Au Psy492 M6 A2 Sonson E
Transcript of Au Psy492 M6 A2 Sonson E
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Running head: PARENTING STYLES AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Topic Proposal: Parenting Styles and Child Development-
What are the Correlations between Parenting Styles and Child Behavior Development?
Elisha Sonson
Argosy University, Pittsburgh
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Title Parenting Styles and Child Development: What are the correlation between Parenting
Styles and Child Behavior Development?
Research has supported that the parenting styles embraced by parents time and again have
an immense repercussion on the development of the child, in perspective of the issue, analysis on
parenting styles and its intense influences on children, particularly in belligerence and behavior.
The purpose for this literature review is to draw attention on the types of parenting styles used by
parents and its impact on children’s behavior development. In addition, the literature review
would also support the hypotheses that “there are convincing links between parenting styles and
the impact these styles have on children’s behavior development.”
In today’s modern world, the development of children is an important concern. The
parenting styles children are subjected to creates great influence on their behaviors and how they
deal with trials and confronts in their lives. In earlier cohorts, child rearing came with strict rules;
discipline and children were stricken by obedience. The parenting styles of this era were
essential to foster the self-control, reinforce good behavior and discipline demanded by societies’
where rigorous compliance to authority was required by children. Although these types of
parenting style are still prevalent in modern society, many parents are grounded to certain
parenting styles that are not creating positive behaviors in children’s development. Ange (2005)
describes Baumrind’s parenting style classification as authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive.
Developmental psychologists have conducted numerous researches to study how different
parenting styles influence child development. The authoritative parenting practice used
according to research, have found to generate beneficial effects in children’s behavior
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development and parents who embrace this type of parenting style are thought to have very
distinct definitions on the boundaries and liberty of their children. Authoritarian parents are
insistent, domineering of the children and are less receptive to their children. The permissive
parenting style compels less of their children because they are very lenient (Ange, 2005). Parents
who practice this style of parenting are likely to negatively impact their children’s behavior
development and these children are likely to experience behavioral problems sometime in their
lives.
In the studies that were manipulated as referenced, parenting styles practices and their
influence on children was the central core of the study particularly in very young children.
Gender also influenced the study and the parenting styles exercised through the parent. The
findings outlined in the referenced articles show a clear correlation of the proposed hypothesis.
Discussion
Literature Findings:
1. Article: Do parenting styles and adolescents adjusting to self-perception and
relationships? Ang, Rebecca P.
a. Summary: The study looked at the effects of perceived parenting styles
on self-reliance, interpersonal relations, sense of inadequacy and attitude
to school after controlling for effects on adolescents’ self-esteem. Included
in the study were 548 adolescents from Singapore, Malay, Asian and
Asian Americans. The findings of the study showed that Asian and Asian
Americans samples were mixed in that both authoritative and authoritarian
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parenting styles appeared to be associated with positive adolescent
outcomes. The findings also stated that this outcome could be a reflection
of culture. Malay adolescents who perceived their father as authoritative
were self-reliant and confident. Perception of the paternal parenting styles
influenced the outcome more than the perception of adolescents of
maternal parenting styles (Ang, 2005).
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study is that the sample was
sizeable and contained a mixed population. The weakness is that culture
could have been the biggest influenced in the study.
2. Article: How do mothers’ childrearing histories, stress and parenting affect children’s
behavioral outcomes? Assel, M. A; Landry, S. H; Swank, P. R and Steelman, L
a. Summary: The longitudinal study observed 180 preterm and 112 termed
children and their female primary caregivers up to age 4. The cohorts were
of middle to low socio-income status from South-east Texas. The study
was conducted to investigate the direct and indirect relations of maternal
childrearing history and emotional stress and observed parenting styles.
The investigation began when the children were age 3 up to their 4th year.
The mothers parenting styles were measured on a 5-point scale to capture
warmth, responsiveness and flexibility. The findings of the investigation
showed mothers who recalled more punitive and neglecting memories of
how they were parented were more likely to report higher emotional stress
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levels and those parents displayed less warmth towards their children.
Those parents who reported low- moderate levels of anxiety appeared to
have difficulty responding to their children’s need and interest (Assel, et
al, 2002).
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study is the reliability of the
observational measures. Multiple observers were used to code the parents’
behaviors and their child’s initial skills. Other observational study
correlates well with the findings of this study. The weakness of the study
is that a longitudinal analysis is rarely used to examine the influence of
maternal emotional functioning and observed parenting behavior on
children’s behaviors.
