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2
AtollGetting Started-GSM
Version 3.1.0
Forsk ChinaMay 2011
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 2 Installation ........................................................................................................... 4 3 Sequence of operations ................................................................................... 8
3.1 New project .............................................................................................11
3.2 Setting a coordinate system................................................................... 13
3.3 Import of 3D maps................................................................................. 18 3.3.1 Import of heights map .................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Import of clutter map...................................................................................... 21
3.3.3 Import of vector map...................................................................................... 24
3.4 Network data setting.............................................................................. 30 3.4.1 Import of the Sites table ................................................................................. 303.4.2 Antenna parameters setting ............................................................................ 35
3.4.3 Network parameters setting............................................................................ 40
3.4.4 Transmitters parameters setting...................................................................... 503.4.5 Apply update of network parameter settings.................................................. 613.4.6 Import and export to Access database ............................................................ 623.4.7 Import and export XML files.......................................................................... 65
3.4.8 Add new sites ................................................................................................. 69
3.5 Propagation model ................................................................................ 75 3.5.1 SPM propagation model................................................................................. 753.5.2 Cost–Hata model ............................................................................................ 97
3.6 Propagation matrix calculation.......................................................... 107 3.6.1 Preliminary work...........................................................................................107
3.6.2 Propagation calculation, interference matrix, and prediction plot creation...113
3.7 Traffic calculation ............................................................................... 129
3.7.1 Traffic model .................................................................................................1293.7.2 Create traffic map..........................................................................................1373.7.3 Running traffic analysis.................................................................................147
3.8 Neighbour allocation........................................................................... 156 3.8.1 Allocate neighbour manually ........................................................................156
3.8.2 Allocate neighbour automatically..................................................................1583.8.3 Calculate importance for existing neighbours ...............................................164
3.9 Frequency allocation........................................................................... 168 3.9.1 Manually input the frequency plan................................................................1683.9.2 Automatic frequency allocation model settings ............................................169
3.9.3 Perform an automatic frequency planning.....................................................175
3.9.4 Interactive frequency planning ......................................................................185
3.10 Point analysis....................................................................................... 190 3.10.1 Profile ............................................................................................................1903.10.2 Reception.......................................................................................................192
3.10.3 Interference....................................................................................................1923.10.4 Details............................................................................................................193
3.11 Another predictions ............................................................................. 194 3.11.1 How to create a prediction.............................................................................194
3.11.2 General prediction setting..............................................................................198
3.12 GSM tools ............................................................................................ 201 3.12.1 Search Tool....................................................................................................201
3.12.2 Tx-Tx Interference Tool ................................................................................203
3.13 The other function............................................................................... 208
3.13.1 User configuration.........................................................................................2083.13.2 Separate the path loss data.............................................................................2103.13.3 Tips and tricks ...............................................................................................210
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1 Introduction
This document explains the entire process from the import of network data in Atoll to theproduction of prediction studies. The purpose of this document is to give an overall understandingfor radio engineers, who never use Atoll.
This document does not explain the algorithm and don’t give detailed explanation. The user mayfind in the “Technical Reference Guide” and “User Manual” the concrete algorithm and the detailedexplanation of parameters.
The user may find all projects and map data in the CD, which was provided with this document.
This document describes how to get started using the Atoll version 3.1.0.
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2 Installation
The installation of Atoll is simple and needs an administrator profile.
1、 The naming structure of the Atoll installation file is generally: version number.language.build
number.exe, as shown bellow.
2、 Install Atoll by double clicking on the installation file.
3、 In the appeared dialog box, click on the “next” button and choose the installation directory (thedefault path is C:\Program File\Forsk\Atoll). The minimum requirement for the installation of Atoll is a disk space of 111.9 MB.
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4、 In the 3rd
window the user may choose “Full installation”, “Compact installation” or “Custominstallation” and select the modules. The recommendation for a first installation of Atoll is “Fullinstallation”. Later update of Atoll doesn’t need to install again the dongle driver for fixedlicense. If the user wants to desinstall an old version before the installation of a new one, thedongle driver has to be installed again. In case of Full installation, the required disk space of126.9MB.
5、 In the 4th window, fill in the “Domain”, “Username” and “Password” fields. If the user don’tchoose previously “Atoll calculation server”, then he doesn’t need to fill in any information.
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6、 Click on the “Next” button to start the installation of Atoll. After the installation, the computerneeds to be restarted.
Atoll users need to pay attention for the following 3 points:
(1) For parallel dongle, it is recommended to insert or remove it only when the computer isturned off.
(2) For USB dongle, if it still can not find the USB dongle driver after install Atoll, pleasedownload and install Sentinel Driver as below:http://www.safenet-inc.com/support/tech/sentinel.asp#
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(3) Please don’t change the computer date when using Atoll.
(4) In case of using Atoll Floating License, please contact [email protected] for moredetails of the license installation.
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3 Sequence of operations
This following document presents how to establish an Atoll GSM/GPRS/EGPRS project and tocarry out coverage predictions, traffic modelling and production of reports:
(1) Start a new project.
(2) Import of 3D maps.
(3) Setting the coordinate system.
(4) Import of network data.
(5) Propagation model selection and calibration.
(6) Path loss calculation.
(7) Interference matrix calculation.
(8) Traffic Modelling.
(9) Telephone traffic analysis.
(10) Neighbours allocation.
(11) Frequency planning.
(12) Calculation of prediction studies.
(13) Production of reports.
The operation flow chart is represented in the following figure (dashed line frames may be chosenor not).
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Drawing of the computation zone
N
Y
Essential data collection Propagation model selection
Start
Import of 3D maps
Choice of coordinate system
Import of antenna patterns
Transmitter table
Equipments setting(GPRS/EGPRS, code, TRX)
CW drive test
Model calibration
SPM modelselected?
Pathloss and interferencematrix calculation
Network parameterssetting (HSN, BSIC,
HCS, time slot)
Site table
Transmitter equipments (TMA, feeder, BTS)
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Y
Y
N
Traffic model
adjustment
N
Traffic modeling
User profile
GSM/GPRS/EGPRS parameters setting
Environments
Terminals
Mobility types
Services Telephone traffic
Does the traffic
model satisfy?
Calculation
Frequency planning
Neighbours allocation
Commit traffic capture resultand calculate traffic load
Do the calculation
results satisfy?
