Attitude Instrument Flying
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Terminal Learning Objective:
Interpret flight instrument indications needed to maintain aircraft attitude during IFR flight.
Condition: In a classroom with an instrument panel.
Standard: Answer questions pertaining to aircraft flight instrument indications.
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• Safety Requirements: None
• Risk Assessment Level: Low
• Environmental Considerations: None. Note: It is the responsibility of all soldiers and DA civilians to protect the environment from damage.
• Evaluation: You will be evaluated on examination 56 on TD 55.
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Attitude Instrument FlyingAttitude Instrument Flying
• Control of an aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references.
• Proper instrument interpretation is the basis for helicopter control.
• Know how a particular instrument functions so you can translate that information into a control response.
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VMC (Visual reference Points)
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Uh-Oh!
IMC (Flight Instruments)Proper Instrument Interpretation is the Basis for Aircraft Control
REQUIRES SKILL !!!
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Three Fundamental SkillsThree Fundamental Skills
Cross CheckingInstrument Interpretation
Aircraft Control
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Scanning and monitoring Scanning and monitoring two or two or moremore instruments to determine instruments to determine the attitude and performance of the attitude and performance of
the aircraft.the aircraft.
Cross Checking
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Six Basic Flight InstrumentsSix Basic Flight Instruments
• Attitude indicator• Altimeter• Airspeed indicator• Heading Indicator• VSI• Turn and Slip
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Scan: The instruments included in Scan: The instruments included in the scan are dependent upon the the scan are dependent upon the maneuver performed. maneuver performed.
Practice !!Practice !!
Three Fundamental SkillsThree Fundamental Skills
Cross Checking
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Cross Check Errors:
Fixation: Staring at one instrument too long.
Three Fundamental SkillsThree Fundamental Skills
Omission: Inadvertently omitting an instrument from the cross check.
Emphasis: concentrating too heavily on one or two instruments during the cross check.
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Primary Instruments
Supporting Instruments
INSTRUMENT INTERPRETATION
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Basic flight InstrumentsBasic flight Instruments
• Direct indicating instrument Attitude Indicator
• Indirect indicating instruments Vertical Speed Indicator
Altimeter Airspeed Indicator Heading Indicator
Torque meter
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Attitudeof the aircraft
+Power=Performance
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Control InstrumentsControl Instruments
• Attitude Indicator
• Torquemeter Gauge
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Performance InstrumentsPerformance Instruments
Altitude:Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator
Airspeed:Airspeed Indicator
Direction:HSI/RMI
Turn and Slip
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Longitudinal Axis Longitudinal Axis (Bank / Roll)(Bank / Roll)Lateral Axis Lateral Axis
(Pitch)(Pitch)Lateral Axis Lateral Axis
(Pitch)(Pitch)
Vertical Axis (Yaw)Vertical Axis (Yaw)
PITCHPITCH
The angular relationship of the The angular relationship of the longitudinal axis to the natural longitudinal axis to the natural horizon. The aircraft’s attitude horizon. The aircraft’s attitude rotates around the lateral axis.rotates around the lateral axis.
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Provides Simultaneous Pitch & Bank indicationsSupporting instrument for pitch
attitude
Direct indication of aircraft pitch attitude
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10° Nose 10° Nose Up/DownUp/Down10° Nose 10° Nose Up/DownUp/Down
HorizonHorizonHorizonHorizon
Miniature Miniature aircraftaircraftMiniature Miniature aircraftaircraft
5° Nose Up/Down
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PITCH PITCH INDICATIONSINDICATIONS
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PITCH PITCH INDICATIONSINDICATIONS
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Primary Primary pitch pitch
attitude attitude
instrumentinstrument..Indicates height Indicates height above MSL.. above MSL.. Calibrated to Calibrated to convert convert atmospheric atmospheric pressure to an pressure to an altitude altitude indicationindication
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CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR FLIGHTFLIGHTCHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR FLIGHTFLIGHTMUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO
AIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSUREAIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO
AIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSUREAIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
Reference – FM 3-04.240 paragraph 1-10, page 1-4
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Set Set Altimeter Altimeter to Field to Field
Elevation Elevation Before Before Engine Engine StartStart
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KOLLSMAN WINDOW
Reads 29.85 in HG
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Altimeter Altimeter errorerror with with Kollsman Kollsman
window set window set to 29.85” to 29.85” and field and field altimeter altimeter
setting from setting from ATIS 29.90. ATIS 29.90.
