ATOMIC ENERGY ff£S± L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA … · E. Robertson, D.P. Wildsmith et P.C. Jay...
20
AECL-5380 ATOMIC ENERGY ff£S± L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA LIMITED f A j T DU CANADA L1MITEE ENERGY, WATER AND TRITIUM BUDGETS FOR PERCH LAKE: 1974 by E. ROBERTSON, D.P. WILDSMITH and P.C. JAY Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario February 1976
Transcript of ATOMIC ENERGY ff£S± L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA … · E. Robertson, D.P. Wildsmith et P.C. Jay...
AECL-5380
ATOMIC ENERGY ff£S± L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUEOF CANADA LIMITED f A j T DU CANADA L1MITEE
ENERGY, WATER AND TRITIUM BUDGETS FOR PERCH LAKE: 1974
by
E. ROBERTSON, D.P. WILDSMITH and P.C. JAY
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario
February 1976
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
ENERGY, WATER AND TRITIUM BUDGETS FORPERCH LAKE: 1974
bv
E. Robertson, D.P. Wildsmith and P.c. JayBiology and Health Physics Division
Chalk River Nuclear LaboratoriesChalk River, Ontario
February, 1976
AECL-5380
Bi 1 ans d'énergie, d'eau et de tritium du lac Perch: 1974_
oar
E. Robertson, D.P. Wildsmith et P.C. Jay
Resume
Les bilans d'énergie, d'eau et de tritium du lac
Perch sont présentés pour l'année 1974. Les valeurs mensuelles
et annuelles des principales composantes des équations des
bilans varient très peu par rapport aux valeurs moyennes
établies lors des 5 ans pour lesquels des données sont
actuellement disponibles.
L'Energie Atomique du Canada, LimitéeLaboratoires Nucléaires de Chalk River
Chalk River, Ontario
Février 19 76
AECL-5380
•NKRGY, WATER AND TRITIUM BUDGETS FORPERCH LAKE: 1974
by
E'. Robertson, D.P. Wildsmith and P.C. JayBiology and Health Physics Division
ABSTRACT
Energy, water and tritium budgets for Perch Lakeare presented for the year 1974. Monthly and annualvalues of the major components of the budget equationsshow little variation from the mean values for the fiveyears for which data are now available -
Chalk River Nuclear LaboratoriesChalk River, Ontario
February, 1976
AECL-5380
ENERGY, WATER AND TRITIUM BUDGETS FORPERCH LAKE: 1974
Robertson, D.P. wildsmith and P.C. JayBiology and Health physics Division
INTRODUCTION
Energy, water and tritium budgets of Perch Lake for theyears 1970-73 were presented in papers by Barry and Robertsonflj and Barry, Robertson and Wildsmith [2]. The work hasbeen continued and this paper gives results for 1974 and aver-age values for 1970-74. The methods and equations used wereas described in the previous papers with some modifications,the details of which are given below.
ENERGY BUDGET
Energy balance equation:
AQ ^ N R - H - L E + P + F - S
where LQ ~ change in heat content of lake
NR - net radiation
H - sensible heat transferred to atmosphere
L --• latent heat of vaporization of water, 590 cal go
E = volume of water evaporated from 1 cm of surface
P = heat gain from precipitation
F - net heat gained from net surface inflow to lake
S - heat flow from lake to bottom sediments.
The heat content of the lake was estimated from temper-ature profiles measured by platinum resistance thermometersmounted on three floating probe units. These probes wereconstructed as described previously [1], and positioned atpoints where the lake water is 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m deep.Figure 1 shows the bottom contours of the lake and the posi-tions of the three probes. The resistance bulbs are 2 5 cmapart down to a depth of 2 rn and then 50 cm apart. The useof a weighted mean of the temperatures at each level de-creased the occurrence of anomalies due to horizontal advec-tion of warm or cold water. Since energy inputs from netinflow were found to be negligible in the initial studies,this term was neglected. Sediment temperatures were not mea-sured, and the mean monthly value observed in previous yearswas used for the heat flow into the sediment. Due to instru-ment failure, few results were obtained during spring heat-ing of the lake; however fall cooling was observed untilthe end of October. The net radiation for the last ten daysof October was estimated using the formula given by Fergusonand den Hartog [3] as the net radiometer had been brought toshore and set up to record net radiation over land.