Prediction parameters setting
Dimensioningmodel
Traffic mapsetting
Export the calculation results
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3.1 New project
After opening Atoll, click on or select File->New.
The project templates dialog box will appear. Choose “GSM/GPRS/EGPRS” template.
Atoll opens a blank “GSM/GPRS/EGPRS” project. The new project already includes the defaultantenna database.
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The Atoll main window contains an Explorer Window and a Map Window, as seen in the figureabove.
ExplorerWindow
Map Window
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3.2 Setting a coordinate system
Select “Document->Properties”, as shown in the following figure.
In the appeared “Properties” dialog box, the “Projection” and “Display” can be defined in the“Coordinate systems” frame.
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First set the projection system (it can be known by reading the file “projection.txt” in the“heights” folder). For the demo project the projection system is “WGS 84 UTM zone 31N”.
Click on the right side of the “Projection” field on , open “Coordinate systems” dialog boxand choose WGS84 UTM zones in the “Find in” box.
Then choose WGS 84/UTM zone 31N and click “OK”.
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After the setting of parameters, the following dialog box is displayed.
Setting the “Display System”.
The “Display system” function allows the user to choose the relative coordinates (X and Y, unitin meter) or the longitude and latitude for the Map Window.
After having set the “Projection” system, Atoll automatically sets the “Display” system with thesame system as the “Projection” system, as shown in the figure above. The windows mapuses relative coordinate. The display has to be set for displaying the longitude and latitude.
Click on the right side of the “Display” field on the button and open the “CoordinateSystems” dialog box. Select “WGS84 UTM zones” and choose the “WGS 84” system (with an
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ellipsoidal symbol).
After having set the “Coordinate” system, the Map Window displays the longitude and latitude (“d”is degree, “m” is minute and “s” is second), as shown in the following figure.
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The user can choose the “Degree Format” among the “xx°xx'xx.xx”S", “xxdxxmxx.xxsS” format(minute and second), the “xx.xxxxx” format (decimal base) or the “-xx.xxxxx” format (decimal baseand southern hemisphere expressed with the minus sign), as shown in the following figure.
Note: If the user wants to use another projection system and wants to display the longitude andlatitude coordinates, then the display system has to be chosen according to the projection systemname. Moreover there is an ellipsoid symbol in front of the display system.
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3.3 Import of 3D maps
In the main tool bar, select “File->Import”.
In the appeared “Open” dialog box browse for the geographical map folder. These files can befound in \Atoll310 GSM demo projects and materials\Geo_Data
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Generally the following data maps need to be imported in Atoll: heights (map of the altitude abovesea level), clutter classes (type of land used) and vector (vector maps). The order of import is notimportant, but, for this document, the following order will be used: heights->clutter->vectors.
3.3.1 Import of heights map
1、 In the “Open” dialog box, select the “\Atoll310 GSM demo projects andmaterials\Geo_Data\Brussels\Heights” folder in the CD ROM. Select the “index” document
and click on “Open”.
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2、 In the appeared “Data Type” dialog box, click on the “Altitudes” button and click “ok”.
3、 After the map import, the following figure appears. The “heights” map is automatically put on
the left side in the explorer window under the “Geo” tab named “Digital Terrain Model”.
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3.3.2 Import of clutter map
1、 Select again “File->Import” in the main toolbar. In the “Open” dialog box, select the “\Atoll310GSM demo projects and materials\Geo_Data\Brussels\Clutter” folder. Select the “index”document and click on “Open”.
2、 In the appeared “Data type” dialog box, click on the “Clutter Classes” button and click on “Ok”.
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3、 After the map is imported, the following figure appears. The clutter classes map isautomatically put on the left side in the explorer window under the “Geo” tab named “ClutterClasses”.
4、 Double clicking on the “Clutter Classes” folder, open the ”Clutter Classes properties” dialogbox for the setting of clutter parameters.
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Select the “Description” tab and click on the bottom right “Refresh” button. Atoll will filter the clutterclasses, which are not included into the clutter map. The following figure shows the filtered tab ofclutter classes.
These values have to be set according to the customer network, otherwise Atoll will use defaultvalues 7dB for clutter standard deviation.
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5、 In the “Display” tab, adjust the display color of each clutter type. Pay attention to the “Displaytype” and the “Field”. The following figure is the suggested setting of “Display tab”. Click onthe color frame to change the color for each clutter type.
Select “Add to legend” to display information in the legend window. Use the “Transparency”function to adjust the transparency of the map. The display of each clutter may be disabling byunchecking the check-box.
6、 After settings the “Clutter Classes properties”, the clutter map will be displayed as below.
3.3.3 Import of vector map
1、 Select again “File->Import” in the main toolbar. In the “Open” dialog box, select the “\Atoll310
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GSM demo projects and materials\Geo_Data\Brussels\Vector” folder. Select the “index”document and click on “Open”.
2、 In the appeared “Data type” dialog box, click on the “Vector” button and click “OK”.
3、 In the appeared “Vector import” dialog box, use the default settings and click on the “Import”button to import the map.
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4、 After the map import, the following figure appears. The vector map is automatically put on theleft side in the explorer window under the “Geo” tab named “Vectors”.
5、 Dragging the “Vectors” folder with the mouse to the top of the explorer window, the “vector”map will be placed as the uppermost layer, as seen in the following figure.
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6、 Double clicking on “Airport” in the “Vectors” folder, open the “airport properties” dialog box,and select the “Display” tab, as seen in the following figure.
7、 Clicking on the vector line to open the “Display” dialog box to set the color and style of the
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vector line.
8、 As shown in the following figure, the color of the vector line is changed.
9、 You may modify other vector files with the same operations as for the “airport” vector file.
The following figure shows all the imported digital maps.
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3.4 Network data setting
The setting of a GSM project in Atoll can be done for two different cases:
(1) The network is already deployed or the network data, including site location, antennapatterns and so on, already exist.
(2) The network is not deployed and the user starts the network planning with site placementin the planning tool.
The following part introduces the first case.
All data have to be prepared in Excel, before importing them. Atoll needs an Excel document withnetwork data including sites, antennas and transmitters.
All necessary data for the setup of the Brussels project are in the “GSM_Brussels_Network.xls”document in the “\Atoll310 GSM demo projects and materials\Reference_Data\Network_Data”folder.
The “GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” document has 11 worksheets. The network data are containedin the first 3 worksheets and the others will be introduced later.
