Atoms, Molecules & Ions · +1 and +2 respectively. 4. In compounds the OS of fluorine is always...
Transcript of Atoms, Molecules & Ions · +1 and +2 respectively. 4. In compounds the OS of fluorine is always...
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Atoms,Molecules&Ions
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CompoundsandMolecules Puresubstancescomposedoftwoormoredifferent
elementsarecalledcompounds.
Compoundshavedefinitepercentcompositionoftheircombiningelements.
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Molecularcompounds
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Standardcolorscheme
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H2O2 CH3CH2Cl P4O10
CH3CH(OH)CH3 HCO2H
Somemolecules
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S8
Inorganicmolecules
P4
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Cyclo-S6
Cyclo-S12
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z Atomsofalmostallelementscangainorloseelectronstoformchargedspeciescalledions.
z Compoundscomposedofionsareknownasioniccompounds.
u Metals tend to lose electrons to formpositivelychargedionscalledcations.
u Non-metals tend to gain electrons toform negatively charged ions calledanions.
Ioniccompounds
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ExtendedarrayofNa+andCl-ions
Sodiumchloride
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SimplestformulaunitisNaCl
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Halothane
C2HBrClF3
M(C2HBrClF3)=2MC+MH+MBr+MCl+3MF
(2×12.01)+1.01+79.90+35.45+(3×19.00)=
197.38g/mol
MolerationC/nhalothaneMassratiomC/mhalothane
ChemicalComposition
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CalculatingtheMassPercentCompositionofaCompound
CalculatethemolecularmassM(C2HBrClF3)=197.38g/mol
Foronemoleofcompound,formulatethemassratioandconverttopercent:
%C =
(2 × 12.01)g
197.38g× 100% = 12.17%
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%88.28%10038.197)00.193(%
%96.17%10038.19745.35%
%48.40%10038.19790.79%
%51.0%10038.19701.1%
%17.12%10038.197)01.122(%
=××=
=×=
=×=
=×=
=××=
ggF
ggCl
ggBr
ggH
ggC
CalculatingtheMassPercentCompositionofaCompound
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1. Chooseanarbitrarysamplesize(100g).2. Convertmassestoamountsinmoles.3. Writeaformula.4. Convertformulatosmallwholenumbers.5. Multiplyallsubscriptsbyasmallwholenumber
tomakethesubscriptsintegral.
5Stepapproach:
Empiricalformula
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DeterminingtheEmpiricalandMolecularFormulasofaCompoundfromItsMassPercentComposition.
Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used againsthousehold ants and roaches. Its composition is62.58%C,9.63%Hand27.79%O. Itsexperimentallydeterminedmolecularmass is 230u. What are theempirical and molecular formulas of dibutylsuccinate?
Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used againsthousehold ants and roaches. Its composition is62.58%C,9.63%Hand27.79%O. Itsexperimentallydeterminedmolecularmass is 230u. What are theempirical and molecular formulas of dibutylsuccinate?
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Step1:Determinethemassofeachelementina100gsample.
C62.58g O27.79gH9.63g
DeterminingtheEmpiricalandMolecularFormulasofaCompoundfromItsMassPercentComposition.
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DeterminingtheEmpiricalandMolecularFormulasofaCompoundfromItsMassPercentComposition.
Step2:Convertmassestoamountsinmoles.
Step3:Writeatentativeformula.
Step4:Converttosmallwholenumbers.
�
nC = 62.58gC×1molC
12.011gC= 5.210molC
nH = 9.63gH×1molH
1.008gH= 9.55molH
nO = 27.79gO×1molO
15.999gO= 1.737molO
C5.21H9.55O1.74
C2.99H5.49O
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DeterminingtheEmpiricalandMolecularFormulasofaCompoundfromItsMassPercentComposition.
Step5:Converttoasmallwholenumberratio.
Multiply× 2togetC5.98H10.98O2
TheempiricalformulaisC6H11O2
Step6:Determinethemolecularformula.Empiricalformulamassis115u.Molecularformulamassis230u.
ThemolecularformulaisC12H22O4
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Combustionanalysis
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Metalstendtoloseelectrons.
NaDNa++e-
Non-metalstendtogainelectrons.
Cl+e-DCl-
Reducingagents Oxidizingagents
WeusetheOxidationStatetokeeptrackofthenumberofelectronsthathavebeengainedorlostbyanelement.
