spines along the segment; radial sectorunbranched.

• Pleciinae: antennae robust; fore tibiae without strongspines; radial sector furcate.

• Hesperininae: antennae very elongate; fore tibiae withoutstrong spines; radial sector furcate.

Subfamily BIBIONINAEDilophus is considered to be the sole genus in New Zea-land, and is distinguished from Bibio - which is, likeDilophus, a well known worldwide genus — as follows.• Dilophus: fore tibiae with a ring of apical spurs and a

cluster of 1 or 2 sets of spines near middle of segment.• Bibio (Fig. 8): fore tibiae bearing 1 strong apical spur and

a smaller one, and lacking sets of spines on segment.

Remarks. As indicated in the Introduction, the record ofthe occurrence of Bibio imitator Walker in New Zealand isnot considered to be valid. Examination of collections ofNew Zealand bibionids has failed to reveal its occurrencehere. The type specimen is now apparently lost (Hardy1956, 1982). It was recorded as bearing the locality `NewHolland', which may have influenced Miller (1950) tointerpret such a label loosely as New Zealand; other suchinterpretations of dubious and generalised early localitiesin the Australasian region are known.

Hardy (1982) has examined other Australian Bibiospecies described by Walker and Macquart and bearing thelabel `New Holland', and concluded that all are synony-mous with imitator Walker, which is very common inAustralia and well known to present-day entomologists.Colless & McAlpine (1970) note that B . imitator occurs invery large numbers in garden soil in Australia but does notattack living plants. There is always a possibility that thespecies may enter New Zealand in the future, probably asan assisted immigrant in imported soil or vegetable matter.

Genus Dilophus MeigenPhilia Meigen, 1800: 20. Type species Tipula febrilis

Linnaeus, by designation of Coquillett (1910, p.588).Suppressed by ICZN, 1963, Opinion 687, p. 339.

Dilophus Meigen, 1803: 264. Type species Tipula febrilisLinnaeus, by designation of Latreille (1810, p. 442).

Adults. Fore tibiae with an apical spine and rows orclusters of spines near middle; rows of combs on anteriormesonotum; Rs unbranched.

Larvae. Characters which have been used to distinguishlarvae at generic or higher levels are: the median apicallobe on the labium; the number of processes on the body;and the number of external openings on the posteriorspiracle.

Remarks. This genus has been recognised and has beenstable since it was first proposed by Meigen (1800, 1803).The apparent and repeated name changes between Philiaand D ilophus are solely due to the interpretations of succes-sive authors as to the validity of Meigen's nomenclature,and have not interfered in any way with the generic conceptof a large group of species.

Now that Meigen's 1800 name has been suppressed(references to Philia; see above) the validity of the nameDilophus is confirmed for the genus.

The New Zealand fossil species D. campbelli Harris isknown from larval exuviae only, and this fact has focusedattention on larval characters of Dilophus and Bibio. Thedistinctions between larval forms of these two genera havebeen categorised by Harris (1983; after Morris 1922), whosuggests that Bibio may be a candidate genus for the morecorrect placement of two extant New Zealand bibionidspecies which he has examined, nigrostigma and segnis.

The dilemma is a genuine one, and Harris rightlyacknowledges that examination of larval forms of morespecies of the world fauna is required in order to have an ap-preciation of the extent of the variation in larval characters.This must be carried out before generic characters of adultsand larvae can be confidently melded into acceptable ge-neric concepts.

There is a universal lack of records of larval forms ofBibionidae having been collected or examined taxonomi-cally. Of the extant New Zealand species, only two havetheir larval forms correctly associated with adults by rear-ing. Other species are not yet known to be represented incollections as larvae, or if they are in collections they arenot yet recognised. The characters used for separation ofadults of the various genera in the Bibionidae, especiallyforDilophus andBibio (see under `Subfamily Bibioninae',

—8—

p. 8, col. 1), are considered to be the best available and themost universally applicable and, accordingly, New Zea-land species are here retained in Dilophus.

The larval fossil form D. campbelli Harris should alsoremain in its designated genus.

KEY TO SPECIES OF DILOPHUSKNOWN FROM NEW ZEALAND

1 Large species usually longer than 6.0 mm; fore tibiaewith about 3 spines on a strong prominence at proxi-mal third, and 1 spine (rarely absent) at about distalthird nigrostigma

- Small species usually shorter than 6.0 mm; fore tibiaewithout a strong prominence bearing the spines ... 2

2(1) Cross-vein m-cu absent ... 3- Cross-vein m-cu present ... 4

3(2) Vein Μ1 detached in males, less distinctly so in fe-males alpinus

- Veins Μ1 + Μ2 detached tuthilli

4(2) Wings with smoky dark areas in subcostal cell andother cells posterior to stigma fumipennis

- Wings usually clear except for brown stigma andsometimes pale brown subcostal cell ... 5

5(4) Veins R1 and Rs distinctly haired dorsally for theirentire length, the hairs usually as close together aslength of hair or closer; body generally hairy

crinitus- Veins R1 and Rs indistinctly haired, the hairs short and

usually few or not as close together as length of hair;body not excessively hairy ... 6

6(5) Fore tibiae with 2 distinct and well separated clustersof strong spines, at about proximal third and distalthird; legs usually brown segnis

- Fore tibiae with spines at middle of segment in 1 or 2clusters or rows; legs usually dark brown ... 7

7(6) Fore tibiae with 3 or 4 spines all together in a row orcluster near middle of segment harrisoni

- Fore tibiae with spines in 2 irregular rows or clustersnear middle of segment neoinsolitus

DESCRIPTIONS

Dilophus alpinus new speciesFigures 18 and 23

Male dark brown or shining black; wings clear. Bodylength about 3.5 mm; wing length about 3.0 mm.

Head black. Antennae with 13 segments. Eyes reddishbrown, black on posterior sector, sparsely haired, the hairsshort. Ocellar triangle distinctly raised above level of eyes.Palpi greyish-black.