The import of the network data must be done by a certain order. In Atoll, the order follows theexplorer window order.
3.4.1 Import of the Sites table
1、 Open the “GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” document and select the “GSM network-Sites” sheet.
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2、 Copy the columns “Name”, “Longitude” and “Latitude” (except the title line).
3、 In the “Explorer/Network” window, double click on the “Sites” folder (or right click on the
“Sites” folder and select “Open Table”) will open the “Sites” table, as shown in the followingfigure.
4、 In the “Sites” table, select the first cell and paste the data. Except for the columns “Name”, “X”and “Y”, the others are automatically filled in with default value. Atoll will transformautomatically the longitude and latitude form decimal format to minutes and seconds system.
The imported sites will be put in the “Sites” folder of the “Explorer/Network” window with analphabetic order, as shown in the following figure.
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5、 If the user wants to delete one or several sites, he can delete them in the “Sites” table ordirectly in the “Explorer/Network” window.
In the “Sites” table, click on the left grey cell of the line, which contains the site you want todelete, select the entire line, and push the keyboard “delete” button.
In the “Explorer/Network” window, right click on the site you want to delete and select
“delete” in the menu, as shown in the following figure.
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6、 After the input of “Sites” data, the Map Window is automatically updated with the new sites. Inthe following figure, a black circle represents a site.
7、 Open the “Sites” properties dialog box (right click on the “Sites” folder and select “properties”)to change the display attributes, as shown in the following figure.
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Choosing “Unique” allows only a unique color for the display of sites. Choosing “Discrete values”or “Value intervals” allows colors selection according to certain characteristics. By default, a site isrepresented by a black circle.
If necessary, the symbol and color of sites can be changed, by selecting “Properties” in the“Actions” dialog box. The appeared “Display” window allows the selection of color and symbol.
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3.4.2 Antenna parameters setting
Atoll needs the following antenna’s data: antenna name, antenna gain, antenna horizontal andvertical patterns. Beamwidth, Fmin and Fmax are reference parameters and they are not used forcalculation. Atoll calculates and displays the electrical down tilt from the vertical pattern. Thecalculated electrical down tilt is only given for information.
1、 Select the “GSM network-Antennas” sheet in the “GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” document. Asseen in the following figure, the horizontal and vertical patterns are provided.
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2、 In Atoll, right click on the Parameters tab “Antennas” folder in the Explorer Window and select“New” in the context menu, as shown in the following figure.
3、 In the ”Antennas New element properties” dialog box, the following tabs are
available: ”General”,”Horizontal pattern”,”Vertical pattern” and ”Other properties”.
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4、 In the “General” tab, the antenna gain and the electrical tilt can be defined.
Note: The electrical tilt value is only a reference information for the user and this parameterhas no impact on the calculation. Antenna gain unit may be dBi or dBd. The unit can beselected in the “Documents—Properties—Units” dialog box.
In Atoll 3.1.0, a new feature for antenna modeling has been added. The name of the physicalantenna to which the antenna model belongs. A physical antenna may have one or moreantenna models (patterns), corresponding to different electrical downtilts. If you want to flag aphysical antenna as obsolete, add the word "obsolete" (not case sensitive) to the name of thephysical antenna. Physical antennas flagged as obsolete are not listed among availableantennas in the Antenna Selector dialogue
5、 Copy the two columns corresponding to the horizontal pattern of the“GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” document, and paste it in the “Co-Polar section” of the“Horizontal pattern” tab in Atoll.
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6、 Do the same operation for the vertical pattern.
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7、 Other parameters can be set in the “Other properties” tab, but it is only reference informationand it has no impact on the calculation.
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3.4.3 Network parameters setting
3.4.3.1 Units sett ing
Select “Documents->Properties”, and then select the “Units” tab, as shown in the following figure.
In this tab the user can defined the units for the Radiated Power (EIRP or ERP), the Antenna Gain(dBi or dBd), the Transmission power (dBm, Watts or KWatts), the Reception power, the Distanceand the Height. The temperature units also could be set to fit the climate definition.
3.4.3.2 Frequencies sett ing
In the “Explorer/Parameters” tab and select “Network Settings->Frequencies->Bands”, as seen inthe following figure.
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In the appeared dialogue define the Frequency Bands.
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window, select “Network Settings->Frequencies-> Domains”, asseen in the following figure.
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In the appeared dialogue the Frequency Domains can be defined.
Double click on a Frequency Domain to set up its properties, as shown in the following figure.Define the “Min”, “Max” and “Step” of the Frequency Domain.
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings->Frequencies-> Groups”, asseen in the following figure. In the appeared dialogue define the Frequency Groups.
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A sample for Frequency domain could be found from \Atoll310 GSM demo projects andmaterials\Reference_Data\Network_Data\GSM_Brussels_Network.xls.
3.4.3.3 BSIC setting
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings-> BSICs”, as seen in thefollowing figure.
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Define the BSIC’s Format (Decimal or Octal), as seen in the following figure.
Define the BSIC’s Domains by selecting “Domains”.
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Double click on a BSIC Domain to set up its properties, as shown in the following figure. Define the“Min”, “Max” and “Step” of the BSIC Domain.
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings-> BSICs ->Groups”. Doubleclick on “Groups” to set up its properties, In the appeared dialogue define the BSIC Groups.
A sample for BSIC could be found from \Atoll310 GSM demo projects andmaterials\Reference_Data\Network_Data\GSM_Brussels_Network.xls.
3.4.3.4 HSN setting
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings-> HSNs, as seen in thefollowing figure.
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Define the HSN’s Domains by selecting “Domains”.
Double click on a HSN Domain to set up its properties, as shown in the following figure. Define the“Min”, “Max” and “Step” of the HSN Domain.
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In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings-> HSNs-> Groups”, In theappeared dialogue define the HSN Groups.
3.4.3.5 HCS Layer setting
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings->HCS Layers”, as seen in thefollowing figure.
In the appeared “HCS Layers” dialogue define the properties corresponding to each layer, as
shown in the following figure.
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A sample for HCS layer could be found from \Atoll310 GSM demo projects andmaterials\Reference_Data\Network_Data\GSM_Brussels_Network.xls.
3.4.3.6 Timeslot sett ing
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings->Timeslot Configurations”, asseen in the following figure.
Double click on a Subcell or click on the “Properties” button to set up the Timeslot properties.
