ATTACHMENT A RBCLs Documentation - …usagkacleanup.info/.../06/Attachment_A_-_RBCLs_doc.pdf ·...

ATTACHMENT A

RBCLs Documentation

[THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK.]

SIVUNIQ INC.

Risk-Based Clean Up Levels for Protection of Human Health

US Army Kwajalein Atoll

Republic of the Marshall Islands

308038-04100

26 June 2012

WorleyParsons Group Inc Suite 100 – 17330 Brookhurst St Fountain Valley, CA 92708 USA Phone: +1 714 849 9600 Facsimile: +1 714 849 9610 www.worleyparsons.com

© Copyright 2012 WorleyParsons

SIVUNIQ INC.

RISK-BASED CLEAN UP LEVELS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH

UNITED STATES ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL INSTALLATION REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

PROJECT 308038-04100 - RISK-BASED CLEAN UP LEVELS

FILE LOC.: ORANGE COUNTY

REV DESCRIPTION ORIG REVIEW WORLEY- PARSONS APPROVAL

DATE CLIENT APPROVAL

DATE

B Issued for review

T.Todoruk

S.Mearns

S.Winners

07-May-12

0 Issued as final

T.Todoruk

S.Winners

S.Winners

26-Jun-12

https://us.worleyparsons.com/OPERATIONS/westcoast/project/IandE/Kwajalein/12.0_Reports/WP-10-001-08/Working Documents/2012-06-26-RBCL Document REV0.docx Page i

SYNOPSIS

This report details the development of risk-based cleanup levels (RBCLs) protective of human health

for contaminated sites located in the United States Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA), Republic of the

Marshall Islands (RMI).

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page iii

Disclaimer

The information presented in this document was compiled and interpreted exclusively for the

purposes stated in Section 1.3 of the document. WorleyParsons provided this report for Sivuniq

Inc. solely for the purpose noted above.

WorleyParsons has exercised reasonable skill, care, and diligence to assess the information

acquired during the preparation of this report, but makes no guarantees or warranties as to the

accuracy or completeness of this information. The information contained in this report is based

upon, and limited by, the circumstances and conditions acknowledged herein, and upon

information available at the time of its preparation. The information provided by others is believed

to be accurate but cannot be guaranteed.

WorleyParsons does not accept any responsibility for the use of this report for any purpose other

than that stated in Section 1.3 and does not accept responsibility to any third party for the use in

whole or in part of the contents of this report. Any alternative use, including that by a third party, or

any reliance on, or decisions based on this document, is the responsibility of the alternative user

or third party.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any

form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the

prior permission of WorleyParsons.

Any questions concerning the information or its interpretation should be directed to T.Todoruk or

S.Winners.

SIVUNIQ INC.



308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A set of RBCLs protective of human health exposure to soil were developed for USAKA. The RBCLs were

developed for each COC defined within the report. The RBCLs were calculated for both carcinogenic and

non-carcinogenic endpoints, where applicable; the lower of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic RBCLs

were incorporated as the overall RBCL for USAKA.

The RBCLs were generally developed using conservative assumptions and deterministic input

parameters, including target cancer risk and hazard index. Typically mean values for receptor

characteristics, exposure frequency and exposure duration were applied in the calculations. RBCLs are

considered realistic to conservative and therefore are assumed protective of human health.

The RBCLs developed herein are subject to the uncertainties and limitations described within the text of

this report.

Page vi 2012-06-26-RBCL Document REV0.docx

ACRONYMS

ABS Absorption

ARSTRAT Army Forces Strategic Command

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BHC Hexachlorocyclohexane

COC Contaminant of Concern

CSM Conceptual Site Model

CTLs Cleanup Target Levels

4,4’-DDD p,p -1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

4,4’-DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene

4,4’-DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DRO Diesel Range Organics

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FDEP Florida Department of Environmental Protection

GI Gastrointestinal

GRO Gasoline Range Organics

HDH Hawai’i Department of Health

ILCR Individual Lifetime Cancer Risk

IRIS Integrated Risk Information System

LOD Limit of Detection

MCL Maximum Concentration Level

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PCOC Potential Contaminant of Concern

PEF Particulate Emissions Factor

RAGS Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund

RBCA Risk-Based Corrective Action

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page vii

RBCLs Risk-based Cleanup Levels

RfC Reference Concentration

RfD Reference Dose

RMI Republic of the Marshall Islands

RMIEPA Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Agency

RRO Residual Range Organics

RSL Regional Screening Level

SF Slope Factor

SI Site Investigation

Sivuniq Sivuniq Inc.

SMDC Space and Missile Defence Command

THI Target Hazard Index

THQ Target Hazard Quotient

TPHWG Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group

TRV Toxicity Reference Value

UES United States Army Kwajalein Atoll Environmental Standards

UR Unit Risk

US United States

USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers

USAEHA United States Army Environmental Hygiene Agency

USAKA United States Army Kwajalein Atoll

USAKA ESPT United States Army Kwajalein Atoll Environmental Standards Project Team

USAPHC United States Army Public Health Command

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

WorleyParsons WorleyParsons Group Inc.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page ix

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Sites Considered in Definition of RBCLs ................................................................. 2

1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Stakeholders ............................................................................................................ 2

1.5 Regulatory Setting and Applicable Guidance .......................................................... 3

1.5.1 Regulatory Setting ................................................................................................. 3

1.5.2 Sources of Guidance ............................................................................................. 3

1.5.3 Target Risk Levels ................................................................................................. 4

1.5.4 Development of RBCLs ......................................................................................... 4

1.6 Previous Risk Assessments ..................................................................................... 5

2. CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL ............................................................................................ 6

2.1 Media of Potential Concern ...................................................................................... 6

2.2 Contaminants of Concern ........................................................................................ 9

2.3 Current and Future Land Use .................................................................................. 9

2.4 Potential Receptors ................................................................................................ 10

2.5 Potential Exposure Pathways ................................................................................ 10

2.6 Summary of CSM for RBCL Development............................................................. 14

3. EXPOSURE PARAMETERS AND EQUATIONS ............................................................. 15

3.1 Input Parameters .................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1 Physical and Chemical Constants ....................................................................... 15

3.1.2 Receptor Characteristics...................................................................................... 15

3.1.3 Exposure Frequency and Duration ...................................................................... 15

3.2 Exposure Equations ............................................................................................... 15

3.2.1 Soil ....................................................................................................................... 15

4. TOXICITY DATA ............................................................................................................... 18

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4.1 Hierarchy of Data Sources ..................................................................................... 18

4.2 Mode/Mechanism of Action and Critical Effect ...................................................... 18

4.3 Carcinogenicity and Mutagenic Potential .............................................................. 18

4.3.1 Carcinogenicity .................................................................................................... 18

4.3.2 Mutagenic Potential ............................................................................................. 19

4.4 Toxicity Reference Values ..................................................................................... 19

5. RISK-BASED CLEANUP LEVELS ................................................................................... 20

5.1 Overview of RBCLs................................................................................................ 20

5.2 Assumptions and Limitations ................................................................................. 20

5.3 Uncertainty Analysis .............................................................................................. 21

5.4 Future Amendment ................................................................................................ 22

6. CLOSURE ........................................................................................................................ 23

7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 25

Tables

TABLE 1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS

TABLE 2 RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS

TABLE 3 CRITICAL EFFECT

TABLE 4 TOXICITY DATA

TABLE 5 RISK-BASED CLEANUP LEVELS

Tables within Text

TABLE A MEDIA OF POTENTIAL CONCERN ..................................................................... 7

TABLE B SUMMARY OF COCS (ANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCES DETECTED IN

SOIL) ...................................................................................................................... 9

TABLE C POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS .............................................................. 11

TABLE D UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 21

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page xi

Figures

FIGURE 1 SITE LOCATION OF THE KWAJALEIN ATOLL

FIGURE 2 SITE LOCATIONS

Figures within Text

FIGURE A CSM FOR RBCL DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................... 14

Appendices

APPENDIX 1 WORKED CALCULATION

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

WorleyParsons Group Inc. (WorleyParsons) was retained by Sivuniq Inc (Sivuniq), on behalf of the United

States (US) Army Space and Missile Defence Command (SMDC) / US Army Forces Strategic Command

(ARSTRAT), to develop risk-based cleanup levels (RBCLs) for protection of human health to support in

the remediation of contaminated media at sites located within the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA;

Figures 1 and 2). The list of media considered for assessment and contaminants of concern (COCs)

associated with each media were defined based on Sivuniq requirements and the results of Sivuniq’s site

investigations (SI) completed at 8 sites on four (4) islands during 2010 and 2011 (Sivuniq, 2011a through

2011h).

Although the RBCLs presented herein relate to soils data collected from specific sites on the islands of

Kwajalein (Sivuniq, 2011a; 2011b; 2011e; 2011h), Roi-Namur (Sivuniq, 2011c; 2011f), Carlos (Sivuniq,

2011d) and Gagan (Sivuniq, 2011g), the RBCLs could be applied for remediation of COCs on other sites

within USAKA. However, to appropriately apply RBCLs to other sites, the limitations and assumptions

intrinsic to their development must be met.

1.1 Background

The Kwajalein Atoll is located within the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). It is located on the

western chain of the Marshall Islands in the West Central Pacific Ocean. It is located approximately 2,100

nautical miles southwest of Honolulu, approximately 700 miles north of the equator, and just west of the

International Dateline (Figures 1 and 2).

The Kwajalein Atoll is a coral reef formation in the shape of a crescent which encloses a lagoon. The

extent of land on the approximately 100 islands is 5.6 square miles with Kwajalein, Roi-Namur and

Ebadon representing the largest islands within the Kwajalein Atoll. The enclosed lagoon within the

Kwajalein Atoll represents the largest enclosed reef in world, with a surface area of 1,100 square miles

and a depth ranging from 120 to 180 feet. Steep slopes outside the Kwajalein Atoll plunge to depths of

6,000 feet within two miles and 13,200 feet within 10 miles (Sivuniq, 2011a through 2011h).

The US Army utilizes 11 of more than 100 islands within the Kwajalein Atoll. These include (Figure 2):

• Kwajalein, located at the southern tip of the Kwajalein Atoll;

• Roi-Namur, located at the northern extremity of the Kwajalein Atoll;

• Carlos, located on the west side of the Kwajalein Atoll; and

• Gagan, located on the east side of the Kwajalein Atoll.