3. Article: The role of parenting styles in children’s problem behavior. Aunola, Kaisa and
Nurmi, Jari-Erik
a. Summary: This paper explores the combination of parenting styles of
mothers’ and fathers’ (affection, behavioral and psychological control)
that influences their children’s internal and external behavioral problems.
The sample yield a total of 196 participants (children ages 5-6years). The
study followed the children from kindergarten through second grade to
observe and measure their problem behaviors. The study had mothers’ and
fathers’ filling in questionnaire once a year to measure their parenting
styles (Aunola, 2005). Internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors
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were assessed using structured interviews performed by trained
investigators. The findings revealed that high psychological control of
mothers’ in combination with high affection showed increase an in the
level of internal and external behavior problems in children. The level of
internal and external behavior decreased when behavioral control of
mothers’ was combined with low level of psychological control (Aunola,
2005).
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study is that it used a mix
family. It investigated two parent families, mothers or fathers living with
their spouses and single household families. The weakness of the study is
that problem behaviors were assessed on the basis of children’s self-
reports.
4. Article: Early adolescents’ perceptions of mothers and fathers’ parenting styles and
problem behavior. Bolkan, Cow; Sano, Yoshie; De Costa, Jennifer; Acock, Alan C and
Day, Randal D.
a. Summary: This study focused its’ longitudinal observation on 3,353
youths between the ages of 12-16 and followed over time to document
their transition to emerging adulthood. The restricted age group was
because age-related changes in problem behavior occur during late
adolescence. Caucasians made up a large portion of the sample, while
African Americans made up 19 percent of the sample. Asians and 12
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percent of other racial/ethnic were also included in the study. The children
came from both biological parent, single parent and one biological parent
household. The finding of the longitudinal study indicated that a
combination of maternal and parenting style produced a more complicated
picture of the relationship between parenting and adolescent outcomes
than previously thought. An unexpected finding though revealed that in
contrast to other studies, youths who perceived their parents parenting
style as permissive showed no significant worse outcome than those who
reported having authoritative parents. The authoritarian parenting style did
reveal the worse outcome in adolescent behavior (Bolkan, et al, 2010).
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study compared to other
studies showed gender difference as an influence in the outcome of
children’s behavior of authoritarian parents. The study had a sizable
sample and mix population. The weakness of the longitudinal study is that
the information was collected from previously collected survey data in
terms of measure design. The reliance on perception increased because the
finding used responses from the same participants.
5. Article: African American and Puerto Rican American parenting styles, paternal
involvement, and head start children’s social competence. Fagan, Jay and Merrill-Palmer,
Quarterly.
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a. Summary: The study examined the parenting styles and paternal
involvement of mothers’ and fathers’ of African-American and Puerto
Rican parents. A total of 134 families, (73 mother-father pairs) and 73
preschoolers and 23 classroom teachers participated in the study. The
study used a cultural ecology model, that is, the unique cultural patterns of
individual and group behavior that may facilitate the adaptation of parents
and children to their environment to survey the low income families from
both races and assessment of parenting styles and involvement to child
behavior. The large majority of fathers were biologically related to the
children and a small percentage being stepfathers. The research presented
findings that were consistent with previously reported studies and found
few differences in the parenting styles of either race and mothers and
fathers’ of those races. The findings also concluded that ethnicity was
significantly associated with parenting style practices (Fagan, 2000).
However, there were indications of African American parents being less
responsive in terms of child social competence than Puerto Rican parents.
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study is that it did focus on
culture, social environment as part of the investigation than just race. The
weakness though is that the study could have included more participants
and samples of various income and social background than focusing only
on low income groups.
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6. Article: Parent-child relationships and the verbal information pathway to fear in children:
Two preliminary experiments. Field, Andy P. Field; Ball, Jess E.; Kawyzc, Nicola J. and
Moore, Harriett
a. Summary: The application of this study investigated the interface
between parenting styles and threat information on children fears. The
participant included 41 children (24 boys and 17 girls) ages 6-10 years
from a school in Leigh-On-Sea, Essex, United Kingdom. The basis of the
experiment states that children within this age group have a typical fear of
animals. The 5-point Likert response scale was created by Field and
Lawson and included fear belief questionnaires (FBQ) ranging from 0 (no
fear belief) to 4 (maximum fear belief). The children were given 30 cards
each with a statement reflecting each of the parenting styles, example
warmth (she loves me) punitive (often threatens to punish me) as the
parenting style questionnaire (PSQ) to assess their perception of parental
style. The findings indicated that the punitive (authoritarian) parenting
style does have some influence on the effect that threat information has on
children’s self-reporting fear beliefs about animals. The positive parenting
(authoritative) parenting did not reveal similar information (Field et al,
2010).