OxidationStates
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1. Theoxidationstate(OS)ofanindividualatominafreeelementis0.2. ThetotaloftheOSinallatomsin:
i. Neutralspeciesis0.ii. Ionicspeciesisequaltothechargeontheion.
3. Intheircompounds,thealkalimetalsandthealkalineearthshaveOSof+1and+2respectively.
4. IncompoundstheOSoffluorineisalways–15. Incompounds,theOSofhydrogenisusually+16. Incompounds,theOSofoxygenisusually–2.7. Inbinary(two-element)compoundswithmetals:
i. HalogenshaveOSof–1,ii. Group16haveOSof–2andiii. Group15haveOSof–3.
RulesforOxidationStates
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Anions(-Q):Groups15,16,17(VA,VIA,VIIA)Cations(+Q):Groups1,2,3(IA,IIA,IIIA)
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AssigningOxidationStates.
Whatistheoxidationstateoftheunderlinedelementineachofthefollowing?a)P4;b)Al2O3;c)MnO4
-;d)NaH
a) P4 is an element. P OS = 0 .
b) Al2O3: O is –2. O3 is –6. Since (+6)/2=(+3), Al OS = +3.
c) MnO4-: net OS = -1, O4 is –8. Mn OS = +7.
d) NaH: net OS = 0, rule 3 beats rule 5, Na OS = +1 and H OS = -1.
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PeriodicTrendsInOxidationStateshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTFYVoV9rsg
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Trivialnamesareusedforcommoncompounds.Asystematicmethodofnamingcompoundsisknownasasystemofnomenclature.
OrganiccompoundsInorganiccompounds
NamingCompounds
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BinaryCompoundsofMetalsandNonmetals
NaCl = sodium chloride
“ide”endingelectrically
neutral
MgI2 = magnesium iodide
Al2O3 = aluminum oxide
Na2S = sodium sulfide
InorganicNomenclature
nameisunchanged
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MolecularcompoundsusuallywritethepositiveOSelementfirst. HClhydrogenchloride
mono 1 penta 5
di 2 hexa 6
tri 3 hepta 7
tetra 4 octa 8
Somepairsformmorethanonecompound
BinaryCompoundsofTwoNon-metals
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NamingBinaryCompoundsoftheNon-metalsNamedinorderofincreasinggroupnumber
N2O4 Dinitrogentetroxide
Sulfurhexafluoride
N2O Dinitrogenoxide
SF6
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Emphasizethefactthatamoleculeisanacidbyalteringthename.
HCl hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
HF hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid
AcidsproduceH+whendissolvedinwater.
Theyarecompoundsthationizeinwater.
BinaryAcids
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Polyatomicionsareverycommon.Hereareafew:
ammonium ion NH4+ acetate ion C2H3O2
-
carbonate ion CO32- hydrogen carbonate HCO3
-
hypochlorite ClO- phosphate PO43-
chlorite ClO2- hydrogen phosphate HPO4
2-
chlorate ClO3- sulfate SO4
2-
perchlorate ClO4- hydrogensulfate HSO4
-
PolyatomicIons
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Gaining(anion)andLosing(cation)ElectronstoattainInertgaselectronic
structure
IonicBonding:
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When an atom gainselectrons it becomesananion.Anion are larger thantheneutralatom.
Whenanatom loseselectrons itbecomesacation.Cations are smallerthan the neutralatom.
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Theattractiveforcebetween+and-chargesiscalledacoulombicattraction
Forceofattraction=
1× 2
2Q QK
d
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Predicttheionicbondstrengthofthefollowingionicbonds.
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Consideracationandananion
NaCl
NaCl
MgClCl
MgCl2
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Howtowriteformulasforionicbinarycompounds
1.Identifyions
2.“Cross”charges
3.Writeformula1 2
ChargeisConserved:Positivechargesequalthenegativeones!
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NamingIonicCompounds
Cationsarenamedasthemetal+“ion”
Na+=sodiumion
Multichargedions
StockSystem Metal(ChargeinRomanNumerals)
“ion”Cu1+ Cu2+
Copper(I)ion Copper(II)ion
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MgBr2 Magnesiumbromide
Fe2O3 Iron(III)oxide
Ca3(PO4)2 Calciumphosphate
NamingIonicCompounds
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MoreExamples
Mg(NO3)2
FeO
CuBr2
NaHCO3
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CompoundsandMolecules
Somecompoundsarecomposedofmolecules.