Figure 2 shows the daily heat content of the lake,five-day running mean temperature and net radiation. Theten-day average values of the major components of the energybudget are plotted in Figure 3. Tables I to V list thedaily and ten-day average values of the terms of the energybalance equation and the Bowen ratio [1]. Q refers to theenergy observed at the end of the evaporation day and t.Q tothe change in energy during that day.
WATER AND TRITIUM BUDGETS
Water balance equation:
AS = T - O + P - E ± G
where &s - change in amount of water stored
I - surface inflow
0 = surface outflow
P = precipitation
E = evaporation
G = net ground water flow.
- 3 -
TABLK I
• P e r i o d
1-10 July
11-2 0 July
20-31 July
1-10 Aug.
10-11 Aug.
2 0-31 Aug.
1- 9 Sept.
10-20 Sept.
21-30 Sept.
1-10 Oct.
11-20 Oct.
21-30 Oct.
?Q
* IS
- 1 8
•t 12
+ 2 2
+ 14
- 5 2
- 3 6
- 6 5
- 8 3
- 4 2
-117
+ 57
Ten--!
NR
2 90
2 97
2 4 6
2 6 1
2 94
2 4 0
2 1 1
119
7 9
37
4 4
62
jay Averaqe Values
P S R-2 -1
cal cm drj 1 - 1 0
3
7
5
4
4
0
4
2
0
2
1
- 2 7 0
- 1 0 j - 3 0 3
- 1 0
_ 2
- 2
- 2
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
- 2 3 1
-242
-282
-2 94
-252
- 1 9 3
- 1 6 9
- 1 4 1
- 1 7 5
- 1 8
- H
37
5 9
4 8
53
6 1
64
6 9
50
54
4 8
54
- 1 0
2 34
2 4 7
183
1 8 9
2 2 1
2 30
1 8 3
14 3
1 1 5
?3
122
2 9
cm d
0.40
0.42
0.31
0.32
0.38
0.39
0.31
0.24
0.20
0. 16
0.21
0.05
[:ni
- 4 -
n.-ite:NR
c a1 cm d - 1
1
2
; • ' .
•1
•' 7
H
J
10
1 1
12
; 13
14
15
'< If,
! 1 7
1 8
1 0
2 0
; 21
j 22
| 23
! 2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 8
2 9
30
3 1
Total
142 7 2
| 4 30.1
4 3 5 '
4 3 r- 5
• 14 7H
-
• 1 3 4 1
4 j2 3
4 4 5..
4 i , 4 7
44 7.,
4 3 3 3
42 86
-
-
4121
416 5
4325
4406
4311
4311
4413
4382
-
-
-
-
4 302
i P.r
< 2 :•-:
0
• 1 1 5
- 1 2 1
- 18
^ 13 3
, 1 9 1
- 1 7 1
- 1 4 3
- 47
-If .5
•i- 4 4
+ 160
f 81
- 95
0
^102
- 31
- 30
34 3
IV.,
J 0 1
2f.(3
222
2 55
378
4 3 5
1 7 5
3 6 6
4 3 7
4 4 4
4 1 5
2 94
2 0 8
2 6 8
108
1 9 3
1 9 1
, 4 1 0
- 4 1 0
3 0 1
2 6
1 7 1
4 1 8
194
302
3 4 3
1 0 8
2 8 3
1 4 9
0
0
3 3
12
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
15
1 6
0
0
0
8
0
0
2
0
5
37
2
2 6
- 10
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 10
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
_._ . _1 - 248
- J2I
- 751
- 24 9
- 2 53
-1080
- 422
- 301
- 214
- 455
- 341
- 308
- 661
- 3 56
- 240
- 2 10
- 119
- 161
- 306
- 217
-1285
0 . 1 5
0 . 2 5
• 0 . 0 ( ,
-
! ' 1 . 1 5
; 0.14
: o . i 9
! 0.02
-
0.15
0.17
0.23
0.13
0.14
0.29
0.32
0. 36
0. 30
0.30
0.28
0.27
0.22
0.43
0.33
0 .31
0 .29
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
3 3
: 24
•w
3 1
1 40
i
1 4 1
; 61
5 7
2 5
57
7 7
7 5
1 6 0
7 8
51
37
36
4 0
72
4 9
2 4 1
jI 2 1 5
r,
' • • ' , 3
j 2 18
, 213
9 3 9
3 6 1
2 4 4
1 8 9
3 98
2 64
2 3 3
5 0 1
2 7 8
1 8 9
173
8 3
1 2 1
2 34
1 6 8
1044
6815
0 . 3<>
0 . 1 6
i7J
0 . 3 7
0. 3'-
]1.59
J0.61
0.41
0.32
0.67
0.45
0.40
1> 0 . 8 5
J0.47
0.32
0.29
0.14
0.20
0.40
0.29
I1.77
J11.55
I ;a i l v u s t 1 J74
Vi . l t f.