Thorax. Mesonotum with hairs in longitudinal sulci, allquite short and thin. Pleurites shining black. Scutellumwith an apical tuft of fine, short setulae. Legs shining darkbrown. Foreleg: coxa and femur strong; tibia fairly strong,with with 2 submedial groups of spines. Middle leg normal.Hind leg: femur somewhat enlarged and swollen on distalhalf; tibia distinctly swollen from about proximal third toapex, where it is widest; tarsal segments swollen; basitarsalsegment not as wide as apex of tibia. Wings: stigma verypale brown; anterior veins brown; posterior veins verypale; base of vein M1 and m-cu cross-vein missing (Fig. 18).Halteres dark brown with paler brown stalks.

Abdomen shining black, or dark brown. Terminaliapale brown.

Female brown to pale brown. Body length 3.5 mm; winglength 4.0 mm. As for male except as follows.

Head. Ocellar triangle distinct, shining, but not raisedtoo much above level of front. Front between eyes at leasthalf of head width.

Thorax. Mesonotum with 3 darker brown vittae inmiddle and a central, shorter vitta anteriorly between the 2raised ridges of spines. Pleurites pale brown with someslightly darker brown irregular shading. Legs pale brownexcept for apical segment of tarsi, which is brown to darkbrown. Foreleg: coxa and femur strong, equal in length;tibia relatively strong, with 2 submedial groups of spines.Middle leg normal. Hind leg: femur slightly enlarged indistal half; tibia only slightly enlarged towards apex; tarsalsegments normal. Vein Μ1 faintly reaching Μ2 . Halterespale brown.

Abdomen brown to pale brown. Genital plates brown.

Type data. Holotype male and allotype female (in cop-ulo): TO, .Μt Ruapehu, 1070 m, 8 April 1966, B.M. May(NZAC).

Paratypes (12 males, 7 females; NZAC, CMNZ).North I. TO: 1 male, Ruapehu, Chateau, 21 Feb 1965, G.Kuschel. HB: 3 males, Kaweka Ra., 1971, A.C. Eyles(ethanol) — 2 on Senecio, 24 Feb, and 1, 1000 m, MakahuHut, οn Νothofagus, 27 Feb. RI: 1 male, l female, Ruahine

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172 173` 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

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• Map 1 Distribution of Dilophus alpinus •

Ra., 1500 m, 22 Feb 1970, G.W. Ramsay (ethanol).South I. NN: 6 males, 2 females, Canaan Track, 2 Feb

1950, J.G. Dawber (6,1) and A.W. P[arrott] (0,1). OL: 135 ° male, 2 females, Niger Peaks, 1200-1500 m, 26 Feb 1966

- 2 females, on gentian and Hebe hectori, G. Kuschel, and1 male, 1 female, on gentian, J.I. Townsend (ethanol). FD:1 female, Wilmot Pass, 21 Jan 1970, A.C. Eyles (ethanol).

37 ° Material examined. Type series, plus 13 non-type ex-amples (7 males, 6 females; NZAC, UCNZ).

WO, TO, HB, RI /NN, OL, CO, FD.38 ° Recorded from 762-1500m.

Collected in January (6% of total), February (82%),April (6%), and December (6%).

39 ° Plant associations: see Table 1 (p. 19).

Remarks. The name proposed refers to the species' asso-ciation with high country.

42°p ° crinita Hardy, 1951: 262; 1953: 514 (Philia).

Male. Generally shining black; legs showing distinct areas

41 ° of pale brown; wings slightly tinged with brown. Bodylength about 5.0 mm; wing length about 4.5 mm.

Head shining black. Antennae dark brown, with 1342 ° segments. Eyes brown, blackish brown on posterior sector,

distinctly pilose, the hairs long. Ocellar triangle distinctlyraised above level of eyes. Palpi black.

43 ° Thorax. Mesonotum distinctly shining black, gener-ously covered with long, fine hairs arising mostly in 2distinct longitudinal lines and on lateral margins. Scutel-

44 ° lum with an apical tuft of many long setulae. Pleuritesduller black, relatively bare. Legs: middle and hind femorapaler brown on proximal half. Middle and hind tibiae pale

45 ° brown, apically brown. Hind tarsal segments brown, slightlydarker towards apex. Foreleg: coxa and femur fairly strong,about equal in length; tibia with 1 or 2 (rarely up to 5) small

46 ° but distinct submedial spines; tibia and tarsal segmentsweak, fairly generously coated with long, fine hairs. Middlecoxa small; remainder of leg normal. Hind leg: coxa small;

47 ° femur and tibia slightly swollen towards apex; tarsal seg-ments somewhat swollen. Wings: costal cell darker thanmembrane; stigma brown; venation normal; vein R withmany strong, distinct hairs. Halteres brown with palebrown stalks.

Abdomen distinctly pilose, with long, fine hairs longerthan on thorax. Terminalia blackish brown.

36°

40

41°Dilophus crinitus (Hardy) new combinationFigures 9, 14, 19, and 24

- 10-

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172° 173° 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174°

• Map 2 Distribution of Dilophus crinitus •

4240

Female. Pale brown to pale reddish brown, with thoraxparticularly shining, and abdomen dull; wings slightlyshaded brown. Body length about 6.0-7.0 mm; wing length

35 ° 6.0 mm. As for male except as follows.Head. Front between eyes about half width of head.Thorax. Mesonotum haired, with fairly fine, short hairs

36 ° arising from longitudinal grooves. Scutellum duller brownwith darker margins. Pleurites pale reddish brown. Legs

3 7 ° pale yellowish brown; tarsi with apical segments slightlydarker. Fore coxa and femur about equal in length, rela-tively strong. Wings with subcostal cell not shaded; vena-

38 ° tion normal.Abdomen with distinct darker brown patches on ter-

gites. Terminalia pale brown.39'

Type data. Holotype: male, AK, Auckland, Mt Welling-ton, 10 December 1916, C.E. Cole (USNM).

Paratypes: 3 males, NC-WD, Arthurs Pass —Otira, 20Nov -11 Dec 1919 (USNM, BPBM).

41°Material examined. Holotype and 2 paratypes, plus 146non-type examples (117 males, 28 females, 1 unsexed;NZAC, LCNZ, UCNZ, USNM).

AK, BP, TO, TK, RI, WN / NN, BR, KA, NC, MC, SC,DN, CO / SI.