(Rotors (Rotors turning)turning)
29.90 29.90 - 29.85- 29.85
= 0.05 = 0.05
( 50 feet ( 50 feet error)error)
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Now set 29.90
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Indicates Indicates Climb/Descent in Climb/Descent in FFeet eet PPer er MMinuteinuteVSI - has 6 - 9 sec VSI - has 6 - 9 sec laglag
*IVSI no lag but *IVSI no lag but affected by affected by turbulenceturbulence
Supporting Pitch
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500 FPM Climb500 FPM Climb
500 FPM 500 FPM DescentDescent
1000 FPM Climb1000 FPM Climb
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Supporting Supporting Pitch attitude Pitch attitude instrument instrument level flightlevel flight
Indirect pitch indicator
Nose high Nose high ClimbingClimbingDecelerating
Nose low Nose low DescendingDescendingAccelerating
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• Angular relationship of the lateral axis to the horizon.
• The aircraft attitude rotates around the longitudinal axis.
Bank AttitudeBank Attitude
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RIGHT TURN
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NOSE HIG
H
LEFT TURNNOSE H
IGH
LEFT TURN
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Indirect Indicating Instruments Indirect Indicating Instruments used in Controlling Bank used in Controlling Bank
AttitudeAttitude• Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
• Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
• Magnetic Compass
• Turn and Slip Indicator
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Indications in a LEFT turnIndications in a LEFT turn
RMIRMI HSIHSI
HEADING
INDICATORS
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Indications in a Right turnIndications in a Right turn
RMIRMI HSIHSI
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Turn Turn LeftLeft to heading 330°to heading 330°
Turn Turn RightRight to heading 030°.to heading 030°.
Magnetic Magnetic CompassCompass
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Types of TurnsTypes of Turns
• Standard rate
• Half standard rate
• Steep turns
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RIGHT
RIGHT TURNTURN
12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTAS = 3°/second
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LEFT
TURN
12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTAS = 3°/sec
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2 MIN TURN
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•Bank angle 12° to 15°Bank angle 12° to 15°
•Turn rate 3° per secondTurn rate 3° per second
•Used for heading Used for heading changes of changes of 20° or more20° or more..
2 MIN TURN
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Standard Standard RateRate
2 MIN TURN
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•Bank angle 6° to 7Bank angle 6° to 71/21/2°°
•Turn rate 1Turn rate 11/21/2° per ° per secondsecond
•Used for heading Used for heading changes of changes of less than less than 20°.20°.
2 MIN TURN
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1/2 Standard 1/2 Standard RateRate
2 MIN TURN
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•Bank angle greater than that Bank angle greater than that required for standard rate required for standard rate turn.turn.
•Turn rate Turn rate more than 3° per more than 3° per second.second.
•Used for skill training, not Used for skill training, not advisable in IMC advisable in IMC
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STEEP STEEP TURNTURN
2 MIN TURN
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3030°° BankBank
UnusuaUnusual l
attitudattitudee
4545°° BankBank
Scary!Scary!6060°°
Bank Bank
Pink Pink slip!!slip!!
Kids, Kids, don’t don’t
try this try this in a in a
TH 67TH 67
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Yaw AttitudeYaw Attitude
• Movement about the vertical axis
• Controlled by the pedals
• Trim – quality of the turn
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Vertical Axis Vertical Axis (Yaw)(Yaw)
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SLIPPINGSLIPPING Right Turn - trim Right Turn - trim ball to ball to INSIDEINSIDE of turn. of turn.
SKIDDINGSKIDDING Right Turn - Right Turn - trim ball to trim ball to OUTSIDEOUTSIDE of of turn. turn.
2 MIN TURN
2 MIN TURN
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Nose to outside of turn Nose to outside of turn requires angle of bank requires angle of bank greater than normal to greater than normal to produce standard rate produce standard rate turn.turn.