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Sharingelectronstoattaininertgaselectronconfigurations.E
d
CovalentBonding:
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OrganiccompoundsaboundinnatureFats,carbohydratesandproteinsarefoods.
Propane,gasoline,kerosene,oil.
Drugsandplastics
Carbonatomsformchainsandringsandactas
theframeworkofmolecules.
NamingOrganicCompounds
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MolecularStructure
Thearrangementofatomsinamolecule
Isomers:
SamenumberofconstituentatomsBUT
differentarrangements.
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Visualiza
tionsofsom
ehydrocarbo
ns
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Functio
nalG
roup
s:
CarboxylicAcid
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Functio
nalG
roup
s:
Alcoho
l
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Isomerism
Structural
Stereo
Optical
Geometrical
Positional
Functional
Chain
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ChainIsomers
n-pentane
2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpropane
C5H12
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Positio
nalIsomers:
C 7H 7OH
PositionalIsomers
Propan-1-olo
Propan-2-olo
C3H7OH
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Positio
nalIsomers:
C 7H 7OH
2-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
3-Methylphenol
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Functio
nalIsomers:
C 2H 6O
Ethanol
Methoxymethane
Alcoholshavethehydroxylgroup,–OHEthershavethefunctionalgroupR–O–R'
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Functio
nalIsomers:
C 3H 6O
Propanal
Aldehydes and ketones have the carbonyl groupC=O. InaldehydesC isattachedeitherto1or2Hatoms; in ketones C is attached to two carbonatoms.
Propanone
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Isomerism
Structural
Stereo
Optical
Geometrical
Positional
Functional
Chain
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GeometricalIsomers
Geometrical isomerism is an example ofstereo-isomerism. This occurs whensubstances have the same molecularformula,butadifferentarrangementoftheiratomsinspace.
Geometrical isomerism can happen if: i) There is a C=C bond in the molecule ii) The molecule has a ring iii) The molecule has a >C=N bond
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GeometricalIsomersC4H8
Cis-But-2-ene Trans-But-2-ene
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trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2
GeometricalIsomers
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Pt(NH3)Cl3
Noisomers
GeometricalIsomers
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cis-Pt(NH3)Cl2Br trans-Pt(NH3)Cl2Br
Twoisomers
GeometricalIsomers
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ClN
Cl
Pt
N
ClCl
ClN
Cl
Pt
Cl
NCl
transTwoisomers
cis
GeometricalIsomers
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Cl N
Cl
Pt
Cl
N N
Cl N
Cl
Pt
N
NCl
facTwoisomers
mer
GeometricalIsomers
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OpticalIsomers
Optical isomerism is an example of stereo-isomerism. It occurs when substances have thesame molecular and structural formula, but onecannot be superimposed on the other. Thedifferentformsarecalledenantioners.
opticalisomerism
non-superimposablemirrorimages
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OpticalIsomers
Optical isomers can occur when there is anasymmetric carbon atom; i.e. a C atombondedtofourdifferentgroups.
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La chiralità di una molecola o di un oggetto assume rilevanzasolamente quando quell’oggetto interagisce con un’altro chirale. Diconseguenza, una coppia di enantiomeri possiede le seguentiproprietà:§ stessopuntodiebollizioneedifusione§ stessadensità
§ stessopesomolecolare
§ stessasolubilitàneisolventiachirali
§ rotazionispecificheuguali,madisegnoopposto:fannoruotareilpianodellalucepianopolarizzatadellostessonumerodigradi,maindirezionidiverse:(-)levorotatorioo(+)destrorotatorio
§ attivitàbiologichediverse,poichénegliorganismisonocoinvoltiinreazioniconaltremolecolechirali
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La prima apparizione sul mercato fu con il prodotto commercialedenominato Grippex (talidomide in associazione con altri principiattivi) prodotta dalla ditta tedesca Chemie Grünenthal. Il Grippexsomministrato in formasperimentaleper il trattamentodi infezionirespiratorienonebbealcunsuccessoeilsuoimpiegoterapeuticofusospeso.
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Nel 1954, dopo anni di ulteriori prove e ricerche, la ChemieGrünenthal,depositòedottenne ilbrevettoperContergan,abaseditalidomide,il“miracoloso”farmacoanti-nauseaesedativo.
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La(R)-talidomideèunsonniferocompletamenteinnocuola (S)-talidomidehaproprietàteratogene(da“teratos”,mostro=chegeneramalformazioni).
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