Define the “Number of Shared Timeslots”, the “Number of Circuit Timeslots” and the “Number ofPacket Timeslots” for each Subcell.
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3.4.3.7 Cell Type setting
In the “Explorer/Parameters” window and select “Network Settings->Cell Types”, as seen in thefollowing figure.
Double click on a Cell Type or click on the “Properties” button to set up the Cell Type properties.
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Define the Cell Type properties in the appeared dialogue, as shown in the following figure.
A sample for Cell Type could be found from \Atoll310 GSM demo projects and
materials\Reference_Data\Network_Data\GSM_Brussels_Network.xls.
3.4.4 Transmitters parameters setting
1、 Because there are some new transmitter equipments should be added in this case at first,please select “Radio Network Equipments->Transmitter Equipments” to open the Transmitterequipments table, as shown in the following figure.
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Input the BTS equipments into the table.
2、 Open the “GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” document and select the “GSMnetwork-Transmitters” sheet.
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3、 Double click on the “Transmitters” folder in “Explorer/Network” (or right click on “Transmitters”and select “Open Table”) to open the “Transmitters” tab, as shown in the following figure.
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4、 After opening the “Transmitters” table in Atoll, you will discover that the number of fields islarger than in the Excel file. It is because some of the parameters in Atoll don’t need the inputfrom the user but Atoll will automatically fill in default values. The fields listed in the Excel
document are those necessary parameters for the transmitters.
Before copy/paste the Excel table in Atoll, the unnecessary columns have to be hidden. If the usertry to paste the data and that don’t match with the “Transmitters” tab, an error message will bedisplayed. The following figure shows that the “Columns to be displayed” tab can be accessedunder Tools Bar -> Display Columns
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In the “Columns to be displayed” tab, the unnecessary fields has to be unchecked for hiding thecorresponding column, as shown in the following chart. Finally the “Transmitters” tab and theExcel tab have exactly the same columns.
5、 Copy the transmitter’s data of the “GSM network-Transmitters” sheet of the Excel document(except the title line) and paste it in the “Transmitters” table in Atoll, as shown in the followingfigure.
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6、 After the import of data in the “Transmitters” table, the Map Window will be automaticallyupdated, without refresh or saving the document.
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7、 The toolbar’s button may zoom in or zoom out the Map Window (left click will zoom inand right click will zoom out).
The toolbar’s button allows the user to choose one region to be zoomed in.
8、 Pushing the toolbar’s button assigns automatically different colors for each transmitter inorder to differentiate them, as shown in the following figure.
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9、 Right click on “Transmitter” and select “Properties”.
1) Select “Automatic” in the “Display” tab, as shown in the following figure.
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2) Double click the arrow icon, as shown in the following figure.
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3) Select a fan, and click OK to confirm, press OK to exit the Properties dialog box. At thispoint all of the antennas in the network are using this fan. Angle Presented by the fan isthe angle of beamwidth. As shown in the following figure.
4) In Atoll 3.1.0 version Multi-Band networks is supported, according to the actual situation
of the network user can set up a Transmitter with different band settings:
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As shown above, user can set the Transmitter to TRX using 900 as the BCCH Subcell, TRXusing 1800 as the TCH Subcell. And also set the properties for a variety of Subcells withdifferent types of bands in detail, such as transmitters with several propagation settings, whichdepends on the frequency bandwidth of the transmitter launch:
Each band is allowed to have different antenna.
Each band is allowed to use different propagation models, each model has its ownpathloss matrix.
This feature needs adding the following parameters in the document Atoll.ini and restart Atoll:
[Studies]
MultiBandManagement=1
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3.4.5 Apply update of network parameter settings
After setting up the network parameters, the transmitter or Subcell table may need to be updated,example as Transmitters Advanced Settings are applied in “Atoll310 GSM demo projects and
materials\Reference_Data\Network_Data\GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” table .Parameter set in the Network Parameters Setting are applied to transmitter tables and subcelltable, so users need to select the corresponding network parameters in these two forms.
In addition, after completion of setting, because of other reasons, the network configurationparameters are modified, Atoll will notify the user whether the changes should be updated from theCell Type and applied to the corresponding transmitter table.
Users can also complete the update by selecting the Subcell->Update From Cell Type. As seen inthe following figure.
Setting of Cell Type corresponds to all Subcell choosing the set of such Cell Type. If user
only need to change the corresponding attributes of individual subcel, please update carefully afterthe modifying as above.
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3.4.6 Import and export to Access database
The stand-alone mode does not need to connect any external database, but it can be convenientto import/export network data from/to a database.
3.4.6.1 Import Access database
1、 Please find in the following document the Access database file in “\Atoll310 GSM demoprojects and materials\Reference_Data\Access_Database”, containing the Brussels networkdata (but it does not contain the map data).
2、 In Atoll, select “File->New->From an Existing Database”, as shown in the following figure.
3、 In the browsing window select the “Brussels_GSM.mdb” document.
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4、 After clicking on “Open”, Atoll automatically import all network data from the database to the Atoll project.
5、 Using “Centre in the Map Window” to lets the sites appear in the center of the window.
Note: The database does not include the map data, therefore the map data has to beimpor ted separately.
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3.4.6.2 Export to Access database
When all network data are set in Atoll, the data may be exported to a database file, so the networkdata can be easily shared and transferred.
1、 Select Menu “Document->Database-> Export”, and in the appeared “Export to a database”dialog box, type the file name and then export the engineering data into the “.mdb” file.
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3.4.7 Import and export XML files
XML files can be imported and exported in Atoll. This function is different from import and export Access database function, when using XML files, every table in Atoll will be imported or exportedto a XML file separately.Using .mdb can only creat a new project. The existed project will be updated while using XMLfunction. Please note that, if the existed project data does not match with the imported XML file,then Atoll will retain the existed data. That is, using XML function can only complement the notexisted part of the original data but not modify. This function relatively more suitable for other users
to creat some new sites, it need to updata this part of imformation in others’ project.
3.4.7.1 Import XML file
1、 Select Document->Data Exchange-> XML File Import
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2、 In the appeared dialog box select the storage path of XML file. XML file is available in“\Atoll310 GSM demo projects and materials\Reference_Data\Exchange XML Files”
3、 Click OK, Atoll will automatically complete the XML file import process. If the import process
successfully, Atoll will display the following tips:
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If there is no duplicate record, Atoll will display the following tips. If not, Atoll will remind duplicaterecord automatically.