Recorded from sea level to 3500 m.41 ° Collected September (2% of total), October (38%), and

November (60%).Plant associations: see Table 1 (p. 19).

42°

Remarks. The key character of haired veins is importantin distinguishing D. crinitus from the other species with

43 ° full normal venation.

Dilophus fumipennis new speciesFigures 20 and 25

Male. Jet black, shining; wing with distinct brown or palebrown shading on several areas. Body length about 5.0mm; wing length about 4.5 mm.

Head black. Antennae dull blackish brown, with 13segments. Eyes dull reddish brown, dark brown in poste-rior, sector, distinctly pilose, the hairs long. Ocellar triangle

47 small, distinctly raised above level of eyes. Palpi black.Thorax. Mesonotum fairly strongly haired along the 2

longitudinal sulci and on lateral margins; transverse ridgeswell haired. Scutellum with an apical tuft of short setulae.Legs: most segments glossy. Foreleg: coxa about 0.8× aslong as femur, both swollen; tibia strong and somewhatswollen, with a group of about 4 posterodorsal spines in a

40'

44°

45°

46°

— 11—

172° 173° 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

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OFFSHOREISLANDS

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Campbell

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167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174°

• Map 3 Distribution of Dilophus fumipennis •

submedial cluster. Middle leg normal. Hind leg: coxa dullblack; femur swollen in distal half; tibia clavate, graduallyswelling towards apex; tarsal segments distinctly swollen,

35 ° but basitarsus not quite as broad as apex of hind tibia.Wings shaded with pale brown, but with darker brownareas in subcostal cell extending towards posterior marginof wing. Another similar-coloured area behind the darkbrown stigma extending to cross-vein, and yet another

37 ° s imilar though paler-coloured area in apical portion ofwing. R1 and R3 bearing short, fine, well separated hairs. Μ1

faint on proximal curve to m-cu; base of Μ1 coinciding38 ° with m-cu or distad of m-cu. Halteres blackish brown, with

stalk paler.Abdomen shining jet black. Terminalia dark brown.

39°

Female unknown.

40° Type data. Holotype: male, TK, North Egmont [950 m],Holly Hut, 29 November 1975, sweeping and beating,

41 ° A.K. Walker (NZAC).Paratypes: 17 males, same data as holotype (NZAC,

CMNZ, USNM).42 °p Material examined. Type series, plus a non-type male

from TK.

41 ° Remarks. The name proposed alludes to the shaded wings.

42 ° Dilophus harrisoni (Hardy) new combinationFigures 10, 15, and 26

43° harrisoni Hardy, 1953: 515 (Philia).

Male. Small, shining brown to black; wings clear. Body44 ° length about 3.0-4.0 mm; wing length about 3.0-4.0 mm.

Head dark blackish brown. Antennae greyish brown,with 13 segments. Eyes blackish brown, darker in posterior

45 ° sector, fairly densely pilose, the hairs long, thins. Ocellartriangle very prominent; ocelli strong. Palpi dark brown.

Thorax. Anterior transverse rows of spines strong.46 ° Mesonotum with distinct long hairs, especially arising

from the 2 longitudinal sulci and on lateral margins. Scutel-lum with an apical tuft of lοng, fine setulae. Pleurites glossy

47°dark brown. Legs usually dark chocolate brown. Coxae andfemora slightly darker than other segments. Foreleg strongfrom coxa to tibia; tibia with a medial group of 3 postero-dorsal spines; tarsus normal. Middle leg normal. Hind leg:femur distinctly swollen on distal half or two-thirds; tibiaalso swollen distad, but noticeably so only on distal third;tarsal segments distinctly swollen; basitarsus only justnarrower than apex of tibia. Wings clear, stigma pale

36°

-12-

172 173° 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174°

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OFFSHOREISLANDS

Kermadecs ΗThree Kings ΗChathams ΗSnares ΗBounty

Antipode

Auckland

Campbell

40°

41°

4240°

• Map 4 Distribution of Dilophus harrisoni •

brown; venation normal (as in Fig. 21). Halteres brown togreyish brown.

Abdomen shining black. Terminalia brown to dark35 ° brown.

Female. Glossy brown to yellowish brown; head black.36 ° Body length 6.0 mm; wing length 5.0 mm. As for male

except as follows.37 ° Thorax. Hind femur and tibia only slightly swollen

distad; all tibiae somewhat darker brown at apex.Abdomen brown dorsally, pale brown ventrally.

38°Type data. Holotype: male, TO, National Park, Chateautrack, 27 February 1949, R.A. Harrison (NZAC).

39 ° Paratypes: 8 males, TO, National Park, Chateau track(1), Mangatepopo (1), and above Mangatepopo Hut (6),26-27 Feb 1949, R.A. Harrison (NZAC, BMNH, USNM,BPBM, UHMH).

Material examined. Holotype, 5 paratypes, and 32 non-type examples (NZAC, UCNZ, LCNZ).

TO, HB / NN, BR, NC-WD, MC, FD.Recorded from 500-1700 m.Collected January (29% of total), February (51%),

March (5%), April (7%), November (5%), and December(3%).

41 ° Plant associations: see Table 1 (p. 19).

Remarks. D. harrisoni is apparently related to D. tricus-42 ° pidatus Hardy, an Australian species (Hardy 1982).

43° Dilophus neoinsolitus new speciesFigures 11, 16, 21, and 27

44° insolita in the sense of Hardy, 1951: 264; 1953: 516(Philia); not insolitus Hutton, 1901.

45 ° Male. Dark chocolate brown, not particularly glossy; wingsslightly brown, with veins distinct. Body length about4.0-4.5 mm; wing length about 4.0 mm.

46 ° Head black. Mouthparts brown. Antennae dark brown,with 13 segments. Eyes reddish brown, black on posteriorsector, distinctly pilose, the hairs fairly dense, short. Ocel-

47 lar triangle and ocelli distinct. Palpi brown.Thorax. Anterior transverse rows of spines not strong.