The sites occupied by the US Army within the Kwajalein Atoll have a range of historical and current uses

(US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency [USAEHA], 1991) including maintenance facilities, fuel storage,

power plants, landfilling, laboratories, storage, burn pits and various other operationally based facilities.

2012-06-26-RBCL Document REV0.docx

1.2 Sites Considered in Definition of RBCLs

Data from eight (8) sites were used to scope the development of RBCLs presented within this document.

The eight (8) sites considered included:

• Four (4) sites on Kwajalein: Harbor Storm Drains (Sivuniq, 2011a), Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Vaults (Sivuniq, 2011h), Cold Storage Warehouse (Sivuniq, 2011e), Tank Farm (Sivuniq, 2011d);

• Two (2) sites on Roi-Namur: POL Yard (Sivuniq, 2011b), Facility 8151 (drinking water well; Sivuniq,

2011f);

• One (1) site on Gagan: Power Plant (Sivuniq, 2011g); and

• One (1) site on Carlos: Power Plant (Sivuniq, 2011c).

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this document are as follows:

• Review Sivuniq’s conceptual site model (CSM) developed for SIs at USAKA.

• Recommend exposure models and verify input parameters for the identified receptor groups in the

CSM.

• Confirm toxicity assessments for substances detected in soil during SIs at USAKA.

• Define RBCLs for the chemicals detected in soil during SIs at eight (8) sites (Section 1.2) within the

USAKA;

• Define RBCLs that are based on a residential land use scenario.

• Demonstrate that RBCLs represent an exposure threshold such that if concentrations of COCs are

below RBCLs, risks to human health are considered de minimus.

• Demonstrate that the development of RBCLs adheres to guidance presented within the USAKA

Environmental Standards (UES; USAKA Environmental Standards Project Team [USAKA ESPT]1;

2011) and associated references.

1.4 Stakeholders

The key stakeholders in SI, remediation and risk assessment of sites within the USAKA include regulatory

and non-regulatory stakeholders. Stakeholders are provided with an opportunity to comment on

documents produced under UES (USAKA ESPT, 2011) during a public consultation period of at least 30

days.

1 The UES were developed by the USAKA ESPT with input from and ratification by various additional contributors. While the

document is cited as authored by USAKA ESPT, the contribution of other individuals and agencies should be recognized.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 3

Regulatory stakeholders include:

• US SMDC;

• US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region IX;

• US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS);

• US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE);

• USAKA;

• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); and

• RMI Environmental Protection Authority (RMIEPA).

Non-regulatory stakeholders include:

• RMI;

• Current workers;

• Current residents; and

• Future users of the sites, including workers and residents.

1.5 Regulatory Setting and Applicable Guidance

1.5.1 Regulatory Setting

The RMI does not have prescriptive environmental regulations that define standards or guidelines for

environmental protection, including for contaminated sites investigation, remediation and/or risk

assessment. Operational activities completed by USAKA since initial occupation of the Kwajalein Atoll in

the 1940s has resulted in a number of contaminated sites across at least 11 of the islands. Therefore,

UES guidance was developed cooperatively between US regulatory agencies and the RMI to define levels

of protection that will not result in human or ecological health risks (USAKA ESPT, 2011).

The UES guidance (USAKA ESPT, 2011) provides general information on standards and procedures for

investigation, remediation and/or risk assessment. However, detailed risk assessment guidance is not

provided within the document. Therefore alternative sources of guidance are required for risk assessment

and development of RBCLs protective of human health.

1.5.2 Sources of Guidance

The primary sources of guidance used to develop the RBCLs presented herein include:


• UES Guidance2 (USAKA ESPT, 2011);

• Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Volume I, Parts A through F (USEPA 1989;

1991a; 1991b; 2001; 2004; 2009); and

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective

Action (RBCA; ASTM, 2000) and Standard Guide for RBCA at Petroleum Release Sites (ASTM,

2002).

References for specific input parameters, including physical-chemical properties and toxicity data, are

described in Sections 3 and 4, respectively.

1.5.3 Target Risk Levels

Target risk levels were defined per the UES guidance (USAKA ESPT, 2011) as:

• a target excess individual lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) less than 10-6

; and

• a target hazard quotient (THQ) and/or target hazard index (THI) less than 1.

RBCLs based on these target risk levels are considered protective of human health since these target risk

levels represent de minimus risks.

1.5.4 Development of RBCLs

The development of RBCLs typically occurs following completion of the SI phase of a project. It involves

six key steps as follows:

1. Scope the development of RBCLs, considering features of the site and/or property, objectives for

development of RBCLs, stakeholders, applicable sources of guidance, target risk levels and

previous risk assessments completed for the site and/or property.

2. Develop and/or refine the CSM for the site or sites in question. The CSM used to scope RBCL

development should:

− reflect future land use of the site or sites;

− describe media with known or suspected contamination;

− identify potential COCs;

− identify potential receptors, based on future land use; and

− identify potential exposure pathways.

2. Define target medium or media for RBCL development. Target medium or media for development

of RBCLs may be defined based on the CSM, regulatory policy, client requirements and/or a

combination of these factors.

2 The UES were developed by the USAKA ESPT with input from and ratification by various additional contributors. While the

document is cited as authored by USAKA ESPT, the contribution of other individuals and agencies should be recognized.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 5

3. Identify applicable exposure equations and/or exposure models, including appropriate input

parameters such as physical-chemical sites of COCs and receptor characteristics.

4. Identify applicable toxicity reference values (TRVs).

5. Calculate RBCLs, based on defined target risk levels (e.g. information compiled in Steps 1

through 4).

6. Complete uncertainty analysis, define limitations and summarize assumptions incorporated into

RBCL development.

1.6 Previous Risk Assessments

Previous risk assessments were completed or are in progress for several of the sites within the Kwajalein

Atoll. However, completed documents were not provided to WorleyParsons for review and therefore the

results of these risk assessments were not incorporated into the development of RBCLs presented herein.


2. CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL

A CSM provides an overview of potential source – receptor – pathway combinations that may be present

at a site (USEPA, 1991a). A CSM summarizes:

• what media are contaminated, the suspected source(s) of contamination, the types of contaminants

and potential fate and transport mechanisms;

• what receptors may be present at a site, considering current and proposed future land use; and

• how receptors may be exposed to contamination.

The CSM also assists in identification of data gaps and provides a mechanism for risk communication to

stakeholders (USEPA, 1991a).

2.1 Media of Potential Concern

Media of potential concern include (USEPA, 1991a):

• currently contaminated media, where potential for exposure exists as a result of direct exposure

pathways; and

• currently uncontaminated media that may become contaminated in the future as a result of

migration of contaminants.

Media of potential concern within the USAKA and the rationale for inclusion of each media are presented

in Table A.

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Table A Media of Potential Concern

Media Present at

USAKA

Included in

Assessment

Rationale

Soil √ √ Contaminated soils are present at multiple sites within the USAKA installation. RBCLs developed for

contaminants in soil based on results of human health risk assessments (Section 1.6).

Groundwater √ X Contaminated groundwater is present at multiple sites within the USAKA installation. Groundwater contamination

is managed through application of maximum concentration levels (MCLs) defined within UES so excluded from

RBCL development.

Soil Gas √ X Volatile soil and groundwater contaminants can partition into the vapor phase and accumulate in soil pore spaces

and voids. Despite several attempts to directly measure this contamination in situ, site investigators abandoned

this approach and resorted to enhanced heating of soils inside sealed bags to generate sufficient vapors to

screen soil contamination. Vapor contamination is likely to be present in the soil within the contaminated areas.

Potential risks associated with these soil contaminants are modeled in the risk assessment.

Surface

Water

√ X Contamination of the surface waters may be occurring at sites within the USAKA installation as a result of

groundwater discharge and sediment transport. Assessment of surface water contamination is considered

outside the scope of this document. Site investigators did not encounter surface water at the sites investigated

other than that encountered in storm drains. Potential surface water impacts to the lagoon are being evaluated by

United States Army Public Health Command (USAPHC).

Sediment √ X Contamination of sediments may be occurring at multiple sites within the USAKA installation where erosion from

contaminated areas and accumulation of materials from secondary sources, including groundwater discharge,

settles at the bottom of the water body. Assessment of sediment contamination is considered outside the scope

of this document. The sediment impacts within the lagoon are currently being evaluated by the USAPHC.


Media Present at

USAKA

Included in

Assessment

Rationale

Sediment

Porewater

√ X Contamination of sediment porewater (zone of groundwater-surface water interaction within marine sediments)

may be occurring at multiple sites within the USAKA installation where groundwater contamination is present

upgradient of the shoreline or where contaminated sediments are present. Generally sediment porewater is

considered a component of the biologically active zone. Assessment of sediment porewater contamination is

considered outside the scope of this document. The sediment porewater impacts within the lagoon are currently

being evaluated by the USAPHC.

Terrestrial

Biota

√ X Contamination of terrestrial biota is suspected at multiple sites within the USAKA installation where substances

with potential to bioaccumulate, bioconcentrate and/or biomagnify were measured in soils. Assessment of

contaminated terrestrial biota is considered outside the scope of this document. Terrestrial biota impacts may be

evaluated by the USAPHC if necessary.

Aquatic Biota √ X Contamination of aquatic biota has been observed at sites within the USAKA installation where substances with

potential to bioaccumulate, bioconcentrate and/or biomagnify were measured in groundwater, stormwater and/or

sediments (Brust and Albert, 1999). Assessment of contaminated aquatic biota is considered outside the scope of

this document. Assessment of impacts to aquatic biota is considered outside the scope of this document. The

impacts to aquatic biota within the lagoon are currently being evaluated by the USAPHC.

Notes: √ = present at USAKA and/or included in the assessment. X = not present at USAKA and/or not included in the assessment. USAKA = United States Army Kwajalein Atoll;

RBCLs = risk-based clean up levels; MCL = maximum concentration level; UES = USAKA Environmental Standards (USAKA ESPT, 2011); VOC = volatile organic compounds;

USAPHC = United States Army Public Health Command.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 9

2.2 Contaminants of Concern

For development of RBCLs, COCs were identified as potentially anthropogenic substances measured

above the limit of detection (LOD) in soil at one or more of the eight (8) sites described above. Data were

provided by Sivuniq for review. Analyses of potential contaminants of concern (PCOCs) were identified by

Sivuniq based on results of historical records review and guidance from SMDC.