3.4.7.2 Export XML fi le
1、 Select Document->Data Exchange-> XML File Export
2、 In the appeared dialog box select the storage path of XML file. Click OK,
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3、 Atoll will automatically complete the XML file export process.
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3.4.8 Add new sites
The steps for importing the network data into Atoll have been introduced above. Atoll provides alsoanother method to add new sites directly in the Map Window.
3.4.8.1 Add new sites one by one
Clicking on the Atoll toolbar button , turn the mouse into a honeycombs shape, as shown in thefollowing figure.
In the Map Window, a new site (including 3 transmitters) can be added directly with a click on theappropriate position. Simultaneously, Atoll adds the corresponding information into the datasheets.
Press the “Ctrl” key to lay continuously sites in the Map Window. When the laying of sites isfinished, press the “Esc” key to withdraw from the current status.
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3.4.8.2 Add a group of sites
Click on the Atoll toolbar button , then a polygonal symbol will be added behind the cursor.
Then draw a polygon in the Map Window to add a new group of sites inside the selected region.Sites will be automatically layed inside the region according to a certain inter-site distance, asseen in the following figure.
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After drawing the polygon, the following figure will appear.
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Atoll will add the corresponding information to the new sites into the data sheets.
If the user wants to delete a group of sites, it can be done in the “Site” table as explain above ormore quickly through the following operations:
Right click on a group of the “Hexagonal Design” folder and select “Delete”, then the entire groupof sites will be deleted.
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3.4.8.3 Template management
In the previous sections, a new group of sites have been added by selecting a template and bydrawing a polygon. Atoll allows the user to choose among different templates and to edit a specifictemplate.
The templates are available in the Atoll Parameters Tab, Network Setting -> Station Templates, as
shown in the following figure.
Double click on “Station Templates” Folder to open table.
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The user may also add a new template or delete an existing one.
The user can edit the template’s parameters by double clicking on a Station template. In theappeared dialog box, the template’s properties (for example, the number of sectors, the antennamodel, the azimuth, the tilt, the height and so on) can be edited.
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3.5 Propagation model
Atoll integrates many propagation models including Okuruma-Hata,Cost-Hata,SPM,ITU370,
ITU526,ITU 529,Longley-Rice and WLL models.
3.5.1 SPM propagation model
SPM (Standard Propagation Model) is a model originating from Planet and using K parameters.The SPM model has also a relation with the Hata model. The SPM model may be calibrated withCW measurements.
3.5.1.1 Import of CW measurements
Note: the CW measurements used by this document are just for the purpose of helping theuser to be familiar with the use of the software. The detailed requirements for CWmeasurements (including data quantity) are described in the SPM model calibrationdocument, which can be provided upon request.
To import the measurements, there are 2 methods: Copy/Paste and import.
1、 Copy/Paste method
(1) Open the “Site46_2 survey” worksheet in the “GSM_Brussels_Network.xls” document.This worksheet provides the measurements corresponding to the “Site46_2” cell withthe longitude, the latitude and the received signal level for each sampling point.
(2) In Atoll, right click on the “CW measurements” folder in the “Explorer\Network” window,and select “New” in the context menu, as shown in the following figure.
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(3) In “New CW measurement path” dialog box, fill in the file name, the correspondingtransmitter, the receiver height. Then paste the Excel table data into the table, asshown in the following figure.
Note: Set the coordinate system with “ WGS84” corresponding to the projection system asstated in the Excel tab.
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After clicking on “OK”, the test data are immediately displayed on the Map Window. Each pointrepresents a measurement sampling.
2、 Import method
(1) Atoll supports the formats .dat, .txt, .csv and .hd (PlaNET).
(2) Please find 3 .txt documents inside the “\Atoll310 GSM demo projects and
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materials\Reference _Data\Measurement_Surveys” folder of the CD ROM.
(3) In Atoll, right click on “CW measurements” in the “Explorer\Network” window andselect “Import” as shown in the following figure.
(4) In the appeared “Open” dialog box, browse for the document to be imported. Atollsupports the multi selection of files. Several measurements corresponding to thesame transmitter can be imported at the same time, but if the measurements belongto different transmitters, then each measurement has to be imported separately.
Provided test data corresponding to different transmitters, the measurements have to
be imported one by one.
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(5) The appeared dialog box contains two tabs, “General” and “Setup”. In the “General”tab, define the corresponding reference transmitter, the frequency and receiver height,as shown in the following figure.
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(6) In the “Setup” tab, fill in the “1st Measurement Row” field with 2 (because the drivetest document has a title line and the data start at the second line). Then click on the“Setup” button.
(7) After clicking on the “Setup” button, the “CW Measurement Setup” dialog box appears,as shown in the following figure. Define “X-Coordinates” and “Y-Coordinates” fieldswith respectively the longitude and latitude.
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(8) Click on the “Import” button in the import main window and then the measurementdata will be imported into the project. After the import, the measurement data will beautomatically put in the “CW measurements” folder of the Explorer Window. Use“Centre in the Map Window” function to display the imported measurements in thecenter of the map.
Import also the “Measures_Site4_2_Street.txt” and the “Measures_Site4_3_Street.txt” documentsinto the project by the similar operations above. Please note that the 3 measurements files
correspond to different transmitters.
(9) Setting of the CW measurements display —— double click on the “CW measurement”folder and open the “CW measurements properties” dialog box. In the “Display” tab,define the “Display type” as “Value Intervals” and “Field” as “M(dBm)”.
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(10) Right click on the CW measurement data file and select the Filtering Assistant, a newdialog window “Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement points” will be opened. Based
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on this tool, CW measurement data can be filtered by user.
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3.5.1.2 Automatic calibration of the SPM model
A good propagation model calibration requires having enough data, filtering them and carrying acareful tuning of each factor of the model. The tuning steps are quite complex, which is notdescribed in details in this document. A document of specific SPM model calibration can beprovided upon request.
Bellow the SPM model basic operations are introduced.
The SPM automatic calibration may help the user to find the best K parameters, the “Effectiveantenna height” method, the “Diffraction” method and the clutter losses.
(1) Duplicate the existing standard propagation model and make the calibration for theduplicated model. This method has the advantage to preserve the existing model and
to allow a calibration of the SPM for each kind of environments.