Mesonotum black, not excessively haired, the hairs rela-tively short. Scutellum with a tuft of short, strong setulae.Pleurites dark chocolate brown. Legs dark chocolate brown,more shining than other parts of body; femora sometimespaler. Foreleg: coxa and femur strong; tibia not excessivelystrong, with a medial cluster of spines arranged haphaz-

-13-

OFFSHOREISLANDS

Kermadecs ΗThree Kings ΗChathams ΗSnares ΗBounty ❑Antipodes ΗAucklands ΗCampbell Η

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172° 173 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174°

ardly or in 2 irregular rows. Middle leg normal; tibia witha small, black median spine. Hind leg: femur distinctlyenlarged in distal half; tibia clavate, increasing in width

35 ° from about proximal third; tarsus enlarged, but basal seg-ment not as broad as apex of hind tibia. Wings: venationnormal; stigma brown; anterior veins brown; R vein withvery few, very short, fine hairs. Halteres with knob brown,stalk pale brown.

Abdomen and terminalia dark brown.

Female. Brown to reddish brown on head and thorax;38 ° abdomen pale brown; legs yellowish brown. Body length

5.0-6.0 mm; wing length 5.5-6.0 mm. As for male exceptas follows.

39 v Head. Eyes dull brown. Hind legs without the charac-teristic swollen segments, but femur and tibia slightly

40° swollen towards apex.

Type data. Holotype: male, NN, Wakefield, rotten beech

41 [Nothofagus sp.], 30 August 1967, J.S. Dugdale (NZAC).Paratypes (20 males, 7 females; NZAC, CMNZ,

USNM). North I. ND: 1 male, Waipoua State Forest, 17Oct 1967, beating Geniostoma ligustrifolium and Cyatho-des fasciculatus, J.C. Watt (ethanol). CL: 1 male, LittleBarrier I., Thumb track and Summit track, 23 Nov 1951,R.A. Harrison; 1 male, Tapu, 14 Nov 1937, J. S. Armstrong.

41 ° TO: 1 male, Taupo, Tauhara, 19 Νov 1933, J.S. Armstrong.South I. NN: 8 males, 7 females, same data as holotype;

1 male, type locality, on Fomes aplanatus, emerged 28 Sep42 1967, J.S. Dugdale; 1 male, Dun Mtn, 650m, 16 Nov 1920,

A. Philpott. BR: 2 males, Capleston, Boatmans Creek, 8Nov 1971, beating and to light, J.S. Dugdale; 1 male,

43 ° Hochstetter State Forest, Flagstaff Reserve, 7 Nov 1972,J.S. Dugdale. BR-WD: 3 males, Kumara, 12-14 Dec1929, J.W. Campbell.

44

Material examined. Type series, plus 3 non-type exam-ples (NMNZ).

45° ND, AK, CL, TO /NN, BR, WD.Recorded from sea level to 650 m.Collected August (53% of total), September (2%),

46 ° October (2%), November (23%), and December (10%).Plant association: see Table 1 (p. 19).

47 ° Remarks. D. neoinsolitus is distinguished from otherspecies by the presence of two irregular clusters or rows ofspines rather than one medially on the fore tibia.

The relationship of this species to Philia insolita asdescribed by Hardy (1951, 1953) is discussed underRemarks to D. segnis.

36°

37

42 ϋ

40

• Map 5 Distribution of Dilophus neoinsolitus •

—14-

OFFSHOREISLANDS

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Kermadecs ❑Three Kings Η

Chathams

Snares

Bounty

Antipodes

σ

35°

36°

37°

38°

39°

40

41°

42°

Όγ

41°

42°

43°

44

45

Dilophus nigrostigma (Walker)Figures 12 and 28

nigrostigma Walker, 1848: 121 (Bibio). Kirby, 1884: 272(Dilophus). Hudson, 1892: 95 (Dilophus). Hutton,1901: 193 (Dilophus). Hardy, 1951: 268; 1953:517; 1956: 87 (Philia).

spectabilis Nowicki, 1875: 10 (Dilophus).zealandicus Walker, 1858: 235 (Bibio).

Male. Shining black; wings almost clear; stigma black.Body length about 8.0 mm; wing length about 7.5 mm.

Head black. Antennae dark reddish black, with 13segments. Eyes reddish brown, dark brown on posteriorsector, thickly pilose. Front consisting of a small ocellartriangle raised distinctly above level of eyes. Palpi darkbrown.

Thorax. Anterior transverse rows of spines fairly promi-nent. Scutellum with an apical tuft of short, fine, upcurvedsetulae. Mesonotum with 2 distinct longitudinal rows ofhairs, embedded in and around relatively well definedlongitudinal sulci; hairs also thick on lateral margins;pleurites generally bare. Legs shining black except forblackish-brown tarsi. Foreleg: coxa just shorter than fe-mur, both fairly strong; tibia with 3 distinct spines on aposterodorsal callosity just before middle of segment, anda small spine at distal third; distal spines relatively strong,the anteroventral distal spur longer than the spines. Foreand middle tarsal segments normal, relatively thin. Middleleg: coxa small, just longer than trochanter and about one-quarter as long as femur; tibia normal. Hind leg: coxa abouttwice as long as trochanter and about one-third as long asfemur; femur swollen somewhat towards apex, widest atabout distal quarter; tibia about as long as femur, likewiseswollen towards apex and broadest distally; tarsus moreswollen than middle and fore tarsi. Wings: venation normal(as in Fig. 21); anterior veins dark brown; posterior veinspaler brown; stigma almost black; subcostal cell shadedbrown except near base; veins R1 and Rs without hairs.Halteres with a dark brown bulb and dark greyish-brownstalk.

Abdomen shining black, fairly well covered with long,thin hairs. Terminalia black.

Female. Pale brown or pale reddish brown with darkerbrown abdomen, trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi. Body length7.0-8.0 mm; wing length 7.0-8.0 mm. Similar to maleexcept as follows.

Head dark shining brown. Eyes sparsely pilose, thehairs short. Ocellar triangle prominent, raised above levelof front. Front between eyes at narrowest part half width ofhead. Palpi small, dark brown.