A total of 50 COCs were identified using this approach as summarized in Table B.

Table B Summary of COCs (Anthropogenic Substances Detected in Soil)

Chemical

Classification

COCs

Hydrocarbons DRO; GRO; RRO.

VOCs Benzene; ethylbenzene; toluene; xylenes.

PAHs 1-methylnaphthalene; 2-methylnaphthalene; acenaphthene; acenaphthylene;

anthracene; benzo(a)anthracene; benzo(a)pyrene; benzo(b)fluoranthene;

benzo(g,h,i)perylene; benzo(k)fluoranthene; chrysene; dibenzo(a,h)anthracene;

fluoranthene; fluorene; indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene; naphthalene; phenanthrene; pyrene.

Pesticides and

Metabolites

4,4’-DDD; 4,4’-DDE; 4,4’-DDT; alpha-BHC; alpha-chlordane; beta-BHC; chlordane;

dieldrin; endosulfan I; endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate; endrin; endrin aldehyde;

endrin ketone; gamma-BHC (lindane); gamma-chlordane; heptachlor; heptachlor

epoxide; methoxychlor.

PCBs Aroclor 1248; Aroclor 1254; Aroclor 1260; Aroclor 1268. Notes: COCs = contaminants of concern, VOCs = volatile organic compounds, PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PCBs = polychlorinated biphenyls, DRO = diesel range organics, GRO = gasoline range organics, RRO = residual range organics; DCE = dichloroethene; 4,4’-DDD = p,p -1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, 4,4’-DDE = Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, 4,4’-DDT = Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, BHC = Hexachlorocyclohexane.

2.3 Current and Future Land Use

The sites are currently components of Military Installations; therefore current land use may include

temporary residential accommodations (e.g. enlisted personnel), commercial and/or industrial land use.

The proposed future land use within the Atoll is unrestricted land use. Unrestricted land use will take effect

upon return of each property to the RMI. Unrestricted land use may include agricultural, residential,

recreational, commercial or industrial land use.

Residential land use represents a sensitive land use scenario for protection of human health since it

generally assumes higher exposure frequency and longer exposure duration than recreational,

commercial or industrial land use scenarios. A residential land use is also a sensitive land use scenario


relative to current land use. Therefore, residential land use was selected as the representative land use for

development of RBCLs.

It is worth noting that a residential land use scenario may not be protective of agricultural land use should

crops be cultivated in an area with substances known to bioaccumulate, bioconcentrate or biomagnify.

However, it is unlikely that agricultural land use will be a dominant land use at sites in the future based on

the limited extent of land available at the sites.

2.4 Potential Receptors

Considering an unrestricted land use scenario, with residential land use identified as an acceptable

potential receptors may include:

• Residents: Persons residing at the property after redevelopment. May include infants, toddlers,

children, adolescents, teenagers and adults.

• Adult workers: Persons completing facility or utilities maintenance and/or construction activities at

the property during or after redevelopment.

2.5 Potential Exposure Pathways

Potential exposure pathways are dependent on the media of potential concern, physical-chemical

characteristics of COCs and potential receptors. Potential exposure pathways operable within the USAKA

are summarized in Table C. Rationale for inclusion or exclusion of exposure pathways from RBCL

development is also discussed in Table C.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 11

Table C Potential Exposure Pathways

Potential Receptors

Media1

Potential

Exposure

Pathways Infa

nt

To

dd

ler

Ch

ild

Ad

ole

sce

nt

Te

en

ag

er

Ad

ult

Re

sid

en

t

Ad

ult

Wo

rke

r

Inclusion (√√√√) /

Exclusion (X)

from RBCL

Development

Rationale for Exclusion of Receptor-Pathway

Combinations and Exclusion of Pathways from

RBCL Development

So

il

Soil Ingestion √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Pathway included in assessment.

Particulate

Inhalation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Pathway included in assessment.

Soil Dermal

Contact √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Pathway included in assessment.

Leaching to

Potable

Groundwater

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ X

Groundwater beneath seven of eight sites assessed

is considered Class III groundwater (e.g. non-

potable). Groundwater beneath one of eight sites is

considered Class I groundwater. Soil contamination

has not been identified at this property.

Soil Gas

Generation that

may Impact Indoor

or Outdoor Air.

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2See Note

Pathway operable. Assessment of pathway

considered in RBCL development for limited subset

of COPCs measured in soils.


Potential Receptors

Media1

Potential

Exposure

Pathways Infa

nt

To

dd

ler

Ch

ild

Ad

ole

sce

nt

Te

en

ag

er

Ad

ult

Re

sid

en

t

Ad

ult

Wo

rke

r


Exclusion (X)

from RBCL

Development



RBCL Development

Gro

un

dw

ate

r

Groundwater

Ingestion √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X

Potable groundwater is required to meet MCLs

defined in UES.

Groundwater

Dermal Contact √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X

Potable groundwater is required to meet MCLs

defined in UES.

Inhalation of Vapor

Generated from

Groundwater that

may Impact Indoor

or Outdoor Air.

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ X Pathway operable. Potable groundwater is required

to meet MCLs.

So

il G

as

Soil Gas Inhalation √ 2See Note

Residents will not be exposed directly to soil gas

since it is in the subsurface. Pathway potentially

operable for adult worker. Assessment of pathway

excluded at request of Sivuniq.

Indoor Air

Inhalation √ √ √ √ √ √ X

Workers will generally not be present within homes.

Pathway potentially operable for residential

receptors. Assessment of pathway excluded at

request of Sivuniq.

Outdoor Air √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X Pathway potentially operable for residential

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 13

Potential Receptors

Media1

Potential

Exposure

Pathways Infa

nt

To

dd

ler

Ch

ild

Ad

ole

sce

nt

Te

en

ag

er

Ad

ult

Re

sid

en

t

Ad

ult

Wo

rke

r


Exclusion (X)

from RBCL

Development



RBCL Development

Inhalation receptors and adult worker. Assessment of pathway

excluded at request of Sivuniq.

Su

rfa

ce

Wa

ter

Surface Water

Incidental

Ingestion

X No surface water (and therefore no contaminated

surface water) was observed within the project sites.

Surface Water

Dermal Contact X

No surface water (and therefore no contaminated

surface water) was observed within the project sites.

Se

dim

en

t

Sediment

Incidental

Ingestion

X No sediments (and therefore no contaminated

sediments) were observed within the project sites.

Sediment Dermal

Contact X

No sediments (and therefore no contaminated

sediments) were observed within the project sites.

Notes: √ = receptor – pathway combination operable at USAKA and/or included in the assessment. X = receptor – pathway combination not operable at USAKA and/or not included in the assessment. USAKA = United States Army Kwajalein Atoll; RBCLs = risk-based clean up levels; USAPHC = United States Army Public Health Command; MCL = maximum concentration level; UES = USAKA Environmental Standards (USAKA ESPT, 2011).

1Exposure to ambient air is an operable exposure pathway, but was not considered herein.

Ingestion of terrestrial and aquatic biota represent operable exposure pathways. However, these pathways were not assessed at the request of Sivuniq. 2Soil gas inhalation was

incorporated into the development of RBCLs for substances measured in soil. However, substances detected in groundwater were not considered and therefore this exposure pathway was only partially evaluated.

2

T

d

Page 14

2.6 Su

The CSM for COCs in soil dermal conta

Figure A CS

ummary o

RBCL develoand considerct).

M for RBCL

of CSM fo

opment is sumrs direct expo

Developmen

r RBCL D

mmarized in Fsure pathway

nt

Developm

Figure A. Theys only (inges

201

ment

e developmenstion, inhalatio

12-06-26-RBCL Do

nt of RBCLs ison of particula

ocument REV0.docx

s limited to ate matter an

x

d

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 15

3. EXPOSURE PARAMETERS AND EQUATIONS

3.1 Input Parameters

3.1.1 Physical and Chemical Constants

The physical state of COCs, and gastrointestinal (GI) and dermal absorption (ABS) factors were compiled

from Hawai’i Department of Health’s (HDH) Evaluation of Environmental Hazards and Sites with

Contaminated Soil and Groundwater (HDH, 2008) lookup tables. Volatilization factors were compiled from

the USEPA Regional Screening Levels tables (RSLs; USEPA, 2011c) and the Florida Department of

Environmental Protection (FDEP) Technical Report: Development of Cleanup Target Levels (CTLs) For

Chapter 62-777, F.A.C. (FDEP, 2005). Volatilization factors were not site-specific and are based on

USEPA default assumptions (USEPA, 2011a). The particulate emissions factor (PEF) was compiled from

RAGS Volume I, Part B (USEPA, 1991a). Physical and chemical constants are summarized in Table 1.

3.1.2 Receptor Characteristics

Receptor characteristics were compiled from the USEPA’s Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook

(USEPA, 2008) and the Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA, 2011b). Mean receptor characteristics

were generally compiled for:

• Body weight;

• Soil and dust ingestion rate (upper [95th] percentile compiled for children aged 3 to less than 6

years old);

• Soil to skin adherence factor;

• Total skin surface area; and

• Inhalation rate.

Receptor characteristics for each potential receptor are presented in Table 2.

3.1.3 Exposure Frequency and Duration

The exposure frequency and duration of potential receptors was based on USEPA guidance (USEPA,

1989; 1991a; 1991b; 2001; 2004; 2008; 2009; 2011b). Mean exposure duration was incorporated into the

calculation of RBCLs. Exposure frequency and duration of potential receptors are presented in Table 1.

3.2 Exposure Equations

3.2.1 Soil

RBCLs protective of soil exposure via multiple pathways were calculated for carcinogenic and non-

carcinogenic endpoints as described below (adapted from USEPA, 1991a; USEPA, 2004; USEPA, 2009).

The lowest value of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic RBCL for COCs with both endpoints was

selected as the RBCL.