2 MIN TURN
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Nose to inside of turn Nose to inside of turn requires angle of bank requires angle of bank less than normal to less than normal to produce standard rate produce standard rate turn.turn.
2 MIN TURN
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Effects of Power on Effects of Power on Helicopter ControlHelicopter Control
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WHEN FLYING BY INSTRUMENTS, THE ATTITUDE OF THE AIRCRAFT AND POWER
REQUIRED TO PERFORM DESIRED MANEUVERS ARE DETERMINED BY
INTERPRETING AND UNDERSTANDING THE INFORMATION DISPLAYED BY THE
INSTRUMENTS.
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Examples:Examples:
Climb AirspeedsClimb Airspeeds
80% Torque A/S 80 Kts. 80% Torque A/S 80 Kts.
Cruise Cruise
65% torque A/S 90 kts
Decent Decent
50% Torque or 15% below cruise.50% Torque or 15% below cruise.
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•Increase Power:Increase Power:
•Nose will go above Nose will go above the horizon (Pitch UP)the horizon (Pitch UP)
•Decrease PowerDecrease Power
•Nose will go below Nose will go below the horizon (Pitch the horizon (Pitch DOWN)DOWN)
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•Lift vector shifts horizontally Lift vector shifts horizontally with angle of bank changes, with angle of bank changes, requiring power adjustment to requiring power adjustment to maintain airspeed and altitude.maintain airspeed and altitude.
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•Power Increase:Power Increase:
•Aircraft Aircraft yaws rightyaws right requiring left pedal input to requiring left pedal input to compensatecompensate
•Power Decrease:Power Decrease:
•Aircraft Aircraft yaws leftyaws left requiring requiring right pedal input to right pedal input to compensatecompensate
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Effects of power changes on pitch and yaw attitude.
Right Yaw
Pitch Up
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Effects of power changes on pitch and yaw attitude.
Left Yaw
Pitch Down
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Instrument Indications While Instrument Indications While Increasing PowerIncreasing Power
Primary pitch, Supporting bank - Entry
Supporting pitch, bank -
Stabilized
Supporting bank
2 MIN TURN
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Instrument Indications While Instrument Indications While Decreasing PowerDecreasing Power
Primary pitch, Supporting bank - Entry
Supporting pitch, bank - Stabilized
Supporting bank
2 MIN TURN
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•Within 1000’ of assigned Within 1000’ of assigned altitude:altitude:
•Climb/descend not less than Climb/descend not less than 500 fpm minimum and not 500 fpm minimum and not more than 1500 fpm more than 1500 fpm maximum.maximum.
•TH-67 maximum rate of TH-67 maximum rate of climb/descent is 1000 fpmclimb/descent is 1000 fpm
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AttitudAttitudee
ProbleProblemm
2 MIN TURN
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BadBad
AttitudAttitudee
2 MIN TURN
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All indications steady, but right bank required to maintain heading and airspeed is slow at 90 knot attitude 2 MIN TURN
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TurbulencTurbulencee
BadBad
AttitudAttitudee
2 MIN TURN
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Questions?Questions?
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Check on LearningCheck on Learning
• What are the two elements of helicopter control?– The attitude of the helicopter and the power
applied• What rate of turn is used for heading changes
greater than 20°?– Standard rate
• What are the characteristics of a standard rate turn?– Bank angle 12-15 degrees– Turn rate 3 degrees per second
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Check on LearningCheck on Learning
• What is the only instrument providing information for yaw control?– The ball in the turn and slip indicator
• What three instruments are used to interpret the banking attitude of the helicopter?– Attitude indicator– Heading Indicator (HSI/RMI)– Turn and slip
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SummarySummary
• Principles of attitude instrument flight.• Primary and secondary instruments• How to control attitude in the pitch,
bank, & yaw movements of the helicopter.
• This will prepare the student aviator for practical application and skill development in the simulator and helicopter.
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Be back in place before altimeter Be back in place before altimeter reaches zero.reaches zero.
Be back in place before altimeter Be back in place before altimeter reaches zero.reaches zero.