1
2
• j
;
7
8
r • -
o
J 42 10
4 2 4 1
4212
4228
-
4 34 3
440 3
4 5 1 5
') ; 444 0
1 0
11
12
13
14
1?
If .
4 519
4 5 94
-
-
4270
4351
4 504
17 ' 4 3 93
1 8
1 9
2 0
2 1
22
2 3
24
2 5
2 6
27
28
2 9
30
3 1
notal
444 5
4528
4G57
4 687
4767
-
4374
4444
44 31
42 91
4277
4310
4283
4153
- >2
i U
- 20
: If.
+ 115
t- ^0
- 1 1 2
- 0 9
-1-7?
+- 7 5
-324
+ 81
+ 153
- 1 1 1
» 52
+ 83
4 12 9
-I 30
+ 77
-
- 3 90
+ 70
- 13
-140
- 14
- 33
- 27
- 1 3 ]
NR
ll. ')
')O
7 3
110
4 1 7
4 0 3
3 92
22 5
3 5 1
383
314
4 9
2 0 8
384
3 8 9
3 56
2 08
3 4 1
3 7 7
317
3 0 6
304
1 3 9
1 5 1
2 79
2 1 1
178
317
2 8 3
2 7 9
194
r
oil
4
1
32
l r
i )
0
0
0
0
0
10
14
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
14
5
0
0
15
0
2cm
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
— ?
- 2
- 2
- 2
_ 2
- 2
- :
- 2
- 2
- 2
— 2
- 2
- 2
- 2
R
- 2113
- 58
-132
- 1 17
-701
-3"0
-.Ml
-418
-308
-247
-973
-306
-219
-317
-287
-292
-186
-274
-225
-
-6C4
-207
-236
-321
-329
-314
-319
-323
0 .28
0. 37
0. 3.'.
0.41
0.3 5
0.28
0. 17
0.29
0. 32
0.28
0.17
0.41
0.19
0.37
0.29
0.16
0.32
0.24
0.33
0.21
0.16
0.17
0.23
0.39
0.31
0.19
0.29
0.33
0.34
0.27
0.33
- H
5 8
1 6
3 5
31
lf ,2
4 8
25
102
66
36
2 4 1
6 9
30
7 7
56
72
32
38
33
162
4 9
38
72
82
79
68
8 0
— i - r .
42
9 7
7 6
5 3 9
2 8 2
8 b
3 1 6
242
2 1 1
732
2 3 7
18 9
2 4 0
2 3 1
2 2 0
154
2 3 6
192
522
158
1 9 8
2 4 9
2 4 7
2 3 5
2 5 1
2 4 3
6630
-v.
0 . 3 5
0 . 0 7
o . i <•.
0 . 13
1J 0 . 91
0.48
0.15
0.54
0.41
0.36
)[ 1.24
J0.40
0. 32
0.41
0.39
0.37
0.26
0.40
0.33
j| 0,88
0.27
0.34
0.42
0.42
0.40
0.43
0.41
11.24
T.\B;J._ ]'••'
Pailv Knerav Iiudqet, Fcuteir.bcr 1 .'.'4
1
-',
; 4
5
M
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
22
23
24
2 5
2 6
27
28
29
30
Total
3 )C7
3 8 4 3
3 "702
370 J
3 710
3787
382 6
38 3 0
38 31
-
-
3739
3 624
34 64
312
3323
-
317 5
305 9
3105
2 982
2815
2 505
2432
2322
2418
2631
2 670
-
2 2 74
:X<
-186
-124
-140
f 7
-i ]
i 7 7
-' 3 9
•- 4
f 1
- 92
-115
-K.,0
- 1 5 3
+ 11
-147
-116
4 54
-123
-16",
-310
- 73
-110
4 96
4213
4- 39
- 3 96
NH
146
150
144
2 6 5
300
2 90
2 6 6
2 52
90
9
152
1 1 4
47
106
47
22 6
0
2 50
1 5 0
2 0 7
72
0
106
75
6
8 5
2 2 9
8 1
2 0
137
!'