For carcinogenic endpoints:

)10]/1/1[()110()10(

3653

/

6

/

6 ×+×××+×××××+××××××

=−−

PEFVFUREDEFAFFABSSFEFIFGIABSSFEF

ATTRC

adjsoiloadjsoilo

where:

C = chemical concentration in soil (mg/kg);

TR = target excess individual lifetime cancer risk (unitless);

AT = averaging time (years);

365 = number of days per year (days/year);

EF = exposure frequency (days/year [oral and inhalation] or events/year [dermal]);

SFo = oral cancer slope factor ((mg/kg-d)-1

);

10-6

= unit conversion factor (kg/mg);

GIABS = gastrointestinal absorption factor (unitless);

IFsoil/adj = age-adjusted ingestion factor (mg-year/kg-day);

1 = unit conversion factor (events/day);

ABS = dermal absorption factor (unitless);

AFFsoil/adj = age-adjusted dermal contact factor (mg-year/kg-event);

ED = exposure duration (years);

UR = inhalation unit risk ((µg/m3)-1

);

VF = soil-to-air volatilization factor (m3/kg);

PEF = particulate emission factor (m3/kg); and

103 = unit conversion factor (µg/mg).

For non-carcinogenic endpoints:

])/1/1[)/1(()110)/1(()10)/1((

365

/

6

/

6PEFVFRfCEDEFAFFABSRfDEFIFGIABSRfDEF

ATTHIC

adjsoiloadjsoilo +×××+×××××+××××××

=−−

where:


THI = target excess individual lifetime cancer risk (unitless);




RfDo = oral chronic reference dose (mg/kg-d);

10-6





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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 17




RfC = inhalation reference concentration (mg/m3)

VF = soil-to-air volatilization factor (m3/kg); and

PEF = particulate emission factor (m3/kg).

An age-adjusted ingestion factor was calculated considering site-specific receptors:

∑×

=n

i i

isoil

adjsoilBW

EDIRIF i

/

where:


isoilIR = soil ingestion rate for age range i (mg/day);

EDi = exposure duration for age range i (years); and

BW i = body weight for age range i (kg).

An age-adjusted dermal contact factor was calculated considering site-specific receptors:

∑××

=n

i i

iiiadjsoil

BW

EDSAAFAFF /

where:


AFi = soil to skin adherence factor for age range i (mg/cm2);

SAi = surface area of exposed skin for age range I (cm2/event);

EDi = exposure duration for age range i (years); and

BW i = body weight for age range i (kg).

Where dermal contact can occur as a result of multiple activities (e.g. in a residential setting and as a result of outdoor

sports), AFFsoil/adj can be further refined as follows:

( ) ( )IDIDadjsoilODODadjsoiladjsoil xAFFxAFFAFF ×+×= −− ///

where:

AFFsoil/adj = age-adjusted dermal contact factor (mg-year/kg-year);

AFFsoil/adj-OD = age-adjusted dermal contact factor for outdoor activities (mg/year/kg-event);

xOD = percentage of time spent outdoors (%);

AFFsoil/adj-ID = age-adjusted dermal contact factor for indoor activities (mg/year/kg-event); and

xOD = percentage of time spent indoors (%).


4. TOXICITY DATA

4.1 Hierarchy of Data Sources

Toxicity data were selected according to the following hierarchy:

1. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (USEPA, 2012).

2. HDH Lookup Tables (HDH, 2008).

3. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group (TPHWG; 1997).

Where toxicity data were not available for specific COCs from these sources, surrogate COCs were

identified for calculation of RBCLs. Surrogate COCs are identified in Table 3.

4.2 Mode/Mechanism of Action and Critical Effect

Details on mode/mechanism of action and critical effect were compiled for each COC from the same

sources as toxicity data (Section 4.1). Details on mode/mechanism of action and critical effect are

summarized in Table 3.

4.3 Carcinogenicity and Mutagenic Potential

4.3.1 Carcinogenicity

Carcinogenic potential of COCs was identified from IRIS (USEPA, 2012). Carcinogenic classifications are

based on the USEPA 1986 classification system as follows:

• Group A – Human Carcinogen: there is sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies to support a

causal association between exposure to the chemical agent and cancer in humans;

• Group B1 – Probable Carcinogen: there is limited epidemiologic evidence that the chemical agent

can cause cancer in humans, but at present it is not conclusive;

• Group B2 – Probable Carcinogen: there is inadequate epidemiologic evidence that the chemical

agent can cause cancer in humans, yet sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals;

• Group C – Possible Carcinogen: there is limited evidence that the chemical agent can cause cancer

in animals in the absence of human data, but at present it is not conclusive;

• Group D – Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity: there is no human and/or animal

evidence, at present, that the chemical agent causes cancer in humans; and

• Group E – Evidence of Non-Carcinogenicity for Humans: there is evidence that it does not cause

cancer in humans based on animal studies or animal studies and epidemiologic studies.

Carcinogenic classification of each COC is summarized in Table 3.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 19

4.3.2 Mutagenic Potential

Mutagenic potential of each COC was evaluated based on the toxicity profile and weight-of-evidence

review for carcinogenic potential of each COC. Only substances classified as known, probable or possible

carcinogens were assessed for mutagenic potential. Mutagenic potential of each COC is summarized in

Table 3.

4.4 Toxicity Reference Values

For each COC, TRVs were compiled for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic endpoints where available

(Section 4.1). Both oral and inhalation TRVs were compiled. Oral TRVs included slope factor (SF) and

reference dose (RfD) for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic endpoints, respectively. Oral TRVs, adjusted

with GI and/or dermal ABS were incorporated into RBCLs for oral and dermal exposure terms. Inhalation

TRVs included unit risk (UR) and reference concentration (RfC) for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic

endpoints, respectively. Inhalation TRVs were incorporated into RBCLs for inhalation exposure terms,

including inhalation of particulate matter and soil gas/ambient air. Inhalation exposure did not incorporate

an ABS. TRVs are summarized in Table 4.


5. RISK-BASED CLEANUP LEVELS

5.1 Overview of RBCLs

A set of RBCLs protective of human health exposure to soil were developed for USAKA. The RBCLs were

developed for each COC defined in Section 2.2 using the methodology described in Section 3. The

RBCLs were calculated for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic endpoints, where applicable; the

lower of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic RBCLs were incorporated as the overall RBCL for

USAKA.

The calculation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic RBCLs, is presented in Table 5. Worked

calculations are provided in Appendix 1. The RBCL for each COC is also summarized in Table 5.

The RBCLs were generally developed using conservative assumptions and deterministic input

parameters, including target cancer risk and hazard index. Typically mean values for receptor

characteristics, exposure frequency and exposure duration were applied in the calculations. As described

in Section 5.3, RBCLs are considered realistic to conservative and therefore are assumed protective of

human health.

5.2 Assumptions and Limitations

The following assumptions and limitations were incorporated into the calculation of RBCLs:

• Generally mean receptor characteristics were considered representative and incorporated into

calculation of RBCLs. The exception was the soil and dust ingestion rate for the age bracket of

three (3) years to less than six (6) years of age, where the upper (95th) percentile was

incorporated into the calculation of RBCLs (USEPA, 2011b).

• Skin surface area for adult receptors incorporated the average of skin surface area values for

male and female receptors (USEPA, 2011b).

• The surface area of the head was assumed equivalent to the surface area of the face for

purposes of estimating the dermal contact term for calculation of RBCLs (USEPA, 2011b).

• The body parts potentially exposed to contaminated media were based on default assumptions

presented by the USEPA (2011b).

• A value of one (1) for GI and dermal ABS were assumed if COC-specific values were not

available.

• The PEF was compiled from published sources (USEPA, 1991a) and was not site-specific. The

default PEF assumes that soil particulate suspension occurs as a result of wind-borne emissions,

and does not incorporate suspension from mechanical disturbance (USEPA, 2011a).

• Volatilization factors were compiled from published sources and did not incorporate site-specific

assumptions about the extent of the contaminated area or soil properties (USEPA, 2011a).

• The volatilization factor for xylenes was based on the volatilization factor for a mixture of ortho,

meta and para-xylenes.

• The volatilization factor for GRO was based on the volatilization factor for total recoverable

petroleum hydrocarbons.

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308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 21

• The composition of GRO, DRO and RRO was estimated based on review of chromatograms from

seven (7) water extracts collected from Kwajalein tank farm and professional judgement.

• RBCLs were developed to be protective of exposure via multiple pathways of soil exposure (e.g.

ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact).

• RBCLs did not incorporate assumptions regarding exposure to mixtures of COCs.

• RBCLs did not include adjustment of TRVs for mutagenic COCs to account for early life exposure

scenarios.

• RBCLs do not account for exposure from multiple media; RBCLs are only protective of exposure

from contamination in soil.

5.3 Uncertainty Analysis

The RBCLs presented herein are subject to uncertainties associated with generic input parameters and

applied calculation methods. A summary of the uncertainties and potential effect on RBCLs is summarized

in Table D.

Table D Uncertainty Analysis

Uncertainty Inferred Effect on RBCL

Generic receptor characteristics were applied to estimate RBCLs. The

mean value for each receptor characteristic was applied, except for soil

ingestion which incorporated upper bound estimates for the age group

of three to less than six years.

RBCL represents a realistic

risk-based threshold.

Exposure to soil as a result of ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation

were assumed to occur with equivalent frequency and duration.

RBCL represents a realistic to

conservative risk-based

threshold.

Attenuation of soil gas was not incorporated into estimates of RBCLs. RBCLs are conservative.

The TRVs compiled for development of RBCLs are from published

databases and were generally extrapolated through application of

safety factors (e.g. multipliers used to account for uncertainties with

limited data, interspecies extrapolation, etc.).

RBCLs are conservative.

RBCLs were not developed to account for exposure to mixtures since

distribution of COCs will vary on a property-specific basis. Exposure to

mixtures can result in antagonistic, synergistic, non-additive and/or

additive effects.

Effect on RBCLs cannot be

determined at this time since

the composition of the mixture

of COCs is unknown.

RBCLs were not developed for indirect effects (e.g. fate and transport,

uptake by biota).

RBCLs may be non-

conservative if complete

exposure pathways exist.


5.4 Future Amendment

The RBCLs developed herein are based on published guidance, input parameters and toxicity data

accessed in March 2012. The RBCLs should be reviewed periodically to confirm that the assumptions

included within this assessment remain valid, the inferred toxicity of COCs does not change significantly,

and the list of COCs does not differ based on new analytical results.

Revisions should be documented and communicated through the stakeholder communication process

described by USAKA (USAKA ESPT, 2011).