Key words: Parenting style questionnaire (PSQ) and Fear belief
questionnaire (FBQ)
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b. Strength and weakness: The strength of this study is that the children had
no prior experience and no prior fear expectations of the animals used in
the images. The weakness though is that the participants came from the
same school instead of a more mixed population. Past research have never
showed or indicated a correlation between different age groups and their
negative affect about animal information.
7. Article: Parenting style as a moderator of associations between maternal disciplinary
strategies and child well-being. Fletcher, Anne C; Walls, Jill K; Cook, Emily C; Madison,
Karis J and Bridges, Tracey H.
a. Summary: The article presented 370 fourth-grade boys and girls and their
mothers. Thirty-seven percent of that population was African American
and Caucasians made up sixty-three percent of the group. The families
were split and each family was assigned to one of the four parenting style
groups, namely the authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent or permissive
and indifferent families. The CRPBI questions were developed by
Schaefer and was measure using a three-point scale. The fourth-graders
were asked questions such as, “How often has your mother yelled at you
for something you did wrong”? With the consent of the parents, the
students’ fourth-quarter grades were assessed in math and language. The
responses revealed that 106 students from authoritative families felt that
their parents were responsive to their need but very demanding, 90 of
students from permissive/indulgent families claimed their parents to be
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responsive but not too demanding, 73 students from authoritarian families
responded that their parents are too demanding and less responsive to
them while 101 students from indifferent families claim low
responsiveness and very demanding parents. Children demonstrated the
most positive development when they experience parenting practices that
were both high in responsiveness and demandingness (Fletcher, et al,
2008).
Key words: Children’s report of parenting behaviors inventory (CRPBI)
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the article is that the sample was
sufficient in producing the information in the article and statistical analysis
using the ANOVA was tested. The weakness of the study is that the
accuracy of this study may spring some controversies because the scores
from the fourth-quarter could not predict indefinitely the parenting styles
as a reason for some low grades. While parenting styles can have an effect
on the development of children, other factors such as teaching styles, lack
of understanding of the subject material or the subject taught being the
child’s weak area of performance.
8. Article: The moderating effects of parenting styles on African American and Caucasian
children’s suicidal behaviors. Greening, Leilani; Stoppelbein, Laura and Luebbe, Aaron.
a. Summary: The analysis of the study focused on parenting styles and
suicidal behavior in adolescents. The sample of 172 young children
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included 49 girls and 123 boys. African American children made up 69
percent (118 children) of the participants and Caucasians made up 31
percent (54 children) of the participants. The children were admitted for
acute psychiatric inpatient care using standardized measures for suicidal
behaviors, depressive symptoms and aggression. Their parents completed
the same standardized measures but for parental distress and parenting
style practices. The study was statistically controlled by age and gender
and the findings concluded that those children who validated more
depressive symptoms or reactive aggression recounted more current and
past suicidal behaviors than children with fewer symptoms. The findings
also revealed an extensive relationship between depressive symptoms and
parental use of authoritarian parenting style practices of African
Americans and older children but not for Caucasian children (Greening et
al, 2010).
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of Greening et al, (2010) study is
that it was controlled and the participants were inpatients. However, the
sample was not sizable for this type of study. The study seems to lean
more towards African American children than both races. The findings
showed African Americans parenting style practices to play a big role in
the suicidal behaviors in children than Caucasian parents, but there were
numerous factors that could have led to the children suicidal behavior,
such as medication, untimely treatment and environmental living
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conditions. Out of the 172 participants 86 percent were enrolled in
Medicare, 80 percent had income below $20.000, all the children had
some type of behavioral disorder, 62 percent were on psychiatric
medication at the time of the study and 80 percent were or had received
outpatient psychiatric services. I believe that the findings of the study
should have included a larger and mixed population and included children
who had no history of psychiatric disorder or other illnesses. These factors
I think jeopardize the integrity of the study.
9. Article: Patterns of parents rearing styles & child behavior problem among Portuguese
school-aged children. Pereira, Ana I. F; Canavarro, Cristina; Cardoso, Margarida F and
Mendonca, Denisa
a. Summary: A longitudinal multi-informant study was conducted using a sample
of 512 middle aged children (8-11) from the Portuguese general population. The
study measured the parental rearing styles of parents and explored whether
different patterns of parenting style practices were related to child adjusting and
psychopathological problems namely withdrawal, delinquent and aggressive
behaviors in children. Association between parental rearing styles and the child’s
behavioral problems were explored one year later after the first assessment. The
findings of the study concluded that negative (punitive/authoritarian) patterns of
parenting styles shows a strong association with externalizing problems compared
to internalizing issues (Pereira, et al, 2009).