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(2) Right click on the new SPM model and select “Automatic Calibration”.
(3) Select the CW measurement(s) and click on the “Next” button.
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(4) In the appeared dialog box, select the K parameters that will be used for the calibration.It is recommended not to select the K6 parameter.
Double click on a K parameter or select a K parameter and click on “Define Range”, will open the“Define Domain” dialog box, where the range of the K parameter can be defined, as shown in the
following figure. But generally it is recommended to keep the default values defined above.
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After choosing the range, click on “OK”.
(5) According to the selected CW measurements and the tuning parameters, Atollcalibrates automatically the SPM propagation model.
(6) After the computation, Atoll provides in the same dialog box the results and thestatistics concerning the model, as the average error and the standard deviation. According to the results, the user may choose to commit the K parameters list byclicking on the “Commit” button.
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(7) If the results are not satisfactory and the K parameters have been already committed,the propagation model can be deleted by right clicking on it and selecting “Delete” (orby pressing the “Delete” key on the keyboard).
(8) If after the calibration, the model has to be used in other projects, copy it by withCTRL+C and paste it with CTRL+V in the “Modules” tab of another project.
Note: the automatic model calibration is only a mathematical computation method. Theresult depends on the quality of the CW measurements. Therefore a high quality of CWmeasurements is required.
3.5.1.3 Verif ied model by using CW measurement data
To judge if a model fits an area (at least fits the CW data), the most direct way is to check thestandard deviation after calibration. The smaller the standard deviation is, the better result will be.In general, the standard deviation required to be less than 8dB after calibration.
In most case, users will use automatic calibration as mentioned above. If needed, they can useanother method to verify their models that is to check the chart showing difference betweenmeasured values and predicted values.
The verification process is:
(1) Right click a measurement path in Explorer/Network tab, choose Properties.
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In Parameter tab of properties dialogue window, choose you propagation model in Parametertab like below:
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(2) Right click a measurement path in Explorer/Network tab, choose Refresh geo datacommand.
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(3) Right click a measurement path in Explorer/Network tab, choose Calculations->Calculate Signal Level.
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(4) Atoll will calculate predicted values on all the points on the path by chosen model. Ifyou need to look the statistic report, you can right click the measurement path inExplorer/Network tab and choose Display statistics. Atoll will prompt the report as in
below picture, you can check the standard deviation of model on this path.
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(5) Right click a measurement path, choose Open the Analysis tool command, then a CWmeasurements window will pop up as below:
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CW measurement window.
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(6) Click in the CW measurement window, you will simultaneously have a receiver in themap window and its measured value (M) and predicted value (P). You can chooseother display option in the roll down menu, e.g. Error for the difference between M andP.
Note: It can be used for other model like Cost-Hata and Okumura-Hata.
3.5.1.4 Define models for transmitters
After calibration, you need to define for each transmitter which propagation model would be used.You can use shortcut Ctrl + D.
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If all transmitters use the same model, the most efficient way is to define in Transmitters propertieswindow. In Propagation tab, choose a model you want to use, and give it a radius and resolution(generally the resolution is the same as digital map). Note: If you do not want to use onepropagation model for all of the transmitters, do not use this feature.
3.5.2 Cost–Hata model
Okuruma-Hata and Cost-Hata use both the standard Hata formula. The Okuruma-Hata is suitablefor a frequency smaller than 1500MHz and Cost-Hata is suitable for a frequency bigger than1500MHz. So Cost-Hata will be used for a GSM network.
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Both Okuruma-Hata and Cost-Hata can be calibrated. The following paragraph introduces only thecalibration of the Cost-Hata model, but the calibration of the Okuruma-Hata model is similar.
3.5.2.1 Import of CW measurements
Please refer to the paragraph 3.5.1.1.
3.5.2.2 Automatic calibration of the Cost-Hata model
The following paragraph does not make an exhaustive introduction of the automatic calibration ofthe Cost-Hata model. Automatic calibration is quite complex because of the detailed adjustment
steps. Please contact the Atoll Support Team for more information.
Firstly, the CW measurements must be in a sufficient number and of good quality, in order tocalibrate accurately the Cost-Hata model.
The Cost-Hata calibration tool might help the user to find the best A1, B1, Diffraction Factor andFormula Correction for each type of clutter.
1、 Right click the Cost-Hata model and select “Duplicate” will duplicate the Cost-Hata model.
So, the calibration will not affect the parameters of the existing Cost-Hata model.
2、 Double click on the folder “Copy of Cost-Hata” will open the properties dialogue. The
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Cost-Hata propagation model can use an environment formula appropriate to each clutterclass when calculating. Furthermore, Cost-Hata propagation model can “add diffractionloss” and take into account “limitation to free space loss”.
Add di ff rac tion loss: The Cost-Hata propagation model can take into account losses due todiffraction, using a 1-knife-edge Deygout method, and using the ground altitude given in theDTM. The diffraction can be weighted for each Hata environment formula.
Limitation to free space loss: When using a Hata-based propagation model, it is possible tocalculate a theoretical path loss that ends up being lower than the free space loss. In Atoll,you can define any Hata-based propagation model to never calculate a path loss that is lowerthan the calculated free space loss per pixel.
3、 Right click on the folder “Copy of Cost-Hata” and select “Calibration” will open thecalibration wizard. Select one or several CW measurement(s) and click “Next”, as shownin the following figure.
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4、 In the appeared dialogue select the parameters that Atoll will calibrate and click “Next”,as shown in the following figure.
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5、 Atoll automatically calibrates the Cost-Hata model and displays the parameters beforeand after the calibration. Atoll provides also the root mean square, the average and thestandard deviation before and after the calibration. According to the results the user canchoose to commit the result by clicking on the “Commit” button.
6、 If a propagation model is not useful, it’s easy to delete it by right clicking on the Cost-Hatamodel and select “Delete” or use the “Delete” key on the keyboard.
7、 If the user wants to use the propagation model in another Atoll project, just copy theexisting propagation model with CTRL+C and then paste it in the new project withCTRL+V.
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3.5.2.3 Cost-Hata model propert ies
1、 Double click on “Cost-Hata” in “Explorer/Parameters -> Propagation Models” (or rightclick on the “Cost-Hata” icon and select “Properties”) will open the “Cost-Hata properties”
dialog box.