172º 173° 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174°

• Map 6 Distribution of Dilophus nigrostigma •

Aucklands ❑

Campbell ❑

47°

46

-15-

Thorax shining pale reddish brown, darker brown onanterior of mesonotum, on scutellum, and on proximal halfor two-thirds of sternopleuron. Mesonotum with longitudi-nal sulci bearing short hairs, these not as profuse as in male.Legs: coxae and femora pale reddish brown; trochanters,tibiae, and tarsi brown to dark brown; hind leg not undulyswollen in tibia and tarsal segments. Stigma of wingsbrown to dark brown.

Abdomen not excessively haired. Genital plates darkblackish brown.

Type data. Syntypes: 1 male, 1 female, New Zealand(BMNH).

Material examined. 620 non-type examples (NZAC,LCNZ, UCNZ, USNM).

ND-SL (except CL / ΚΑ, ΜC) / SI / Chatham Is.Recorded from sea level to 2440 m.Collected in January (100 of total), February (0.2%),

March (0.5%), October (0.7%), November (29%), andDecember (60%).

Plant associations: see Table 1 (p. 19).

Remarks. D. nigrostigma is separated from all other NewZealand species by its large size.

Dilophus segnis HuttonFigures 13, 17, and 29

segnis Hutton, 1901: 194 (Dilophus). Hardy, 1951: 272;1953: 516 (Philia).

insolitus Hutton, 1901: 193 (Dilophus) new synonymy.

Male. Shining black with brown legs. Body length about3.5-4.0 mm; wing length about 3.5 mm.

Head black. Antennae blackish brown, with 13 seg-ments . Eyes brown, dark brown on posterior sector, sparselypilose, the hairs fine, long. Ocellar triangle small, raisedabove level of eyes. Palpi brown.

Thorax not strongly pilose, but hairs present in longi-tudinal sulci. Scutellum with an apical tuft of few very shortsetulae. Pleurites dark brown rather than black, distinctlyshining. Legs brown. Foreleg: coxa blackish brown, fairlystrong, about equal to femur; tibia thickened, with 2 groupsof spines, one each at about proximal third and distal third;apical tibial spurs fairly strong, and apical spine oftendistinctly longer and black; tarsal segments normal. Middleleg normal; tibia with a single medial anterodorsal spine,this often weak. Hind leg: coxa black, about one-quarter aslong as femur, which is distinctly swollen on distal half;tibia clavate, with a gradual thickening to apex; tarsal

segments distinctly swollen, the basal segment as broad asapex of tibia. Wings very faintly shaded brown; stigmabrown; venation normal (as in Fig. 21); anterior veinsbrown; R vein with a few short hairs. Halteres brown, withstalks pale brown.

Abdomen black. Terminalia dark brown.

Female. As for male except as follows. General colourpaler brown; legs darker only on distal tarsal segments.

Thorax. Foreleg with tibial spines in 2 groups closertogether than in males, often at middle and proximal thirdof segment. Hind leg with swollen femur and tibia not aspronounced, and tarsal segments normal. Wings very faintlyshaded with pale brown; stigma brown.

Abdomen dull brown. Genital plates pale brown anddark brown.

Type data. Holotype of segnis: male, MC, Christchurch,F.W. Hutton (CMNZ). Paratypes: 2 females, same dataas holotype (CMNZ).

Holotype of insolitus: male, MC, Christchurch, F.W.Hutton (CMNZ). Paratypes: 1 male, 2 females, same dataas holotype (CMNZ).

Material examined. Type series, plus 158 non-type ex-amples (64 males, 94 females; NZAC, CMNZ, USNM,LCNZ, UCNZ).

ND, AK, CL, TO, GB, HB, RI, WN / NN, SD, BR, KA,MC, WD, MK, OL / SI.

Recorded from sea level to 1000 m.Collected February (1% of total), March (1%), July

(1%), September (1%), October (14%), November (39%),and December (43%).

Plant associations: see Table 1 (p. 19).

Remarks. The male terminalia have been prepared forboth segnis Hutton and insolitus Hutton. All charactersexamined indicate that the type series of both nominalspecies are identical.

As Hardy did not have access to the type series, heprobably erred in his use of the names segnis and insolitus(Hardy 1951, 1953) as being equivalent to Hutton's spe-cies.

His descriptions under these names indicate distinct-ness, and the species described in this revision as D.neoinsolitus n.sp. is probably that which Hardy took to beinsolitus in some instances.

This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that paratypesdesignated here for neoinsolitus were taken at Kumara(BR—WD) by Campbell, and are thus from the same seriesthat was examined by Hardy and recorded by him in 1951as insolita.

—16—

172 173` 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

OFFSHOREISLANDS

Kermadecs 0Three Kings ΗChathamsSnaresBountyAntipodesAucklands

Campbell

σ

167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174º

41°

42°40°

• Map 7 Distribution of Dilophus segnis •

Some earlier determined specimens may have to be re-examined in the light of this conclusion.

The name segnis has been chosen to be retained be-35 ° cause it has been used more frequently than insolitus, and

will not disturb the terminology used by Hardy; insolitus isthus reduced to synonymy.

36°

37 ° Dilophus tuthilli (Hardy) new combinationFigures 22 and 30

38 ° tuthilli Hardy, 1953: 518 (Philia).

Male. Small, dark brown, mostly glossy; wings clear.39 ° Body length about 2.5 mm; wing length about 2.5 mm.

Head almost black. Antennae dark brown, with 13segments. Eyes dull reddish brown, darker on posterior

40 ° sector. Ocellar triangle quite distinct; ocelli strong, raisedabove level of eyes. Palpi dark brown.

Thorax. Anterior transverse rows of spines quite strong.Mesonotum sparsely pilose, the hairs relatively long andthin, arising from longitudinal sulci. Scutellum with anapical tuft of short, strong setulae. Legs brown to darkbrown; coxae and femora often darker than other segments.Foreleg: coxa and femur relatively strong, approximatelyequal; tibia relatively strong, with a cluster of strong spines

41 ° in 1 or 2 groups near middle; tarsus normal. Middle legnormal. Hind leg: femur swollen on distal half, but notexcessively so; tibia likewise tending to be swollen to-

42 ° wards apex; tarsal segments normal. Wings clear; stigmapale brown; venation characterised by absence of veins Μ1

and Μ1+2 basally and of cross-vein m-cu (Fig. 22). Halteres43 ° brown.

Abdomen shining brown to dark brown. Terminaliapale brown.