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b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study is that the samples included
children from various geographical regions of Portugal, which makes the integrity
of the study less bias. The weakness of the study is that the children were told
what the goal of the study entailed and I believe that could have influenced their
responses.
10. Article: Impact of behavioral inhibition & parenting style on internalizing &
externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Williams, Lela R;
Degnan, Kathryn A.; Edgar-Perez, Koraly E.; Henderson, Heather A; Rubin, Kenneth H;
Pine, Daniel S; Steinberg, Laurence and Fox, Nathan A
a. Summary: This study explored the relationship between behavioral inhibition in
toddlerhood, parenting style practices in childhood and trajectories on
internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems from 4-years to early
adolescent. The sample consisted of 113 children representing a range of
temperamental reactivity to novelty. The study was conducted in a laboratory and
results were collected when the children were about 4-24 months and 4, 7 and 15-
years of age. The children were assessed for behavioral inhibition in the lab using
standard stimuli and situations. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing their
parenting styles when the children were 7 and the children’s behavioral problem
were assessed at 4, 7 and 15-years of age. The findings of the study concluded
authoritarian parenting style practices as significantly interacting with age to
predict change in externalizing problems. Authoritative parenting style
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contributed to lower externalizing problem in childhood and adolescence
(Williams, et al, 2009).
b. Strength and weakness: The strength of the study did demonstrate that certain
parenting styles jointly influence the risk of internalizing and externalizing
problems over time. The weakness of the study is that the stimuli used on the
infants were not accurate enough to generate the findings.
All the researched articles showed a commonality in their goals. The commonality
shown focused on the parenting style practices of parents with children through adolescent
and the effects these parenting style practices have on children’s development and later
behavior problems. A few of the articles concentrated on various cultures in order to explore
whether these issues varied within culture or whether the various parenting styles of certain
ethnic group influences the behaviors in children. The realization for me was that I had
limited knowledge in the differencing styles of parenting and how these styles can influence
later behaviors in children. Most children who reported their parents as being punitive and
demanding had parents who used the authoritarian parenting style of parenting. These
children did have the most significant outcome in behavior problems compared to children
who reported their parents as authoritative. Prior researches have supported these findings as
quantified in the listed referenced articles (Fagan, 2000). Although there were some usual
factors like low-income and environmental conditions within specific cultures namely
African Americans that could have contributed to parental stress and how parents respond to
their children, overall, the findings in all the articles were quite similar.
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Conclusion
Parenting has always been a complex role that includes certain behaviors that work
exclusively and mutually to influence child outcomes. The concept of parenting style practices is
used to seize variation in parents’ endeavor to control and socialize their children.
Research psychologists, particularly developmental psychologists have had a keen interest
in the influence parents have on the development and later behavior problems of children. One of
the most vigorous advances to this area is the investigation of what is known as “parenting style
practices.” The typology of the parenting styles includes the “authoritative parents, who are
reported as responsive and demanding, the authoritarian parents, who are highly demanding,
always giving directives and are less responsive to the needs of their children. The permissive
parenting style of parenting involves parents that are non-directive, very lenient in their parental
practices, responsive, not demanding, allows considerable self-regulation and avoids
confrontation with their children. These parenting style practices have been observed to forecast
child well-being in realms of social aptitude, academic functioning, psychosocial development
and later problem behavior. Much literature reviews have been conducted and supported the
observed domains and how the different parenting styles influence these domains and later
behavior in children.
During my investigation, I took a closer view of the finding from various literature reviews
to analyze how the findings of these studies were manipulated and how well the argument
discussed supported my own hypothesis that “there are convincing links between parenting styles
and the impact these styles have on children’s behavior.” The prevailing argument in Ang,
(2005) is the perceived effect certain parenting styles have on self-reliance, attitude towards
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school and self-esteem of children from Asian, Singapore and Malay. Ang, in her findings
associated the authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles as being associated with positive
outcomes on adolescent. However, the other argument is that culture may have influenced the
outcome of the findings (2005).
Another argument came from the literature review of Assel et al, (2002), which contended
that maternal childrearing history and emotional stress of parents were the indirect association
with their parenting styles. The contention is that parents who experienced punitive and neglect
(parents who uses authoritarian parenting style) during their childhood had a higher level of
emotional stress and less warmth towards their children. Other prevailing argument focused
attention of both mothers and fathers and the contention is that high psychosocial control of both
parents increased the level of internal and external behavior problems in children (Aunola and
Nurmi, 2005).