2、 In the “Cost-Hata properties” dialog box, the propagation formula has to be set for eachkind of clutter. Click on the “Formulas” button on the bottom left for checking “Cost-Hata”formulas and default values. The propagation parameters have to be set according to theuser experience.
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3、 Set the appropriate formula for each kind of clutter in the “Cost-Hata” properties dialogbox. The following figure is an example of the “Cost-Hata” properties setting (theproperties dialog box has to be set according to the user’s network environment).
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4、 The next step is to set up the “Cost-Hata” model for all transmitters.
Right click on the “Explorer ->Network -> Transmitter” folder, select “Properties”, and openthe “Transmitters properties” dialog box. In the appeared dialog box, select the “Propagation”tab and select “Cost-Hata” for the propagation model, as shown in the following figure.
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3.6 Propagation matrix calculation
3.6.1 Preliminary work
Before launching the calculation of the pathloss matrices, the following preliminary work has to bedone.
3.6.1.1 Resolution of predictions and receiver height
The user needs also to set the resolution for coverage studies. This resolution may be equal orlower than the map’s accuracy. The higher the resolution is, the longer the processing time is.
(1) Right click on the “Predictions” folder of the “Explorer/Network” window and select“Properties” (or double click directly on the “Prediction” folder).
(2) In the “Predictions properties” dialog box, set the “Default resolution” value to 20m(this will be the resolution for the following prediction studies). Clicking on “PrivateDirectory” allows the user to select the path loss document, which will be used to storethe pathloss matrices. The user can either select the “Embedded” option to store thepathloss matrices in the current Atoll project, or select the “.\xxxxx.losses” option tostore the pathloss matrices in the external “.losses” folder which in the same directory
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of the ATL file, or use the “Browse” option to select a folder to store the pathlossmatrices externally.
(3) In the “Explorer/Parameters” tab, right click on Network Setting folder and selectProperties command, from the dialog box”, set 1.5m for the receiver height (Height ofhandset).
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3.6.1.2 Sett ing the Computation Zone
If there is no computation zone defined, the pathloss matrices for all transmitters will be calculated,based on the calculation radius and the signal threshold.
If the user wants to calculate the pathloss matrices only for a specific region, a Computation Zonecan either be imported or directly drawn in the Map Window.
1、 Drawing the Computation Zone
(1) Right click on “Computation Zone” in the “Geo” tab of Explorer Window and select“Draw” in the context menu.
(2) Then draw a polygon with the mouse to delimitate the region, for which thepropagation will be calculated.
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2、 Import of the Computation Zone
(1) Right click on “Computation Zone” in the “Geo” tab of the Explorer Window and select“Import” in the context menu.
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(2) In the appeared dialog box, browse for the “\Atoll310 GSM demo projects andmaterials\Reference_Data\Computation_Zone” folder in the CD ROM and open the“Brussels_Computation_Zone.mif” document.
(3) After opening the document, the “Vector import” dialog box will appear, as shown inthe following figure. Press the “Import” button to import the computation zone.
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(4) After the import, the computation zone will appear in red, as seen in the followingfigure.
(5) Right click on “Computation Zone” in the “Geo” tab and select “Export”. Then exportthe computation zone with .MIF, .agd (Atoll map format) or .shp format. Thiscomputation zone can be imported in other projects.
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3.6.2 Propagation calculation, interference matrix, and
prediction plot creation
Calculation in Atoll includes two parts, one is propagation calculation and interference matrix, theother is to calculate prediction plot.
3.6.2.1 Propagation calculation and interference matrix
1
Propagation calculation
Propagation calculation – calculate path loss for each bin in calculation area. The results arestored in path loss matrix. The size of a bin is the calculation resolution of a transmitter. Right clickTransmitters folder, choose Calculations-> Calculate Path Loss Matrices to start calculation. Asshown in below picture:
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2 Interference matrix
(1) Calculate interference matrix – calculate probability of C/I for each transmitter pair. The
principle is to set a frequency for all TRXs and calculate interference probabilities betweeneach pair by considering their location, antennas, power and digital map etc.
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(2) In the pop-up window, define a service zone and handover margin. If you want to take intoaccount shadowing marging, you need to check this option and define a cell edgecoverage probability. You also need to choose a method to spread traffic. As shown below:
(3) For the generated interference matrix, you can right click Interference Matrix folder toaccess properties window. As shown below:
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(4) The user can click Externalise button to export the interference matrices results. By doingso you can reduce the size of Atoll document. The exported results can be re-importedwhenever needed.
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(5) If you get your interference matrix by other source and import it to Atoll, then you candefine where it is from and other settings in Advanced tab of interference matrix properties.This definition will be used in interference matrices combination.
3.6.2.2 Prediction study creation
Prediction study creation – that is what we call coverage prediction. Atoll reads data from path lossmatrix, then calculate prediction results and display them on the map.
After path loss matrix calculation, Atoll will keep their path loss if no change applied to radio
parameters of transmitters (e.g. location, antenna type, azimuths). If you change these parametersof a transmitter, Atoll will recalculate its path loss before calculate prediction.
Interference matrix will be used in automatic frequency allocation. If you change radio parametersof transmitters (e.g. location, antenna type, azimuths), then you need to recalculate theinterference matrix.
Right click Prediction folder in Explorer/Network tab, choose New command. As shown below:
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In the Study types dialogue window, 8 default prediction items are listed. The former 3 items onlyconsider downlink power. You can calculate them before traffic capture and frequency allocation.
1
Best cell coverage plot generation
(1) Choose Coverage by transmitters, click OK button to open the properties window of thatprediction. Define the resolution of the plot in General tab.
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(2) In Condition tab, define a bottom threshold for received power, e.g. -120dBm, and a Serveras Best signal level per HCS layer. Reception from TRXs is BCCH.
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In 3.1.0 version, the Cell Edge Coverage Probability is 90% by default, that’s to say, if you define inClutter classes a model std. deviation for each clutter, then each plot you generate will have ashadowing margin. Atoll support a cell edge coverage probability lower than 50% as well.
(3) Set display properties in Display tab, such as transparency of the plot.
(4) Click OK button to close the window. You can now right click Coverage by Transmitter
under Prediction folder and choose Calculate command, or click icon in tool bar(shortcut F7), Atoll will start running. An Event Viewer window will pop up. You can see theprocess of calculation.
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After Propagation calculation (as mentioned above) finished, Atoll will create the coverage plot.