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RISK-BASED CLEAN UP LEVELS

UNITED STATES ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL INSTALLATION

308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 25

7. REFERENCES

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2000. Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective

Action, E2081-00.

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2002. Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective

Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites, E1739-95.

Brust, C.J.; Albert, J.L., 1999. The Use of Transplanted Giant Clams to Identify Pollutants in Stormwater

Discharges at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, Unpublished Presentation, US Army Center for Health

Promotion and Preventative Medicine, Surface Water and Wastewater Program.

FDEP (Florida Department of Environmental Protection), 2005. Technical Report: Development of

Cleanup Target Levels (CTLs) For Chapter 62-777, F.A.C., Prepared for the Division of Waste

Management by Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology University of Florida, Gainesville,

Florida, February 2005.

HDH (Hawai’i Department of Health), 2008. Evaluation of Environmental Hazards at Sites with

Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, Pacific Basin Edition, October 2008.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011a. Draft Kwajalein Harbor Stormwater Drains Site Investigation U.S. Army

Kwajalein Atoll/Regan Test Site Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-001, November

2011.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011b. Draft Roi-Namur POL Yard Site Investigation U.S. Army Kwajalein

Atoll/Regan Test Site Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-003, November 2011.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011c. Draft Carlos Power Plant Site Investigation U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Regan

Test Site Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-004, November 2011.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011d. Draft Kwajalein Tank Farm Site Investigation Report U.S. Army Kwajalein

Atoll/Regan Test Site (USAKA/RTS) Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-006,

November 2011.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011e. Draft Kwajalein Cold Storage Warehouse Site Investigation Report U.S.

Army Kwajalein Atoll/Regan Test Site (USAKA/RTS) Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID

CCKWAJ-007, November 2011.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011f. Draft Drinking Water Well 8151 PCE/TCE Site Investigation U.S. Army

Kwajalein Atoll/Regan Test Site Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-008, November

2011.

Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011g. Draft Gagan Power Plant Site Investigation Report U.S. Army Kwajalein

Atoll/Regan Test Site (USAKA/RTS) Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-009,

November 2011.


Sivuniq (Sivuniq Inc), 2011h. Draft PCB Vaults Site Investigation U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Regan Test

Site Republic of the Marshall Islands Site ID CCKWAJ-005, December 2011.

TPHWG (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group), 1997. Volume 4: Development of Fraction

Specific Reference Doses (RfDs) and Reference Concentrations (RfCs) for Total Petroleum

Hydrocarbons (TPH). Amhurst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, Massachusetts.

USAEHA (United States Army Environmental Hygiene Agency), 1991. Soil and Ground-Water

Contamination Study No. 38-26-K144-91 Kwajalein Atoll, Document No. 38-26-K144-91, October

1990 – August 1991.

USAKA ESPT (United States Army Kwajalein Atoll Environmental Standards Project Team), 2011.

Environmental Standards and Procedures for United States Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA)

Activities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Twelfth Edition, August 2011.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1986. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk

Assessment, Federal Register 51(185): 33992–34003, EPA/630/R-00/004.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for

Superfund Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), Interim Final. Washington, DC.

EPA/540/1-89/002.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1991a. Risk Assessment Guidance for

Superfund: Volume I – Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part B, Development of Risk-based

Preliminary Remediation Goals), EPA/540/R-92/003, Publication 9285.7-01B, December 1991.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1991b. Risk Assessment Guidance for

Superfund: Volume I – Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part C, Risk Evaluation of Remedial

Alternatives), Interim, Publication 9285.7-01C.


Superfund: Volume I – Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part D, Standardized Planning,

Reporting, and Review of Superfund Risk Assessments), Final, Publication 9285.7-47.


Superfund: Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for

Dermal Risk Assessment), Final, EPA/540/R/99/005.


Superfund: Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for

Inhalation Risk Assessment), Final, EPA-540-R-070-002.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2011a. Regional Screening Table – User’s

Guide (November 2011), http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-

concentration_table/usersguide.htm, last accessed March 26, 2012.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2011b. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011

Edition, Final, EPA/600/R-09/052F.

SIVUNIQ INC.

RISK-BASED CLEAN UP LEVELS

UNITED STATES ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL INSTALLATION

308038-04100 : Rev 0 : 26 June 2012 Page 27

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2011c. Regional Screening Levels (Formerly

PRGs) Screening Levels for Chemical Contaminants, http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/,

last accessed March 12, 2012.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2012. Integrated Risk Information System

(IRIS), http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/, last accessed March 12, 2012.


Tables

Table 1Physical and Chemical ConstantsSivuniq Kwajalein Atoll USAKA Nine Sites Restoration, Republic of Marshall Islands

Chemical of ConcernPhysical

State VF

GI Absorption

Factor

Dermal Absorption

Factor

Units (m3/kg) (unitless) (unitless)

1-Methylnaphthalene V 6.30E+04 1 N/A

2-Methylnaphthalene V 6.20E+04 1 N/A

4,4'-DDD NV 1 0.1

4,4'-DDE NV 1 0.1

4,4'-DDT NV 1 0.03

Acenaphthene V 1.50E+05 1 0.13

Acenaphthylene V 1 0.13

alpha-BHC NV N/A N/A

alpha-Chlordane NV N/A N/A

Anthracene V 5.60E+05 1 0.13

Aroclor 1248 NV N/A N/A



Arolclor 1268 NV N/A N/A

Benzene V 3.80E+03 1 N/A

Benzo (a) anthracene NV 1 0.13

Benzo (a) pyrene NV 1 0.13

Benzo (b) fluoranthene NV 1 0.13

Benzo (g,h,i) perylene NV 1 0.13

Benzo (k) fluoranthene NV 1 0.13

beta-BHC NV N/A N/A

Chlordane NV 1 0.04

Chrysene NV 1 0.13

Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene NV 1 0.13

Dieldrin NV 1 0.1

DRO (C8 through C21) NV 1 0.1

Endosulfan I NV 1 0.1

Endosulfan II NV 1 0.1

Endosulfan sulfate NV 1 0.1

Endrin NV 1 0.1

Endrin aldehyde NV N/A N/A

Endrin ketone NV N/A N/A

Ethylbenzene V 6.10E+03 1 N/A

Fluoranthene NV 1 0.13

Fluorene V 3.00E+05 1 0.13

gamma-BHC (Lindane) NV 1 0.04

gamma-Chlordane NV N/A N/A

GRO (C4 through C12) V 1 0.1

Heptachlor NV 1 0.1

Heptachlor epoxide NV 1 0.1

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene NV 1 0.13

Methoxychlor NV 1 0.1

Naphthalene V 5.00E+04 1 0.13

Phenanthrene V 1 0.13

Pyrene V 2.60E+06 1 0.13

RRO (>C21) NV 1 N/A

Toluene V 4.60E+03 1 N/A

Xylene V 6.30E+03 1 N/A

Notes:

BHC = Hexachlorocyclohexane

4,4'-DDD = p,p -1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

4,4'-DDE = Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene

4,4'-DDT = Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DRO = Diesel Range Organics

GI = Gastrointestinal

GRO = Gasoline Range Organics

HDH = Hawai'i Department of Health (Evaluation of Environmental Hazards at Sites with Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, Pacific Basin Edition, October 2008).

N/A = not applicable.

NV = Non-volatile

RRO = Residual Range Organics

V = Volatile

VF = Volatilization Factor

Physical State, GI Absorption Factor and Dermal Absorption Factor from HDH, 2008.

Volatilization Factor from USEPA Regional Screening Levels (USEPA, 2011. http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/) except acenaphthylene, GRO and phenanthrene.

Acenaphthylene, GRO and phenanthrene volatilization factor from Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), Technical Report: Development of CleanupTarget Levels (CTLs) For Chapter 62-777,F.A.C., February, 2005.

GRO volatilization factor based on total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons.

Xylenes volatilization factor based on xylenes mixture.

Table 2

Receptor Characteristics

Sivuniq Kwajalein Atoll USAKA Nine Sites Restoration, Republic of Marshall Islands

Ag

e I

nd

ep

en

de

nt

Va

lue

s

So

urc

e/R

ati

on

ale

/No

tes

Target Risk TR unitless 1.00E-06 UES

Target Hazard Index THI unitless 1 UES

Life Expectancy LE years 78 Exposure Factors Handbook

Minutes per day 1440 Calculated

Age-adjusted ingestion factor (calculated) IFsoil/adj mg-year/kg-day 7.5E+01 Calculated

Age-adjusted dermal contact factor (calculated) AAFsoil/adj mg-year/kg-event 1.2E+01 Calculated

Exposure Frequency (ingestion/inhalation)1

EF days/year 350Exposure Frequency (dermal contact)

1EFDC events/year 350 Assumed (1 event per day)

Exposure Duration (per age range) ED years 12 12 based on mean in EF handbook.

Particulate Emissions Factor PEF m3/kg 4.63E+09 RAGS B

Averaging Time - Carcinogens ATC years 78 LE

Averaging Time - Non-carcinogens2

ATNC years 12 ED

Note:

1 = From RAGSB

2 = Duration of lifestage for 11 to <16 age group was updated to reflect average 12 years of life on site. B

irth

to

<1

ye

ar

1 t

o <

2 y

ea

rs

2 t

o <

3 y

ea

rs

3 t

o <

6 y

ea

rs

6 t

o <

11

ye

ars

11

to

<1

6 y

ea

rs

16

to

<2

1 y

ea

rs

21

to

<3

1 y

ea

rs

31

to

<4

1 y

ea

rs

41

to

<5

1 y

ea

rs

51

to

<6

1 y

ea

rs

61

to

<7

1 y

ea

rs

71

to

<8

1 y

ea

rs

≥8

1 y

ea

rs

Slope Factor Adjustment

for Substances with Mutagenic MOA unitless 10 10 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Body Weight BW kg 7.8 11 14 19 32 57 72 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

Duration of Life Stage years 1 1 1 3 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 8

Time spent indoors at residence minutes/d 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 9.8E+02 9.6E+02 8.9E+02 8.9E+02 8.3E+02 9.5E+02 9.5E+02 9.5E+02 9.5E+02 9.5E+02 1.2E+03 1.2E+03

Time spent outdoors minutes/d - 3.6E+01 7.6E+01 1.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.0E+02 1.0E+02 2.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.8E+02 3.0E+02 3.0E+02

% Time spent indoors 77 74 68 66 62 62 58 66 66 66 66 66 82 82

% Time spent outdoors 0 2.5 5.3 7.4 9.2 6.9 7.1 20 20 20 20 20 21 21

Soil Ingestion Rate (includes soil and dust) IRsoil mg/day 60 100 100 200 100 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

IRsoilxED/BW mg-year/kg-year 7.7E+00 8.8E+00 7.2E+00 3.2E+01 1.6E+01 3.5E+00 7.0E+00 6.3E+00 6.3E+00 6.3E+00 6.3E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00

(((AFxSAxED)*%OD)+((AFxSAxED)*%ID))/BW mg-year/kg-event 7.8E-01 9.0E-01 1.0E+00 3.2E+00 5.0E+00 1.5E+00 3.2E+00 2.9E+01 2.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01 2.4E+01

Notes:

71 to < 81 assumed 8 year duration to result in total life expectancy of 78

Adults from 21 - <71 based on age range from 18 to < 64; adults > 71 based on adults >64; values based on mean

Mean values except 3 to < 6 year based on upper percentile. 1 - < 2 and 2 to < 3 based on 1 to < 6 years.