Bolkan et al, (2010) prevailing conflict is that children who perceived their parents
parenting style as authoritarian, had a worse outcome in their behavior than youths who perceive
their parent parenting style as permissive. In their argument, Bolkan et al, challenge that the
authoritarian style of parenting creates behavioral problems in children even though they came
from single, both biological parent or one biological parent household. Although Bolkan et al’s,
observation consisted of various racial and ethnic groups as Ang, (2005) their argument did not
focus on culture, rather on the actual parenting styles and the behavioral outcome of their
children (2010).
The prevailing argument of Fagan and Merrill-Palmer, seem to emphasize on whether
one’s culture and ecology model play a role in the use of one’s parenting style practice. The
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culture and ecology model (low economic background, environmental conditions) of African
American and Puerto Ricans were the central core of this argument. Fagan and Merrill-Palmer
maintained that ethnicity of both groups was significantly associated with their parenting style
practices. However, the argument highlighted African Americans as less responsive to the social
competence of their children than Puerto Rican parents (2000). Compared to Fagan and Merrill-
Palmer, (2000) prevailing argument, Field, et al’s argument is that certain parenting styles
produces threat information on children’s fears. Field, et al, use of animals in his study supported
his argument that authoritarian use of parental practice creates fear in children. In addition, Field
et al’s, contention is that punitive forms of punishment and demandingness increase behavior
problems in children (2010).
In Fletcher et al, the demanding parents who were also responsive to their children’s need,
saw those children showing positive behavioral outcome than parents who were not at all
responsive to their children. The argument seems to support the parenting style of parents who
regardless of their level of demandingness, responded to the need of their children. The argument
of this study seemed to focus more on the positive outcome and not particularly the parenting
style practices used to produce the outcome (2008). The (2010) literature review of Greening et
al challenged that children who validated more depressive symptoms and aggression were
associated with parents who practice authoritarian parenting styles. The argument was shifted
more towards African American’s who practices authoritarian parenting styles (Greening et al,
2010). The argument is that African American’s more than Caucasians show an extensive
association between depression and authoritarian parenting style practices towards their children.
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The reigning argument of Pereira et al focused on the various parenting styles and their
relationship on children’s psychopathological problems (withdrawal, delinquent and aggression).
The argument was that negative patterns of parenting style practices showed a strong correlation
with externalizing problems compared to internalizing issues. The authoritarian style of
parenting was tied into this argument as children who perceived their parents as authoritarian in
their parenting style are often experiencing later behavioral problems (2009). Like Pereira et al’s
argument, Williams et al also had a similar argument and their argument also showed that
authoritarians’ parental practices to be associated with externalizing behavior problems (2009).
Although, the rational for parents’ behavior in their parenting styles were observed, the one
argument that stands out in nearly all of the literature reviews is that certain parenting style
practices namely the authoritarian style of parenting does have an effect on later behavioral
outcome of children.
Based on the findings and arguments of the literature review I could alter my research
question to further develop the areas of study in the referenced literature review. I would propose
the new research question as “Parenting Styles and Child Aggressive Behavior: What is the
correlation between authoritarian parenting styles and later behavioral problem in children?”
This research question is important because based on the finding of the referenced literature
reviews; a great majority of the findings reflects a correlation between later behavior problems in
children and parents who are perceived to practice authoritarian parenting style of parenting.
Parents who practice this style of parenting are very demanding of their children, they are less
responsive to their children’s need, and resort to punitive punishment. This type of parenting
practice has been shown to produce later behavior problems in children including aggression,
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depression and anxiety (Pereira et al, 2009). Although some research shows that some ethnic
group more than others use this style of parenting practice, the argument in the referenced
literature is not against the ethnic groups that practice this style of parenting rather the various
parenting styles and their effect on later behavior problems in children.
PARENTING STYLES AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 21
References
Ange, Rebecca. P., (2005) Parenting styles and adolescents adjusting to self-perception and
relationships, Social Service Training Institute Journal 2(2)
Assel, M. A; Landry, S. H; Swank, P. R & Steelman, L (2002) How do mothers’ childrearing
histories, stress and parenting affect children’s behavioral outcomes? Childcare Health
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adolescents’ perceptions of mothers and fathers’ parenting styles and problem behavior,
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Fagan, Jay., & Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, M., (2000) African American and Puerto Rican
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PARENTING STYLES AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 22
Fletcher, Anne C; Walls, Jill K; Cook, Emily C; Madison, Karis J & Bridges, Tracey H, (2008)
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Kenneth H; Pine, Daniel S; Steinberg, Laurence & Fox, Nathan A (2009) Impact of
behavioral inhibition & parenting style on internalizing & externalizing problems from
early childhood through adolescence, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37:1063-
1075 doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9331-3