The result is shown as below. Every prediction plot generated by user will be saved underPredictions folder.
The generated prediction plots will be locked automatically. They will not be changed even youchange radio parameters. So if you want to recalculate a prediction plot, you need to unlock it first(to uncheck Study locked on the right click menu).
2 Signal level coverage plot
(1) In Study type dialogue window, choose Coverage by signal level.
(2) In Condition tab, set a bottom threshold for received power as -120dBm. The Server is All.
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(3) Set display properties in Display tab, such as intervals and colors of legends. In legendcolumn, you can change Min and Max values and their colors, or click Actions->Shading,set start break, last break and interval.
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(4) After that, click icon on tool bar (or F7) to start calculating.
Note: since you have completed propagation calculation when creating Coverage bytransmitter plot and no parameter has been changed, so Atoll calculates predict ion only.
The generated signal level plot is shown as below.
3 Overlapping zone coverage
(1) In Study type dialogue window, choose Overlapping zones.
(2) In Condition tab, set a bottom threshold for received power as -120dBm, the Server is Best
signal level per HCS layer, with a margin 4dB.Reception form TRX is BCCH.
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(3) The generated coverage plot is shown as below:
Number of servers >=2 represents there are two cells with a difference of signal level in 4 dB inthis area.
Number of servers >=3 represents there are three cells with a difference of signal level in 4 dB.
And so on.
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3.6.2.3 Force calculation
As mentioned before, if no parameter has been changed, Atoll will not recalculate path losses forcells. But Atoll provides you a Force calculation feature to rerun path losses for all cells.
Click icon on tool bar to force recalculate the whole path loss matrix.
3.6.2.4 Save template
The default setting of legend provided by Atoll may be not what you like. So Atoll provides you afeature to save the settings you changed as a template.
(1) Right click a prediction you need to save, choose Save as Customised Predictioncommand.
(2) The saved prediction template can be found in Study type window.
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3.7 Traffic calculation
3.7.1 Traff ic model
The GSM/GPRS/EGPRS traffic model depends of the GSM/GPRS/EGPRS parameters which canbe found from the “Explorer/Paramters ->Traffic Paramters” folder, there are “Environments”,“User profiles”, ”Terminals”, ”Mobility Types” and “Services”.
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3.7.1.1 Services
1、 By default, Atoll provides 4 kinds of service types. Double clicking on the “Voice” type willopen the “Voice properties” dialog box.
2、 Voice
In the “General” tab, set the Service Type and “Max Probability of Blocking(or Delay)”.
3、 Data serviceIn the “General” tab, set the Service Type , “Max Probability of Blocking(or Delay)”, “Max
Packet Delay”, “Min Throughput (per user)”, “Required availability for Min Throughput”, “MaxNumber of Timeslots”, “Scaling Factor” and “Offset”.
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4、 New type of service, just like VoIP, which is using constant bit rate, the value for guaranteed
bit rate must be enter during the service definition.
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5、 The user can specify a new type of Service —— Right click on the “Services” folder, select“New” and set up all the parameters in the appeared dialog box.
3.7.1.2 Mobility types
Atoll provides by default 3 Mobility Types (the name depends of the speed). Double clicking on the“50km/h” mobility opens the “50 km/h properties” dialog box.
1、 The user can specify a new type of Mobility —— Right click on the “Mobility Types” folder,select “New” and set up all the parameters in the appeared dialog box.
3.7.1.3 Terminals
1、 Atoll provides 5 kinds of Terminals by default. Double click on “GPRS 900 1800” and open the“GPRS 900 1800” properties dialog box.
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2、 In the “General” tab, define the Main and Secondary Band, the Technology, the Max CS andthe Noise Figure.
3、 The user can specify a new type of Terminal —— Right click on the “Terminals” folder, select“New” and set up all the parameters in the appeared dialog box.
3.7.1.4 User profile
1、 Atoll provides by default 2 kinds of user profiles. Double click one “Business User” to open theopen the “Business User properties” dialog box.
2、 In the “General” tab, define for each service the associated Terminal, the Calls/Hours and theDuration.
3、 The user can specify a new type of User Profiles —— Right click on the “User Profiles” folder,select “New” and set up all the parameters in the appeared dialog box.
3.7.1.5 Environments
1、 Atoll provides by default 4 kinds of Environments (classify by clutter name). Double click on“Dense Urban” and open the “Dense Urban properties” dialog box.
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2、 In the “General” tab, define for each service the associated Terminal, the Calls/Hours and theDuration.
3、 The user can specify a new type of User Profiles —— Right click on the “User Profiles” folder,select “New” and set up all the parameters in the appeared dialog box.
4、
If different clutter class will be consider with different importance and percentage of indoorusers, following parameters must be defined:
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3.7.1.6 Dimensioning model
1、 Atoll provides user a Dimensioning Model to calculate capacity after traffic capture (for how todo traffic capture and capacity calculation, please refer to 3.7.3 Running traffic analysis). In
Parameters tab, you can define max number of TRXs per transmitter. For CS you can chooseErlang B to compute traffic. For PS you can define min number of packet dedicated timeslotsper transmitter and max number of TRXs to add for PS.
2、 You can define the default model for dimensioning also for KPI calculation. In KPI calculationyou can define min throughput, max blocking rate and max delay.
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3、 In Quality Graphs tab you can check function chart, delay chart and blocking chart.
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4、 Below is blocking chart as available connection is 1:
3.7.2 Create traffic map
Atoll provides you 3 ways to create traffic map:
(1) User profile traffic map User profile environments
User profile densities(2) Sector traffic map
Amount of traffic
(3) Traffic maps per user density (No. Users/km2)
Right click on “Traffic” in the “Explorer/ Geo” tab and select “New map”, as seen in the followingfigure.
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In the appeared “New traffic Map” dialog box, the above 3 methods for traffic map creation can beselected, as shown in the following figure.
For each category, the user can choose between different options:
User profile traffic map
User profile environments
User profile densities
Sector traffic map
Amount of traffic
Traffic map per user density (No. Users/km2)
User density
In the following paragraphs, 3 methods for traffic map creation will be introduced with theReference Data\Traffic from the CD ROM.
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3.7.2.1 User profile traffic map (based on environment)
1、 Draw manually
(1) In the “New Traffic Map” dialog box, select “Based on environments” and click on “Create
Map”
(2) Atoll