44Female. Shining reddish to dark reddish brown on head,thorax, and legs; abdomen dull reddish brown. Body length

45 ° 2.5 mm; wing length 2.5 mm. As for male except asfollows.

Fore coxa paler than fore femur. Middle and hind46 ° femora and tibiae often paler brown on proximal half. Hind

legs without any swollen or slightly swollen regions.

47 ° Type data. Holotype male and allotype female: TO,Lake Taupo, 20-22 February 1950, L.D. Tuthill (NZAC).

Paratypes: 10 males, 10 females, same data as holotype(NZAC, BMNH, USNM, BPBM, UHMH).

Material examined. 5 paratypes (2 males, 3 females) plus17 non-type examples (16 males, 1 female, 1 unsexed;UCNZ, NZAC).

-17-

172° 173 174° 175° 176° 177° 178°

ΙΙLιι-ιι

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OFFSHOREISLANDS

Kermadecs ΗThree Kings

❑

Chathams

Snares

Bounty

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167° 168° 169° 170° 171° 172° 173° 174°

• Map 8 Distribution of Dilophus tuthilli •

AK, CL, TO / NN, KA, NC, MC, OL.Recorded from sea level to 950 m.Collected January (13% of total), February (74%), and

35 ° November (13%).Plant associations: see Table 1 (p. 19).

36° Remarks. D. tuthilli is distinguished from its New Zea-land congeners by characters of the venation.

37

REFERENCESColless, D.H.; McAlpine, D.Κ. 1970: Diptera. Pp. 656-740

in The insects of Australia. CSIRO /Melbourne Uni-versity Press.

40 ° Coquillett, D.W. 1910: The type-species of the NorthAmerican genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the UnitedStates National Museum 37: 499-647.

41 ° Crosby, T.K.; Dugdale, J.S.; Watt, J.C. 1976: Recordingspecimen localities in New Zealand: an arbitrary sys-tem of areas and codes defined. N.Z. journal of zoology3: 69 + map.

Geoffroy, E.L. 1762: Histoire brégée des insectes qui setrouvent aux environs de Paris, 2. Paris.

41 ° Hardy, D.E. 1951: Studies in Pacific Bibionidae (Diptera).Part 2: genus Philia Meigen. Proceedings of theHawaiian Entomological Society 14: 257-275.

42° 1953: The Bibionidae of New Zealand (Diptera).Pacific science 7: 513-521.

43° 1956: The Walker types of Bibionidae (Diptera).Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 29(3):85-91.

44 ° 1961: The Bibionidae of California. Bulletin of theCalifornia Insect Survey 6(7): 179-195.

45° 1982: The Bibionidae (Diptera) of Australia.

Australian journal of zoology 30: 805-855.

Harris, A.C. 1983: An Eocene larval insect fossil (Diptera:

46 ° Bibionidae) from North Otago, New Zealand. Journalof the Royal Society of N.Z. 13(3): 93-105.

Hudson, G.V. 1892: An elementary manual of New Zea-land entomology. London, West, Newman. 128 p.

Hutton, F.W. 1901: Additions to the Diptera fauna of NewZealand. Transactions and proceedings of the N.Z.Institute 34: 179-196.

Kirby, F.W. 1884: Notes of the Diptera of New Zealand.Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London29: 272.

38°

39°

42 `

40

-18—

Latreille, P.A. 1810: Considerations générales sur l'ordrenaturel des animaux. Paris.

Meigen, J.W. 1800: Nouvelle classifaction des mouches àdeux ailles (Diptera L.) d' après un plan tout nouveau.Paris.

1803: Versuch einer Gattungseintheilung dereuropäischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Magazin derInsektenkunde 2: 259-281.

Miller, D. 1950: Catalogue of the Diptera of the NewZealand sub-region. N.Z. Department of Scientific andIndustrial Research bulletin 100. 194 p.

Morris, H.M. 1922: The larval and pupal stages of theBibionidae. Part II. Bulletin of entomological research13: 189-195.

Nowicki, M. 1875: Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Dipter-enfauna Neuseelands. Memoir, Krakauer Αkademieder Wissenschaften 2: 1-29.

Tillyard, R.J. 1926: The insects of Australia and NewZealand. Sydney, Angus & Robertson. 560 p.

Walker, F. 1835: Characters of some undescribed NewHolland Diptera. Entomologists' magazine 2:468-473.

1848: List of the specimens of dipterous insects inthe collection of the British Museum, part 1. London,British Museum. 229 p.

1858: Characters of undescribed Diptera in thecollection of W.W. Saunders Esq. F.R.S. . Transac-tions of the Entomological Society of London (n.s.) 4:190-235.

Table 1 List of plants having bibionid associations, their family affiliation, and thespecies of Bibionidae recorded on each.

Carduus nutansCarmichaelia sp.Carpodetus serratusCassinia sp.Citrus sp.Coprosma sp.Cordyline australisCyathodes fasciculatusDanthonia sp.Discaria toumatouDracophyllum arboreumEpilobium sp.Galium propinquumGanoderma applanatumGeniostoma ligustrifoliumGentian flowersGriselinia littoralisHalocarpus bidwilliiHebe sp.Kunzea ericoidesLeptospermum sp.Muehlenbeckia sp.Nothofagus sρ.Olearia virgataPhyllocladus sp.Pittosporum sp.Poa colensoiRhopalostylis sapidaRosa sp.Senecio sp.Stock (Matthiola incarna)Tussock grassesWeinmannia sp.