AAF incorporates % indoor and % outdoor

Assumed time spent outdoors was for sports

Soil to skin adherance Factor AF mg/cm2

Residential Children Indoors

Face - - - - - - -

Arms 4.1E-03 4.1E-03 4.1E-03 4.1E-03 4.1E-03 4.1E-03 4.1E-03

Hands 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.1E-03

Legs 3.5E-03 3.5E-03 3.5E-03 3.5E-03 3.5E-03 3.5E-03 3.5E-03

Feet 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02 1.0E-02

Outdoor Sports

Face 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02

Arms 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02 8.7E-02

Hands 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 1.3E-01

Legs 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01

Feet - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Activities with Soil

Face 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 5.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02 2.4E-02

Arms 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 4.6E-02 3.8E-02 3.8E-02 3.8E-02 3.8E-02 3.8E-02 3.8E-02 3.8E-02

Hands 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01 1.6E-01

Legs 5.1E-02 5.1E-02 5.1E-02 5.1E-02 5.1E-02 5.1E-02 5.1E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 1.9E-02

Feet 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01

Adults Construction Activities

Face 9.8E-02 9.8E-02 9.8E-02 9.8E-02 9.8E-02 9.8E-02 9.8E-02

Arms 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01

Hands 2.8E-01 2.8E-01 2.8E-01 2.8E-01 2.8E-01 2.8E-01 2.8E-01

Legs 6.6E-02 6.6E-02 6.6E-02 6.6E-02 6.6E-02 6.6E-02 6.6E-02

Feet - - - - - - -

Total Surface Area SA m2

4.0E-01 5.3E-01 6.1E-01 7.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00

Total Surface Area SA cm2

4.0E+03 5.3E+03 6.1E+03 7.6E+03 1.1E+04 1.6E+04 1.8E+04 1.9E+04 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 1.9E+04 1.8E+04

Mean Percent of Total Surface Area

Head % 1.8E+01 1.7E+01 8.4E+00 8.0E+00 6.1E+00 4.6E+00 4.1E+00 6.4E+00 6.4E+00 6.4E+00 6.4E+00 6.4E+00 6.4E+00 6.4E+00

Arms % 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.5E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01 1.4E+01

Notes:

% Surface Area for Males and females > 21 averaged.

Assumed Head = Face

Table 2

Receptor Characteristics


Bir

th t

o <

1y

ea

r

1 t

o <

2 y

ea

rs

2 t

o <

3 y

ea

rs

3 t

o <

6 y

ea

rs

6 t

o <

11

ye

ars

11

to

<1

6 y

ea

rs

16

to

<2

1 y

ea

rs

21

to

<3

1 y

ea

rs

31

to

<4

1 y

ea

rs

41

to

<5

1 y

ea

rs

51

to

<6

1 y

ea

rs

61

to

<7

1 y

ea

rs

71

to

<8

1 y

ea

rs

≥8

1 y

ea

rs

Hands % 5.3E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 4.9E+00 4.7E+00 4.5E+00 4.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.0E+00 5.0E+00 5.0E+00 5.0E+00 5.0E+00 5.0E+00

Legs % 2.1E+01 2.3E+01 2.5E+01 2.6E+01 2.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.0E+01 3.3E+01 3.3E+01 3.3E+01 3.3E+01 3.3E+01 3.3E+01 3.3E+01

Feet % 6.5E+00 6.3E+00 6.3E+00 6.4E+00 6.8E+00 6.6E+00 6.1E+00 6.7E+00 6.7E+00 6.7E+00 6.7E+00 6.7E+00 6.7E+00 6.7E+00

Trunk % 3.6E+01 3.6E+01 4.1E+01 4.1E+01 4.0E+01 4.0E+01 4.1E+01 3.8E+01 3.8E+01 3.8E+01 3.8E+01 3.8E+01 3.8E+01 3.8E+01

Estimated Surface Area

Head cm2

7.3E+02 8.7E+02 5.1E+02 6.1E+02 6.6E+02 7.3E+02 7.5E+02 1.2E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.2E+03 1.2E+03 Assumed Head = Face

Arms cm2

5.5E+02 6.9E+02 8.8E+02 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 2.3E+03 2.7E+03 2.7E+03 2.8E+03 2.8E+03 2.8E+03 2.8E+03 2.7E+03 2.5E+03

Hands cm2

2.1E+02 3.0E+02 2.9E+02 3.7E+02 5.1E+02 7.2E+02 8.3E+02 9.7E+02 9.9E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+03 9.9E+02 9.6E+02 9.0E+02

Legs cm2

8.2E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 2.0E+03 3.1E+03 4.8E+03 5.4E+03 6.3E+03 6.5E+03 6.6E+03 6.5E+03 6.5E+03 6.2E+03 5.9E+03

Feet cm2

2.6E+02 3.3E+02 3.8E+02 4.9E+02 7.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.2E+03

Trunk cm2

1.4E+03 1.9E+03 2.5E+03 3.1E+03 4.3E+03 6.3E+03 7.6E+03 7.3E+03 7.5E+03 7.6E+03 7.6E+03 7.5E+03 7.2E+03 6.8E+03

Inhalation Rate IRair m3/d 4.6E+00 5.4E+00 8.9E+00 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 1.5E+01 1.6E+01 1.6E+01 1.6E+01 1.6E+01 1.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01

Notes:

% Surface Area for Males and females > 21 averaged.

Mean values. Birth to < 1 year calculated from four age ranges below. Adult ranges calculated as average of male and female. *note age ranges are 21 to < 30 rather than <31…*

Mean values, long-term inhalation rates. Birth to < 1 year calculated from four age ranges below.

From US EPA Exposure Factors Handbook, 2011. http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf.

Soil and dust ingestion for 3 - <6 years based on upper percentile. Soil and dust ingestion for 2 to < 3 years based on 1 to < 6 years central tendency

Surface Area Calculation:

Age Range SA (m2) IRair (m

3/d) BW (kg) ED

Birth to 1 month 0.29 3.6 4.8 0.0833333

1 to <3 months 0.33 3.5 5.9 0.1666667

3 to <6 months 0.38 4.1 7.4 0.25

6 to <12 months 0.45 5.4 9.2 0.5

Surface Area (m2)

Males Females Average

21 to <30 years 2.05 1.81 1.93

30 to <40 years 2.1 1.85 1.975

40 to <50 years 2.15 1.88 2.015

50 to <60 years 2.11 1.89 2

60 to <70 years 2.08 1.88 1.98

70 to <80 years 2.05 1.77 1.91

>80 years 1.92 1.69 1.805

Percent Surface Area of Body Parts

Males Females

Head 6.6 6.2 6.4

Trunk 40.1 35.4 37.75

Arms 15.2 12.8 14

Hands 5.2 4.8 5

Legs 33.1 32.3 32.7

Feet 6.7 6.6 6.65

106.9 98.1

Table 3

Critical Effect


Chemical of Concern SurrogateCarcinogenic

ClassificationMutagen Critical Effects

Units

1-Methylnaphthalene No data N/A Hematologic, immune, skin.

2-Methylnaphthalene Inadequate N/A Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, hematologic, immune, skin.

4,4'-DDD B2 N Increased incidence of liver tumors (carcinomas), lung tumors, and thyroid tumors, no chronic toxicity factors.

4,4'-DDE B2 N Increased incidence of liver tumors (carcinomas) and thyroid tumors, no chronic toxicity factors.

4,4'-DDT B2 N Liver lesions, excess incidence of liver tumors, alimentary tract, nervous, reproductive.

Acenaphthene Not assessed N/A Hepatotoxicity, alimenatry tract, immune, skin.

Acenaphthylene D N/A Hematologic, immune, skin.

alpha-BHC B2 N Increased incidence of hepatic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas.

alpha-Chlordane Chlordane No data N/A Hepatic necrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alimentary tract, immune, nervous.

Anthracene D N/A No observed effects, immune, skin.

Aroclor 1248 PCBs B2 N Increased incidence of liver hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, cholangiomas or cholaniocarcinomas.

Aroclor 1254

PCBs

excluding

RfD B2 N

Ocular exudate, inflamed and prominent Meibomian glands, distorted growth of finger and toe nails, decreased antibody

(IgG and IgM) response, increased incidence of liver hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, cholangiomas or

cholaniocarcinomas.

Aroclor 1260 PCBs B2 N Increased incidence of liver hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, cholangiomas or cholaniocarcinomas.

Arolclor 1268 PCBs B2 N Increased incidence of liver hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, cholangiomas or cholaniocarcinomas.

BenzeneA Y

Decreased lymphocyte count, increased incidence and risks of leukemia, primarily acute myelogenous leukemia, alimentary

tract, developmental, hematological, immune, nervous.

Benzo (a) anthracene B2 Y Immune, skin.

Benzo (a) pyreneB2 Y

Increased tumors (forestomach), squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas or (forestomach), larynx and esophagus,

papilomas and carcinomas, immune, reproductive, skin.

Benzo (b) fluoranthene B2 Y Immune, skin.

Benzo (g,h,i) perylene D Y Alimentary tract, hematologic, immune, kidney, skin.