0
0
0
0
0
r\
0
0
0
22
n
7
2
0
0
2
1
0
15
0
2
0
0
1
3
0
2
4
6
0
2cm
^ ~>
' • 5
. 5
f-5
' ' i
f 5
+ 5
+ 5
4 5
4 5
+ 5
4 5
+ 5
4 5
, r
-.5
4 5
f-5
4 5
+ 5
4 5
4-5
-1-5
4 5
4- 5
4 5
+ 5
a"1
- 3 3 7
-•2 79
-2 8 9
-263
-3 04
-218
-232
-2'".3
- 94
- 4 1 1
-169
-2 71
-205
-222
-4 08
-286
-158
-202
-172
- 4 2 1
-154
-124
4 6
- 23
- 31
- 5 6 9
0. 38
0.4 ':
0 .4 9
0 . 4 1
0 . 3 5
0 .3 7
0.32
0 .26
0.32
0 .48
- 0 . 2 8
0 .18
0 . 4 1
0. 37
0 .40
0 .40
0 . 6 6
0. 51
0.24
0 .53
0 . 6C
0 .77
0 . 74
0. 39
0 . 6 9
0 .48
- 0 . 1 9
- 0 . 6 6
0.34
0.61
- i i
9 3
9 5
i -• ;
" *
5 9
r,7
52
2 3
4 8
4 9
7 3
5 0
.',3
1 M
5 3
5 5
75
7 5
17 9
4 3
5 1
2
- 5
- 60
1 8 5
-:,:•:
1 l-'i
194
l-,7
2 2 -
I" '
1 7 "
2 0 1
7 1
363
12 0
198
1 4 6
1 5 9
2 57
2 3 1
10 3
12 (:
97
242
1 1 1
7 3
- 4
2 8
9 1
3 8 4
4 3 7 5
0. 3 3
0 . si
' i . 32
0 . !-'"'"
0 . 3'1
- . 3 4
0 . 12
1
* o r. 2
J0 . 2 0
0 . 34
0 . 2 5
0 . 2 7
)
J 0.440. 3 9
0 . 1 S
0 . 2 1
0. 16
0 . 4 1
0. 19 |
10 .12 !
- 0 . 0 1
0 .05
0 . 15
0 .6 5
7.42
- 7
TABLE; _V
:)Q_i_lv l-:ner:.;y Budget, October 1974
NR
o i l cm d
K- 1
- H
1
•;
• 1
<
7
H
9
10
11
12
13
14
1 -
1c
17
18
19
2 0
2 1
22
23
24
2 5
2 6
27
2 8
2 9
3 0
T o t a l
-
1910
1 '• > ) '
1 -in i
18 54
1908
-
-
-
15V1
-
1301
105 0
920
6 8 1
6 95
7 4 8
7 9 5
958
8 8 9
0 9 9
8 1 3
914
1134
1248
- 3 64
• 8 3
- 84
'
1 - C - 1
-3 54
-2 53
-2 51
- 1 3 0
-2 3 9
+ 14
+ 53
J 47
+ 163
- 69
+ 10
- 86
+ 101
+ 22 0
+ 109
4 8
'.
14 i
12 1
177
6 3
7 1
152
13
7 5
127
- 6 9
140
17
1 1 0
66
- 48
72
6 1
- 37
62
1 0 0
6 3
147
3
2 6
54
84
72
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
9
1 . 12
. 12
• 12
. 1 2
. 1 2
. 1 2
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
. 1 2
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
+ 12
- 1 0 8 0
- 8 1
- 109
- 142
- 85
- 616
- 2 97
- 335
- 203
- 214
- 60
5 0
- 24
- 78
- 28
- 152
+ 5
+ 132
+ 70
nA 0 .75
J1
9 . 1 , .
J0.74
0.60
0.22
0.60
0. 50
0. 52
0.63
0.94
- 0 . 3 0
0. 55
0.08
0.26
0.75
0. 70
0 . 94
0.48
- 0 . 93
0.37
- 1 . 5 4
0.20
0.14
0.77
- 0 . 2 6
0.85
3 8 3
30
20
53
2 8
1 9 1
72
6 9
87
8 8
2 9
16
- 9
- 80
5
1 9
- 2
- 46
- 32
.,97
51
8 9
8 9
4 2 5
2 2 5
2 6 6
1 1 6
1 2 6
3 1
34
33
1 5 8
2 3
1 3 3
- 3
- 86
- 38
2426
> 1 . 18
0 . 0 9
0.15
0.15
0.10
"I
I 0 .72
\\ 0 . 3 8
0 . 4 5
0 . 2 0
0 . 2 1
0 . 0 5
x 0 . 0 6
"1j 0.06
0.27
0.04
0.23
-0.01
-0.15
-0.06
4.11
Components of the water balance equation were, mea-sured as described by Barry, Robertson and Kildsmith f2]and ground water flows estimated as before. Results forthe summer and winter months of 1974 and means of allavailable data are given in Tables VI and VJ.l. The waterbudget for the whole year is given along with five-yearaverage values in Table VIII. The column headed cm .:;"•*-refers to the equivalent depth of lake water.
