Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey-2017 · Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017...
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey-2017Emre Erdoğan & Pınar Uyan Semerci
Istanbul Bilgi University-Center for Migration Research
March 12, 2018 Ankara
German Marshall Fund-Discussion on Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Anti-immigrantattitudes
Most frequently been studied in the “developed” Western world, in countries such as Denmark, England, U.S.A., and Canada (Freeman et al., 2013).
Diversified immigration patterns:
Many migrants do not end up in the “West” or ‘‘North’’. ‘‘East’’ to ‘‘East’’ and ‘‘South’’ to ‘‘South’’ migration is possible (Kleemans and Klugman, 2009).
Populism
Radical Right
Islamophobia
Terrorist attacks
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Threat as the Key Factor-Fear
Economic: Competition for scarce resources
Symbolic: Threat to the cultural values of the host country
Physical: Threat to the bodily existence
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Contact
Positive: true/intimate acquaintances
Negative: if acquaintances are casual
Security: Terrorism and Everyday Violence
People are less threatened by true/intimate acquaintances but feel more threatened and less secure by the frequency of casual contact.
Scapegoating
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Method and the Field
November 17- December 20, 2017
F2F interviews with 2004 people (18+ population of Turkey from 16 cities in rural and urban regions)
Under the assumption of SRS, margin of error is +/-3%
Survey conducted by Infakto RW
4 Focus groups in Istanbul- supporters of political parties(AKP, CHP, HDP and MHP-each separately)
Funded by the Black Sea Trust for Regional Cooperation- a project of the German Marshall Fund
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Quotes- Focus Groups:Their sufferings should not cause us to suffer
I am from Antep, Kilis, very close to Syria. Everywhere is Syrian in Kilis. For example our relatives own a shop, they own houses, they pay taxes but when Syrians own shops, they do not pay taxes. They rent house and they receive salary. They are paid and they have more rights than we have, I see them as a major problem.(CHP)
In our own country now we are second class citizen. They all came and settled here, they benefit from all services. Wages are paid to them, we are trying to live with minimum wages. (HDP)
My personal view, I donot want them. I see that after they arrive, number of divorces increased. I witnessed with some of my friends. They left their wives and get Syrians. Unemployment also increased. Monthly payment to them, they are all taken from us. (AKP)
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Quotes- Focus Groups:Their sufferings should not cause us to suffer
Doctors also give the Syrians as examples. As there is not vaccination, the illnesses are more contagious, even doctors are uneasy. In Southeast there emerges a disease, which has disappeared for the last three generation’ (AKP)
Our citizens are unemployed, ok they are also human, I am not saying these for discrimination, we are sorry particularly for children and women, but they have more opportunities in education, in material benefits, they are positively discriminated… I donot know they will be more crowded (HDP)
Syrians live more luxurious lives…they consume more…Turks are thinking five hour even buying one, shall I buy this, may I find cheaper but they directly buy, I men, they do shopping so easily, 5 or 6 they just buy. I cannot stand, I leave, I mean I have to think twice in order to get a present to my kid or to my nephew, they leave the shops with full bags so easily. (MHP)
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Demographics
Gender Male 48.9%Female 51.1%
Age 18- 29 29.3%
30- 45 37.0%46- 87 33.7%
Settlement Urban 87.0%Rural 13.0%
Education Primary school
and lower33.3%
Secondary education
51.4%
Higher education
15.2%
Employment status Employed 54.9%Housewife 27.0%Retired 6.3%Student 7.5%Unemployed 4.3%
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Threat and Positive Perceptions
71.4%
67.4%
66.4%
58.1%
55.5%
17.2%
16.3%
13.3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Syrians are taking jobs away from people in Turkey
Syrians are raising crime rates in Turkey
Moral values and traditions in Turkey are in danger because of the
increasing Syrian population
The number of terrorist incidents are rising because of the Syrians
Syrians pose a danger for the health of people in Turkey
Syrians contribute to the tolerant atmosphere in our country
We need Syrian workers to work in different sectors in our country
Syrians are enriching our culture
% of “I agree” Answers
I agree
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
-0.04
0.04
-0.03
-0.08
0.11
0.06
-0.03-0.04
-0.07
0.01
0.18
0.08
0.33
-0.20
0.27
0.09
-0.11
0.37
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
Ma
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Gender Age Education Employment Party Preference
Threat Perceptions
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
0.03
-0.03 -0.02 -0.02
0.040.07
-0.04
0.01
0.07
-0.08
-0.19
0.02
-0.17
0.15
-0.32
0.29
-0.14
-0.36
-0.60
-0.40
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0.40
0.60
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Gender Age Education Employment Party Preference
Positive Perceptions
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Contact with Syrians
69.1%
58.2%
16.0%
12.7%
11.7%
5.7%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Do you come across Syrians in your neighborhood?