Benzo (k) fluoranthene B2 Y Immune, skin.

beta-BHC C N Increased incidence of hepatic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas.

Chlordane B2 N Hepatic necrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alimentary tract, immune, nervous.

Chrysene B2 Y Immune, skin.

Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene B2 Y Immune, skin.

Dieldrin B2 Y Liver lesions, liver carcinoma formation, alimentary tract, nervous.

DRO (C8 through C21) No data N/A Decreased body weight, hepatic and hematological changes, nephrotoxicity, hepatic granuloma.

Endosulfan I EndosulfanNot assessed N/A

Reduced body weight gain, increased incidence of marked progressive glomerulonephrosis, blood vessel aneurysms,

neurological findings, alimentary tract, developmental, hematological, immune, kidney, nervous, reproductive.

Endosulfan II EndosulfanNot assessed N/A



Endosulfan sulfate EndosulfanNot assessed N/A



Table 3

Critical Effect




Units

Endrin D N/A Mild histological lesions in liver, occasional convulsions, alimentary tract development, kidney, nervous.

Endrin aldehyde Endrin No data N/A Mild histological lesions in liver, occasional convulsions, alimentary tract development, kidney, nervous.

Endrin ketone Endrin No data N/A Mild histological lesions in liver, occasional convulsions, alimentary tract development, kidney, nervous.

EthylbenzeneD N/A

Liver and kidney toxicity, developmental toxicity, alimentary tract, developmental, endocrine, kidney, nervous, reproductive,

skin.

FluorantheneD Y

Nephropathy, increased liver weights, hematological alterations and clinical effects, alimentary tract, hematologic, immune,

kidney, skin.

Fluorene D N/A Decreased red blood cell, packed cell volume and hemoglobin, hematologic, immune, skin.

gamma-BHC (Lindane) Not assessed N/A Liver and kidney, alimentary tract.

gamma-Chlordane Chlordane No data N/A Hepatic necrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alimentary tract, immune, nervous.

GRO (C4 through C12) No data N/A Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, decreased body weight, hepatic and hematological changes.

Heptachlor B2 N Liver weight increases, increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas, alimentary tract, nervous.

Heptachlor epoxide B2 N Increased liver-to-body weight ratio, increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas, alimentary tract, nervous.

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene B2 Y Immune, skin.

Methoxychlor D N/A Excessive loss of litters, alimentary tract, developmental, kidney, nervous, reproductive.

NaphthaleneC N

Decreased mean terminal body weight, nasal effects (hyperplasia and metaplasia in respiratory and olfactory epithelium),

eye, hematologic, immune, respiratory, skin.

Phenanthrene D N/A Hematologic, immune.

Pyrene D N/A Kidney effects (renal tubular pathology, decreased kidney weights), immune.

RRO (>C21) No data N/A Nephrotoxicity, hepatic granuloma.

TolueneInadequate N/A Increased kidney weight, neurological effects, alimentary tract, developmental, kidney, nervous, reproductive, respiratory.

Xylene Inadequate N/A Decreased body weight, increased mortaility, impaired motor coordination, nervous, respiratory.

Notes:







IRIS = Integrated Risk Information System (USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2012. http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/).

N = No


RfC = reference concentration.

RfD = reference dose.


SF = slope factor.

UR = unit risk.

Y = Yes

Carcinogenic classification and mutagenic potential from USEPA, 2012.

Table 3

Critical Effect




UnitsCarcinogenic classifications:

Known

Probable

Possible

Not classified

Inadequate Information to Assess Carcinogenic Potential

Critical effects from:



Table 4

Toxicity Data


Chemical of Concern RfDo Source RfC Source SFo Source UR Source

Units (mg/kg-d) (mg/m3) (mg/kg-d)

-1(ug/m

3)-1

1-Methylnaphthalene No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.029 HDH 8.3E-06 IRIS

2-Methylnaphthalene 0.004 IRIS 0.014 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

4,4'-DDD No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.24 IRIS No Value HDH

4,4'-DDE No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.34 IRIS No Value HDH

4,4'-DDT 0.0005 IRIS No Value N/A 0.34 IRIS 0.000097 HDH

Acenaphthene 0.06 IRIS 0.21 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Acenaphthylene 0.04 HDH 0.14 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

alpha-BHC No Value N/A No Value N/A 6.3 IRIS No Value HDH

alpha-Chlordane 0.0005 HDH 0.0007 IRIS 0.35 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

Anthracene 0.3 IRIS 1.1 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Aroclor 1248 No Value N/A No Value N/A 2 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

Aroclor 1254 0.00002 IRIS No Value N/A 2 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

Aroclor 1260 No Value N/A No Value N/A 2 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

Arolclor 1268 No Value N/A No Value N/A 2 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

Benzene 0.004 IRIS 0.03 IRIS 0.055 IRIS 7.8E-06 HDH

Benzo (a) anthracene No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.73 HDH 0.00011 HDH

Benzo (a) pyrene No Value N/A No Value N/A 7.3 IRIS 0.0011 HDH

Benzo (b) fluoranthene No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.73 HDH 0.00011 HDH

Benzo (g,h,i) perylene 0.04 HDH No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value HDH

Benzo (k) fluoranthene No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.073 HDH 0.00011 HDH

beta-BHC No Value N/A No Value N/A 1.8 IRIS No Value HDH

Chlordane 0.0005 IRIS 0.0007 IRIS 0.35 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

Chrysene No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.073 HDH 0.000011 HDH

Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene No Value N/A No Value N/A 7.3 HDH 0.0012 HDH

Dieldrin 0.00005 IRIS No Value N/A 16 IRIS 0.0046 HDH

DRO (C8 through C21) 0.06 HDH 0.11 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Endosulfan I 0.006 IRIS No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Endosulfan II 0.006 IRIS No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Endosulfan sulfate 0.006 IRIS No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Endrin 0.0003 IRIS No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Endrin aldehyde No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Endrin ketone No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Ethylbenzene 0.1 IRIS 1 IRIS 0.011 HDH 2.5E-06 IRIS

Fluoranthene 0.04 IRIS No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value HDH

Fluorene 0.04 IRIS 0.14 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

gamma-BHC (Lindane) 0.0003 IRIS No Value N/A 1.1 HDH 0.00031 IRIS

gamma-Chlordane 0.0005 HDH 0.0007 IRIS 0.35 IRIS 0.0001 HDH

GRO (C4 through C12) 0.03 HDH 0.05 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Heptachlor 0.0005 IRIS No Value N/A 4.5 IRIS 0.0013 HDH

Heptachlor epoxide 0.000013 IRIS No Value N/A 9.1 IRIS 0.0026 HDH

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene No Value N/A No Value N/A 0.73 HDH 0.00011 HDH

Methoxychlor 0.005 IRIS No Value N/A No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Naphthalene 0.02 IRIS 0.003 IRIS No Value N/A 0.000034 HDH

Phenanthrene 0.04 HDH 0.14 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Pyrene 0.03 IRIS 0.11 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

RRO (>C21) 0.06 HDH 0.21 HDH No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Toluene 0.08 IRIS 5 IRIS No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Xylene 0.2 IRIS 0.1 IRIS No Value N/A No Value IRIS

Notes:










RfC = Reference Concentration

RfDo = Oral Reference Dose


SFo = Oral Slope Factor

TPHWG = Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Working Group (Volume 4: Development of Fraction Specific Reference Doses (RfDs) and Reference Concentrations (RfCs)

for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). Amhurst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1998).

UR = Unit Risk

Carcinogenic classification and mutagenic potential from USEPA, 2012.

Carcinogenic classifications: A

Known B2

Probable C

Possible D

Not classified Inadequate

Inadequate Information to Assess Carcinogenic Potential

Table 5

Risk-based Cleanup Levels


RBCL - Carcinogenic Exposure RBCL - Non-carcinogenic Exposure

RBCLCARC-Numerator RBCLCARC-Oral Term RBCLCARC-Dermal Term RBCLCARC-Inhalation Term RBCLCARC RBCLNC-Numerator RBCLNC-Oral Term RBCLNC-Dermal Term RBCLNC-Inhalation Term RBCLNC RBCL

1-Methylnaphthalene 2.85E-02 7.63E-04 1.25E-04 5.53E-04 1.97E+01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.97E+01

2-Methylnaphthalene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 6.58E+00 1.08E+00 4.84E+00 3.50E+02 3.50E+02

4,4'-DDD 2.85E-02 6.32E-03 1.04E-04 0.00E+00 4.44E+00 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.44E+00

4,4'-DDE 2.85E-02 8.95E-03 1.47E-04 0.00E+00 3.13E+00 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 3.13E+00

4,4'-DDT 2.85E-02 8.95E-03 4.41E-05 8.80E-08 3.17E+00 4.38E+03 5.26E+01 2.59E-01 0.00E+00 8.28E+01 3.17E+00

Acenaphthene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 4.39E-01 9.36E-03 1.33E-01 7.54E+03 7.54E+03

Acenaphthylene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 6.58E-01 1.40E-02 6.48E-06 6.52E+03 6.52E+03

alpha-BHC 2.85E-02 1.66E-01 2.72E-02 0.00E+00 1.48E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.48E-01

alpha-Chlordane 2.85E-02 9.21E-03 1.51E-03 9.07E-08 2.66E+00 4.38E+03 5.26E+01 8.64E+00 1.30E-03 7.15E+01 2.66E+00

Anthracene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 8.77E-02 1.87E-03 6.82E-03 4.54E+04 4.54E+04

Aroclor 1248 2.85E-02 5.26E-02 8.64E-03 9.07E-08 4.65E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.65E-01

Aroclor 1254 2.85E-02 5.26E-02 8.64E-03 9.07E-08 4.65E-01 4.38E+03 1.32E+03 2.16E+02 0.00E+00 2.86E+00 4.65E-01

Aroclor 1260 2.85E-02 5.26E-02 8.64E-03 9.07E-08 4.65E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.65E-01

Arolclor 1268 2.85E-02 5.26E-02 8.64E-03 9.07E-08 4.65E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.65E-01

Benzene 2.85E-02 1.45E-03 2.38E-04 8.62E-03 2.76E+00 4.38E+03 6.58E+00 1.08E+00 3.68E+01 9.84E+01 2.76E+00

Benzo (a) anthracene 2.85E-02 1.92E-02 4.10E-04 9.98E-08 1.45E+00 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E+00

