Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields...

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Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 24-28 August 2009 Gilles Chabrier - Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CRAL, France Philip Chang - University of California, Berkeley, USA David L. Kaplan – University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Dong Lai - Cornell University, USA Kaya Mori – Columbia University, USA Alexander Y. Potekhin - Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russia Matthew van Adelsberg – University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Collaborators

Transcript of Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields...

Page 1: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Atoms and Atmospheres inStrong Magnetic Fields

Wynn C.G. HoSchool of Mathematics, Southampton

MICRA2009 – 24­28 August 2009

Gilles Chabrier ­ Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CRAL, FrancePhilip Chang ­ University of California, Berkeley, USADavid L. Kaplan – University of California, Santa Barbara, USADong Lai ­ Cornell University, USAKaya Mori – Columbia University, USAAlexander Y. Potekhin ­ Ioffe Physico­Technical Institute, RussiaMatthew van Adelsberg – University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

Collaborators

Page 2: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Neutron StarSurface Emission

• Atmosphere scale heightH∼ 1 cm << R

• Chemically homogeneous

• Emission is anisotropic and polarized in magnetic field

• Vacuum polarizationimportant at      B > BQ = me

2c3/eℏ          = 4.4 × 1013 G

• Atomic structure altered  by magnetic field⇒ bound atoms must betaken into account

Weber (2005)

Weber (2005)

Page 3: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Atoms inStrong Magnetic Fields

• Atomic structure altered by magnetic field when

B > B0 = e3me2c/ℏ3 

                       = 2.35 × 109 G

• Binding energy ~ (ln b)2

• L⊥ ~ b­1/2

• Lz ~ (ln b)­1

where b = (B/B0)

B = 1012 GEbind = 160 eV

B = 1013 GEbind = 310 eV

B = 1014 GEbind = 540 eV

B = 0Ebind = 13.6 eV

B

INSs (and some pulsars) have B > 1012 G and kT ∼ 100 eV!

Page 4: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Model Atmosphere Spectra

Page 5: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

NSMAX (in XSPEC): Magnetic Atmosphere Modelshydrogen

silicon

carbon oxygen

neon

helium1012 G 1013 G1012 G1013 G

5 other magnetic fields

Page 6: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

non­magnetic or magnetic but fully­ionized hydrogen

magnetic partially­ionized hydrogen?

Spectral Models forRX J1856.5­3754 •Dim isolated NSs, aka,

“Magnificent Seven”•Thermal emission

•No spectral features•One BB underpredicts optical by 7•Two blackbodies

•kTX∞ = 63 eV, RX

∞ = 5.1 km

•kTopt∞ = 26 eV, Ropt

∞ = 21 km•Atmosphere overpredicts » 1 •X­ray pulsations

•spin period = 7 s•pulse fraction ≈ 1%

Page 7: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Magnetic Hydrogen Atmosphere Model for RX J1856.5­3754 •One BB underpredicts optical by 7

•Two blackbodies•kTX

∞ = 63 eV, RX∞ = 5.1 km

•kTopt∞ = 26 eV, Ropt

∞ = 21 km•Single atmosphere spectrum

•thin hydrogen atmosphere•Bp ≈ (6­7)×1012 G•kT∞ = 43 eV, R∞ ≈ 17 km•zg≈ 0.22⇒ R ≈ 14 km

•X­ray pulsations•spin period = 7 s•pulse fraction ≈ 1%

Page 8: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

to observer

Constructing Model of Neutron Star Surface Emission

• Stitch together local patches of atmosphere with different Teff and B• Integrate total surface emission, including effect of gravitational

light­bending [redshift = (1 ­ 2GM/c2R)­1/2]• Resulting emission depends on two angles (, ):

– = angle between rotation axis and observer– = angle between rotation and magnetic axes

Page 9: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Neutron Star Geometry fromPulse Profiles and Phase­resolved Spectra

•realistic neutron star surface•magnetic fields•temperatures•light bending

•rotating star⇒ modulation of     brightness and spectrum

to observer

Page 10: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

•Emission model with (Teff , Bp)­surface distribution and relativistic effects

•Bp ≈ (6­7)×1012 G•kT∞ = 43 eV•R∞ ≈ 17 km•zg≈ 0.22• or  < 6°• or  ≈ 20­45°

Surface Model for RX J1856.5­3754 and Phase­resolved Spectra

to observer

Page 11: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

(Yakovlev & Pethick 2004)

Physics fromRX J1856.5­3754

Page 12: Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields · Atoms and Atmospheres in Strong Magnetic Fields Wynn C.G. Ho School of Mathematics, Southampton MICRA2009 – 2428 August 2009 Gilles

Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant

•Atoms altered when B > 2.35 × 109Z2 G with Ebind > 160 eV

•Observed neutron stars have B > 1012 G and kT ∼ 100 eV