Do you come across Syrians at your school/workplace?
Do you speak or have a conversation with Syrians when you come
across in markets or bazaars?
Do you have any close Syrian friend?
Do you shop at places owned by Syrians?
Do you go on a visit to Syrians' houses?
Yes, I do (%)
Yes, I do
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
1.85
1.62
2.16
1.65
1.45
1.36
1.89
2.02
1.88
1.45
1.22
2.09
1.821.77
1.68
1.58
1.75
1.00
2.00
3.00
Ma
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AK
P
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MH
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Gender Age Education Employment Party Preference
Contact
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Social Distance
87.1%
80.3%
76.0%
74.5%
72.3%
10.5%
17.4%
21.9%
24.2%
26.2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Marrying my daughter with a Syrian
Doing business with a Syrian
Hiring a Syrian
My children to make friends with Syrian children
Having a Syrian neighnbor
I would not like I would like Don't know/No answer
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
-0.05
0.05
-0.12
0.01
0.10 0.08
-0.02
-0.11-0.07
0.07
0.25
0.020.08
-0.14
0.25
-0.17
0.02
0.40
-1.00
0.00
1.00
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Gender Age Education Employment Party Preference
Social Distance
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Rights to Syrians
51.3%
60.1%
79.1%
73.4%
46.1%
37.1%
18.6%
24.4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Syrians living in our country should have free access to health
services.
Syrians living in our country should be able to receive education in
their own language without charge.
Syrians should be allowed to have Turkish citizenship if they wish.
Syrians should be allowed to have the job they like and to start their
own business.
Against Not against Don't know/No answer
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
17
0.06
-0.06
0.070.01
-0.07
0.02 0.00-0.04
0.04
-0.04
-0.11
0.01
-0.17
0.20
-0.28
0.21
-0.11
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0.00
1.00
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Gender Age Education Employment Party Preference
Rights to Syrians
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
83.2%
92.8%
75.9%
88.9%
94.9%
86.2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
AKP
CHP
HDP
MHP
İYİ Party
General
All the Syrians should be sent back to their country when the
war is over.
All the Syrians should be sent back to their country when the war is over.
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
88.80% 89.80%88.30% 89.00%
90.50%88.80% 90.00%
88.10%85.90%
96.10%
78.10%
93.20%
98.30%
87.10%
91.50%94.60%
88.30%
96.90%
0.00%
100.00%
Ma
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Gender Age Education Employment Party Preference
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Determinants of Opinions about Syrians’ Return to Their Country
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Determinants of Rights to Syrians• Partisanship effect seems to be
powerful,
• Including attitudinal variables suppresses the effect of partisan affiliation;
• Threat, Positive Perception and Social Distance matters
21
Male
Female
18- 29
30- 45
46- 87
Education
Employed
Housewive
Retired
Student
Unemployed
AK Party
CHP
HDP
MHP
IYI Party
Threat
Positive Perceptions
Social Distance Syrians
Contact with Syrians
-1 -.5 0 .5 -1 -.5 0 .5
Partisan & Demographics Partisan & Demographics & Attitudes
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Contact matters, Male
Female
18- 29
30- 45
46+
Education
Employed
Housewives
Retired
Student
Unemployed
AK Party
CHP
HDP
MHP
IYI Party
Contact with Syrians
-1 -.5 0 .5 1 -1 -.5 0 .5 1 -1 -.5 0 .5 1
Threat PositivePerceptions SocialDistance
22
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Rights to Syrians
Social Distance Positive Perceptions Threat
Contact
0.0
60
.23
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Points to discuss:
* Importance of the right conceptualization:
‘immigrant’/‘guest’/‘refugee’/‘temporary protection’
* Importance of ‘contact’
* Projects that aim increasing the true contact
* Populism, language of ‘fear’ and ‘we, the people’
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Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees-2017
Thanks and Questions
https://goc.bilgi.edu.tr/en/news/archive/
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