Benzo (a) pyrene 2.85E-02 1.92E-01 4.10E-03 9.98E-07 1.45E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E-01

Benzo (b) fluoranthene 2.85E-02 1.92E-02 4.10E-04 9.98E-08 1.45E+00 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E+00

Benzo (g,h,i) perylene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 6.58E-01 1.40E-02 0.00E+00 6.52E+03 6.52E+03

Benzo (k) fluoranthene 2.85E-02 1.92E-03 4.10E-05 9.98E-08 1.45E+01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E+01

beta-BHC 2.85E-02 4.74E-02 7.77E-03 0.00E+00 5.16E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 5.16E-01

Chlordane 2.85E-02 9.21E-03 6.05E-05 9.07E-08 3.07E+00 4.38E+03 5.26E+01 3.46E-01 1.30E-03 8.27E+01 3.07E+00

Chrysene 2.85E-02 1.92E-03 4.10E-05 9.98E-09 1.45E+01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E+01Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene 2.85E-02 1.92E-01 4.10E-03 1.09E-06 1.45E-01 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E-01Dieldrin 2.85E-02 4.21E-01 6.91E-03 4.17E-06 6.65E-02 4.38E+03 5.26E+02 8.64E+00 0.00E+00 8.19E+00 6.65E-02

DRO (C8 through C21) 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 4.39E-01 7.20E-03 8.25E-06 9.83E+03 9.83E+03

Endosulfan I 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 4.39E+00 7.20E-02 0.00E+00 9.83E+02 9.83E+02

Endosulfan II 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 4.39E+00 7.20E-02 0.00E+00 9.83E+02 9.83E+02

Endosulfan sulfate 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 4.39E+00 7.20E-02 0.00E+00 9.83E+02 9.83E+02

Endrin 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 8.77E+01 1.44E+00 0.00E+00 4.91E+01 4.91E+01

Endrin aldehyde 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A N/A

Endrin ketone 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A N/A

Ethylbenzene 2.85E-02 2.89E-04 4.75E-05 1.72E-03 1.38E+01 4.38E+03 2.63E-01 4.32E-02 6.89E-01 4.40E+03 1.38E+01

Fluoranthene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 6.58E-01 1.40E-02 0.00E+00 6.52E+03 6.52E+03

Fluorene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 6.58E-01 1.40E-02 1.00E-01 5.67E+03 5.67E+03

gamma-BHC (Lindane) 2.85E-02 2.89E-02 1.90E-04 2.81E-07 9.77E-01 4.38E+03 8.77E+01 5.76E-01 0.00E+00 4.96E+01 9.77E-01

gamma-Chlordane 2.85E-02 9.21E-03 1.51E-03 9.07E-08 2.66E+00 4.38E+03 5.26E+01 8.64E+00 1.30E-03 7.15E+01 2.66E+00

GRO (C4 through C12) 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 8.77E-01 1.44E-02 1.81E-05 4.91E+03 4.91E+03

Heptachlor 2.85E-02 1.18E-01 1.94E-03 1.18E-06 2.37E-01 4.38E+03 5.26E+01 8.64E-01 0.00E+00 8.19E+01 2.37E-01

Heptachlor epoxide 2.85E-02 2.39E-01 3.93E-03 2.36E-06 1.17E-01 4.38E+03 2.02E+03 3.32E+01 0.00E+00 2.13E+00 1.17E-01

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene 2.85E-02 1.92E-02 4.10E-04 9.98E-08 1.45E+00 4.38E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 1.45E+00

Methoxychlor 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 5.26E+00 8.64E-02 0.00E+00 8.19E+02 8.19E+02

Naphthalene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.86E-03 9.97E+00 4.38E+03 1.32E+00 2.81E-02 2.80E+01 1.49E+02 9.97E+00

Phenanthrene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 6.58E-01 1.40E-02 6.48E-06 6.52E+03 6.52E+03

Pyrene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 8.77E-01 1.87E-02 1.47E-02 4.81E+03 4.81E+03

RRO (>C21) 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 4.39E-01 7.20E-02 4.32E-06 8.58E+03 8.58E+03

Toluene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 3.29E-01 5.40E-02 1.83E-01 7.75E+03 7.75E+03

Xylene 2.85E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 N/A 4.38E+03 1.32E-01 2.16E-02 6.67E+00 6.42E+02 6.42E+02

Notes:

RBCL = Regional Board Concentration Limits for Soil

)10]/1/1[()110()10(

3653

/

6

/

6 ×+×××+×××××+××××××

= −−PEFVFUREDEFAFFABSSFEFIFGIABSSFEF

ATTRC

adjsoiloadjsoilo

])/1/1[)/1(()110)/1(()10)/1((

365

/

6

/

6 PEFVFRfCEDEFAFFABSRfDEFIFGIABSRfDEF

ATTHIC

adjsoiloadjsoilo +×××+×××××+××××××

=−−


Figures

SIVUNIQ INC.USAKA REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

SITE LOCATION OF THE KWAJALEIN ATOLLSWL PM 3/2012

1

ENEWETAK PASS

BI GEJ CHAIN PASS

MEL LUPASS

TABIK CHANNEL

SOUT H AMBO PASS

SOUT H PASS

ROI-NAMUR

GAGAN

KWAJALEIN

CARLOSEBEYE

P A C I F I C O

CE

AN

L AG

OO

N

SAR PAS S

GEA PASS

MANN PASS

AMBO

ILLEGINNINE LLPASS

BOGGERIK PASS

T AK

AM

US H

I KA

N R

EE

F

AMBO PASS

168°0’E167°50’E167°40’E167°30’E167°20’E167°10’E167°0’E166°50’E

9°20

’N9°

10’N

9°0’

N8°

50’N

308038-041005 50

Miles

ESRI ArcGIS Online and data partners, including imageryfrom agencies supplied via the Content Sharing Program.All locations approximate

Russia

Australia

China

Japan

IndonesiaPapua

New Guinea

New Zealand

South Korea

North Korea

Fiji

NewCaledonia

Antarctica

Vanuatu

SolomonIslands

United States

Guam

Pacific Islands (Palau)Federated States

of Micronesia

Northern Mariana Islands

Nauru

Norfolk Island

Tuvalu

Wake Island

Marshall Islands

KwajaleinAtoll

Canada

United States

Mexico

Russia

El SalvadorGuatemala

Nicaragua

Belize

CostaRica

Ecuador

Western Samoa

French Polynesia

Kiribati

Niue

Tonga

Chile

Cook Islands

Pitcairn Islands

Tokelau

Jarvis Island

Midway Islands

Howland Island

Johnston Atoll

Hawaii

Equator

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

ENEWETAK PASS

BI GEJ CHAIN PASS

MEL LUPASS

SOUT H AMBO PASS

SOUT H PASS

ROI-NAMUR

GAGAN

KWAJALEIN

CARLOSEBEYE

L AG

OO

N

SAR PAS S

GEA PASS

MANN PASS

AMBO

ILLEGINNI

NE LLPASS

BOGGERIK PASS

T AK

AM

US H

I KA

N R

EE

F

AMBO PASS

5

12

674

3

8

2SITE LOCATIONS

SIVUNIQ INC.USAKA REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

SWL PM 08/2006

H0####

1

2

3

8

7

5

4

BLDG 900

BLDG 713 BLDG 708

BLDG 803

BLDG 1011BLDG 1045

BLDG 1017

6

LANDFILL

CARLOS

GAGAN

1. DRINKING WELL 81512. ROI-NAMUR POI YARD

4. HARBOR STORM DRAINS5. COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE

PCB VAULTS

PCB VAULTS

6. TANK FARM

SOURCE:SIVUNIQ INC., Google EarthAll locations approximate

0 4 82

Miles


Appendix 1 Worked Calculation

2012-06-26-Appendix 1 - worked calculation.docx 1 26 June 2012

1. WORKED CALCULATION – CARCINOGENIC ENDPOINT (BENZENE)

)10]/1/1[()10()10(

3653

/

6

/

6 −−− ×××××××××××××××

××=

PEFVFUREDEFAFFABSSFEFIFGIABSSFEF

ATTRC

adjsoilOadjsoilO

)10]

1039.4

1

108.3

1[)(108.712350()12110)(055.0350()75110)(055.0350(

/3657810

3

39

33

1

3

66161

6

mg

g

kg

m

kg

mm

gyr

yr

d

eventkg

yrmg

mg

kg

dkg

mg

yr

events

dkg

yrmg

mg

kg

dkg

mg

yr

d

yrdyrC

µµ×

×

+

×

××××+−

−×××

−×+

−

−×××

−×

××=

−−−−−−

−

mg

dkg

mg

dkg

mg

dkg

dC

−+

−+

−=

00862.0000231.000144.0

0285.0

mg

dkg

dC

−=

0103.0

0285.0

kg

mgC 76.2=

where:


TR = target excess individual lifetime cancer risk (unitless);




SFo = oral cancer slope factor ((mg/kg-d)-1

);

10-6








UR = inhalation unit risk ((µg/m3)-1

);

VF = soil-to-air volatilization factor (m3/kg);

PEF = particulate emission factor (m3/kg); and

103 = unit conversion factor (µg/mg).

2012-06-26-Appendix 1 - worked calculation.docx 2 26 June 2012

2. WORKED CALCULATION – NON-CARCINOGENIC ENDPOINT (BENZENE)

])11

[)1

(()110)1

(()10)1

((

365

/

6

/

6

PEFVFRfCEDEFAFFABS

RfDoEFIFGIABS

RfDoEF

ATTHIC

adjsoiladjsoil +×××+×××××+××××

××=

−−

])

1039.4

1

108.3

1[)

03.0

1(12350()12110)

004.0

1(350()75110)

004.0

1(350(

365121

3

9

3

3

3

66

kg

m

kg

m

m

mgyr

yr

d

eventkg

yrmg

mg

kg

dkg

mgyr

events

dkg

yrmg

mg

kg

dkg

mgyr

d

yr

dyr

C

×

+

×

×××+−

−×××

−

×+−

−×××

−

×

××

=−−

mg

dkg

mg

dkg

mg

dkg

dC

−+

−+

−=

8.3605.156.6

4380

mg

dkg

dC

−=

5.44

4380

kg

mgC 5.98=

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