The tritium budget was estimated as before [2].Figure 4 shows mean monthly ground water concentrationsfor the summer of 1974, the mean concentration for thewinter of 1973-74, and the average values for 1970-73.
CONCLUSION
Although five years is too short a time to establishstatistically significant mean values of components ofbudget equations, the 1974 results show little variationfrom the mean. Instrument failures and poor weatherconditions made energy budget estimates of evaporationnot possible for each month of each year. Data for thebeginning of May and the end of October is particularlyscarce due to technical difficulties immediately afterand before lake freeze-up. It is hoped that the datawill prove useful in the development of energy and waterbudget models.
- 9 -
TABLE VI
Ground water Flow, mm d
1974
Mean (1970-74;
May
2.4
June
3.0
July
1.8
1.6
August
1.7
1.3
September
1.7
1.5
October
1.0
1.6
1974
Mean (1970-74)
TABLE VII
Ground Water Flow, mm
January
0.7
0.8
February
0.9
0.6
March
1.3
2.5
d"1
April
3.0
5.2
November
3.5
2.8
December
0.4
0.5
- 10 -
TADL" VIII
Perch Lake water Budget
Component
I. Surface Inflows
Inlet *1
= 43 5
TOTAL
II. Precipitation(direct)
TOTAL
III. Surface Outflow
Net Inflow
IV. Evaporation
V. Groundwater Inflow
Daily Equivalent
1074 Flow
TT. .1 X 1 0
2 .811.82.01.00.4
18.0
3.9
21.9
23.0
~ X . X
- 3.1
4.2
Average Flow1 -1 5
m >i x 10
2. 511.21.80.80.4
16.7
3.8
20.5
20.8
- 0.3
- 3.1
3.4
197 0-74— .L
cm (i
55.5248.640.017.88. 9
370.8
84.4
455.2
461.7
- 6.5
- 68.6
75.1
0.21 cm d'1
- 11 -
REFERENCES
[1| Barry, P.J. and E. Robertson. 1975. The energybudget of Perch Lake, pp. 375-415 in HydrologicalStudies on a Small Basin on the Canadian Shield(Edited by P.J. Barry). Atomic Energy of CanadaLimited, Report AECL-5041/II.
[2] Barry, P.J., E. Robertson and D.P. Wiidsmith.1975. Use of the water budget to determine theground water input to Perch Lake, pp. 557-576 inHydrological Studies on a Small Basin on the Cana-dian Shield (Edited by P.J. Barry). Atomic Energyof Canada Limited, Report AECL-5041/II.
[3] Ferguson, H.L. and G. den Hartog. 1975. Meteor-ological studies of evaporation at Perch Lake,Ontario, pp. 417-447 in Hydrological Studies on aSmall Basin on the Canadian Shield (Edited by P.J.Barry) . Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, ReportAECL-5041/II.
- 12 -
45 -
INLET IEL. 512.69 X TEMP PROBES 3 ROCKS
+ WATER
201-
46 48 62 64 66 68 70
Figure 1. contours showing bottom elevations of water andpositions of three water temperature probes.
- 13 -
A Y M F A N N E T R A D I A T I O N
) I ,; 5 D A Y M E A N A ! R I L M P \ / \
I JULY I AUGUST I SEPTEMBER
Figure 2. Heat content of lake and five-day runningmean net radiation and air temperature.
- 14 -
300
200
100
100 -
200 -
300 -
NET RADIATION
CHANGE IN STORAGE
EVAPORATION
J U L Y I A U G U S T I S E P T E M B E R l O C T O B E R
Figure 3. Ten-day average values of components of lakeenergy budget.
- 15 -
exT3
CDCJ
CD
20000
16000
12000
8000
4000
—
—
N ID j
\
J l F l M l A l M1970-73
rJV| J | J | AMEAN
\
s!o N|D73
J | F | » I I A I M I J I J1974
I
\
Ulslo
Figure 4. Mean monthly concentration of HTO in ground waterentering Perch Lake during 1970-73 and 1974.
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