AsteraceaePapilionaceaeEscalloniaceaeAsteraceaeRutaceaeRubiaceaeAgavaceaeEpacridaceaePoaceaeRhamnaceaeEpacridaceaeOnagraceaeRubiaceaeGanodermataceaeLoganiaceaeGentianaceaeCornaceaePodocarpaceaeScrophulariaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaePolygonaceaeFagaceaeAsteraceaePodocarpaceaePittosporaceaePoaceaePalmaeRosaceaeAsteraceaeBrassicaceaePoaceaeCunoniaceae

nigrostigmasegnisnigrostigmaalpinus, nigrostigma, segnisnigrostigmanigrostigma, segnis, tuthillinigrostigmaneoinsolitussegnissegnisnigrostigmanigrostigmanigrostigmaneoinsolitusneoinsolitus, tuthillialpinussegniscrinitusalpinus, nigrostigma, tuthillinigrostigmanigrostigma, segnis, tuthillituthillialpinus, crinitus, nigrostigma, tuthillicrinitus, nigrostigmaharrisonituthilliharrisonisegnisnigrostigmaalpinusnigrostigmacrinitusalpinus, nigrostigma

—19-

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Dilophus nigrostigma male, habitus, lateral, showing features characteristic of Bibionidae.Note divided eye (cf. female, Fig. 2). Scale line = 1.0 mm. Artist: Des Helmore.

—20—

(5)

9th tergite

antenna

ocellartriangle

pronotal comb

propleuron

rostrumneck

eye(undivided)

proboscis(2 )

palpus

sulcus

pleurite

wing base

scutellum

postscutellum

apical setulae

abdominal tergite

postalar depression

haltere

scutellar ridges

posterior lobe

8th sternite

4th tarsomere

pulvillus

claw

5th tarsomere

empodium

(56)

cercus

9th tergite

8th tergite

(3)

(4)

(6)

Fig. 2-7 Morphological details of Bibionidae, based on Dilophus species: (2) head, female, lateral; (3) mid-dorsal region; (4) tarsus, ventral; (5-7) terminalia — male, dorsal, and female, ventral and dorsal. Scale lines =0.25 mm.

—21—

(13)

(12)

(8 )

(9)

Fig. 8-13 Fore tibia, male, of: (8) Bibio imitator (after Hardy 1982); (9) Dilophus crinitus; (10) D. harrisoni; (11)D. neoinsolitus; (12) D. nigrostigma; (13) D. segnis. Scale lines = 0.1 mm.Fig. 14-17 Hind leg, male, of Dilophus species: (14) crinitus; (15) harrisoni, (16) neoinsolitus; (17) segnis. Scalelines = 1.0 mm.

-22-

(22)

(19)

Fig. 18-22 Wings of Dilophus species: (18) alpinus; (19) crinitus; (20) fumipennis; (21) neoinsolitus; (22) tuthilli.Scale lines = 1.0 mm.

— 23 —

(23)(24)

(29 ) (30)

9th sternite

(28)

—

(26)

(25)

clasper

(27)

Fig. 23-30 Terminalia, male, ventral, of Dilophus species: (23) alpinus; (24) crinitus; (25) fumipennis; (26) har-risoni; (27) neoinsolitus; (28) nigrostigma; (29) segnis; (30) tuthilli. Scale lines = 0.1 mm.

— 24 -

TAXONOMIC INDEXAll nominal tax a covered in the text are indexed, regardlessof their status in taxonomy. The suffix `k' denotes the pageon which a species is keyed. Page numbers in bold typeindicate the start of major descriptive sections. Numbers initalic type indicate pages on which a taxon is figured.

alpinus, Dilophus 9k, 19, 23, 24Bibio 5, 7, 8BIBIONIDAE 7ΒΙΒΙΟΝΙΝΑE 6, 8campbelli , Dilophus 8, 9crinita, Philia 10crinitus, Dilophus 7, 9k, 10, 19, 22-24Dilophus 5, 6, 8, 9febrilis, Tipula 8fumipennis, Dilophus 9k, 11, 23, 24harrisoni, Dilophus 9k, 12, 19, 22, 24

Philia 12

HESPERININAE 8imitator, Bibio 5, 8, 22insolita, Philia 13, 14, 16insolitus, Dilophus 13, 16, 17neoinsolitus, Dilophus 9k, 13, 16, 19, 22-24nigrostigma, Bibio 5, 15

Dilophus 5-8, 9k, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24Philia 15

Philia 5, 8PLECIINAE 8SCATOPSIDAE 7segnis, Dilophus 7, 8, 9k, 14, 16, 19, 22, 24

Philia 16spectabilis, Dilophus 15tricuspidatus, Dilophus 13tuthilli, Dilophus 9k, 17, 19, 23, 24

Philia 17zealandicus, Bibio 15

Beetlesin a suburban environment:a New Zealand case study

The identity and status of Coleopterain the natural and modified habitatsof Lynfield, Auckland (1974-1989)

by G. Kuschel

The importance of local biotic surveys cannot be over-emphasised at a time when management decisions affect-ing the future of natural environments are being made at anall too rapid rate. The effects of replacing native bush withagricultural crops, imported plantations, or exotic gardenscannot begin to be estimated without a detailed knowledgeof the native flora and fauna. Although it is not uncommonfor survey information on higher plants and vertebrates to beavailable, similar data for terrestrial invertebrates is almostimpossible to find. This is one of several reasons why DrKuschel's 15-year survey of the Coleoptera of the Lynfieldarea is an unique and important contribution.

The study was conducted in a suburban environment inNew Zealand, a country where numerous exotic plants andanimals, principally from the Northern Hemisphere, havebeen introduced and established over the past 200 years.This feature adds an additional dimension to the work in thatit provides an insight into the possible interactions betweennative and exotic species and differences in their habitatpreferences. The survey involves almost 1000 species ofbeetles, three-fourths of which are endemic to New Zealand.

For every sρecies recorded, the relative abundance andhabitat preferences are given, as well as information onflight capability and, for exotic forms, the country of originand, if known, the earliest New Zealand record.

Dr Kuschel has combined his own general knowledge ofthe Coleoptera and expertise in weevil taxonomy with thetalents of a number of overseas specialists to providespecies nams for the majority of the taxa and to place almostall of them in a known genus; he has also described severalnew species and made other taxonomic changes. Eachfamily is accompanied by at least one illustration, andsections on habitat types and collecting methods are in-cluded. An appendix by A.E. Esler includes a vegetationanalysis ands list of higher plant species found in the area.

This important contribution will prove to be of immensevalue to entomologists, ecologists, natural historians, andconservationists, not only in New Zealand but in othercountries interested in understanding and conserving theirnatural environment.

—Dr John F. LawrenceCSIRO Division of Entomology

Publication scheduled for December 1990120 pp. Α4 • extensively illustrated • price $29.95*

Orders and inquiries to:Library, Mt Albert Research Centre

Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand• New Zealand and Australian purchasers pay ΝΖ$29-95, others

US$29-95 or equivalent Price includes GST (N.Z.), packing,and postage by surface mail. Discount for 10 copies or more.

0

42° Ν

tAXON:

This proforma data sheetmay be photocopied as

required; copyright iswaived. Use the back

for data such as hostrecords.

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DISTRIBUTION IN TIME

Suggested subdivisions:(A, adult; E, egg; J, juvenile;

L, larva; Ρ, pupa)

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

MSL

— 1

ALTITUDINALDISTRIBUTION

(MSL, mean sea level)The range of altitudefor each scale divisionmay be set accordingto need, but should bein metric units.

Kermadecs ΓΙThree Kings [j

Chathams ΓΙSnares ΓΙBounty [ΙAntipodes []Aucklands D.Campbell C

OFFSHOREISLANDS

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This base-map is usedin the Fauna of N.Z. forrecording the distributionof collection localities.The small grid divisionsare 10 minutes of arc bylatitude and longitude.

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

KermadecIslands .

• Lord HoweIsland

SΟUΤΗ

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SCALE(km at 45°S latitude)

0 200 400Ι Ι

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THE NEW ZEALAND SUBREGION(excludes Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Macquarieislands except in the context of extralimital

zoogeography)

MacquarieQ Island

North Island

AK - Auckland

BP - Bay of Plenty

CL - Coromandel

GB - Gisborne

HB - Hawkes Bay

ND - Northland

RI - Rangitikei

TK - Taranaki

TO - Taupo

WA Wairarapa

WI - Wanganui

WN - Wellington

WO - Waikato

South Island

BR - Buller

CO - Central Otago

DN - Dunedin

FD - Fiordland

KA - Kaikoura 3θ° C

O

MB - Marlborough

MC - Mid Canterbury

MK - Mackenzie

NC - North Canterbury

NN - Nelson

OL - Otago Lakes

SC - South Canterbury

SD - Marlborough Sounds

SL - Southland

WD - Westland

ο;

SI - Stewart Island

Area codes and boundaries proposed by Crosby et al. (1976)for use with specimen locality data

CHECKLIST OFTAXA

INTRODUCTION

DESCRIPTIONS

HOST RECORDS

ILLUSTRATIONS

This series of refereed occasional publications has been established with two majorobjectives: to encourage those with expert knowledge of elements in the NewZealand fauna to publish concise yet comprehensive accounts; and to provide ameans of identification accessible to the non-specialist. 'twill deal with non -marineinvertebrates only, since the vertebrates are well documented, and marine formsare covered by the series Marine Fauna of New Zealand'.

Contributors should discuss their intentions with an appropriate member of theFauna Advisory Group or with the Series Editor before commencing work (fornames and addresses, see page ii). All necessary guidance will be given.

Persons wishing to receive issues of the 'Fauna' should address inquiries to'Fauna of N.Z.', Library, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, Auckland, NewZealand. Standing orders are maintained in three categories, as follows. 'A' — aninvoice will be sent with each number, as soon after publication as possible. 'B' —essentially as for 'Α', but invoices will be sent only with those numbers in a nominatedfield of interest (e.g., beetles only, mites only). 'C' —updated catalogues with orderforms will be sent from time to time.

Orders should be accompanied by full payment; rates quoted are for surfacemail. New Zealand and Australian subscribers pay in $NZ (GST is included in theprice). Overseas subscribers should pay the listed price in $US, or equivalent.

Fauna ofNew Zealand

IN PRINTNo. 1 Terebrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera), by Laurence A. Mound & Annette K.

Walker. Published 23 December 1982. 120 p. Price $29.95.No. 2 Osoriinae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), by H. Pauline McColl. Pub-

lished 23 December 1982. Second impression May 1983. 96 p. Price $18.60.No. 3 Anthribidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), by B. A. Holloway. Published 23 Decem-

ber 1982. Second impression February 1985. 272 p. Price $41.00.No. 4 Eriophyoidea except Eriophyinae (Arachnida: Acari), by D. C. M. Manson.

Published 12 November 1984. 144 p. Price $29.95.No. 5 Eriophyinae (Arachnida: Acari: Eriophyoidea), by D. C. M. Manson. Pub-

lished 14 November 1984. 128 p. Price $29.95.No. 6 Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), by R. G. Ordish. Published 12 Novem-

ber 1984. 64 p. Price $18.60.No. 7 Cryptostigmata (Arachnida: Acari) — a concise review, by M. Luxton. Pub-

lished 8 December 1985. 112 p. Price $29.95.No. 8 Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera), by James P. Dear. Published 24 February

1986. 88 ρ. Price $18.60.No. 9 Protura (Insecta), by S. L. Tuxen. Published 24 February 1986. 52 p. Price

$18.60.No. 10 Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera), by Laurence A. Mound & Annette K.

Walker. Published 22 September 1986. 144 p. Price $34.65.Νο. 11 Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera), by J. M. Cox. Published 7 Αρril 1987.

232 p. Price $49.95.No. 12 Pompilidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), by A. C. Harris. Published 13 Novem-

ber 1987. 160 p. Price $39.95.No. 13 Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), by J. S. Noyes. Published 9 May 1988.

192 p. Price $44.95.No. 14 Lepidoptera—annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa, by J. S.

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lished 30 December 1988. 168 p. Price $39.95.No. 16 Nepticulidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera), by Hans Donner & Christopher Wilkin-

son. Published 28 April 1989. 92 p. Price $22.95.No. 17 Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), by J. S. Noyes & E. W. Valentine. Pub-

lished 28 April 1989.100 p. Price $24.95.No. 18 Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera)—introduction, and review of smaller

families, by J. S. Noyes & E. W. Valentine. Published 2 August 1989. 96 p.Price $24.95.

No. 19 Mantodea (Insecta), with a review of aspects of functional morphology andbiology, by G. W. Ramsay. 96 p. Published 13 June 1990. 96 p. Price $24.95.

No. 20 Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera), by Roy A. Harrison. 28 p. Publication date andprice to be announced.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND

HARR

1

0N

FNΖ

20

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