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Chapter 2: Earth in Space Class Workbooks

• Each chapter will have a mapping section • You will receive a class workbook to KEEP • You need to take this to class when it is

announced the day before – if you forget it, you will need to work on that assignment for homework

• If you lose your book, you will need to see me during tutorials in order to obtain copies of the worksheets – so DON’T LOSE YOUR BOOK

Atlases

• You will also receive an atlas to borrow• You will return it at the end of class –

remember your atlas number because you will use the same one tomorrow!

About Chapter 2

• Chapter 2 contains important information, but we will not delve too deeply into it as it is mostly science-related

• Take good notes – we will have one quiz over chapter 2 and no homework over the material!

Chapter II: Earth in Space• Solar system: sun and

group of bodies that revolve around it

• Planets: objects of a certain mass which orbit a star

• Moons: smaller bodies that orbit a planet – aka satellites– Any body orbiting a larger

body– ROTATION versus

REVOLUTION

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Terms to Know – Chapter 2

• Arctic Circle• Antarctic Circle• Solar System• Tropic of Cancer

• Rotation• Revolution• Solstice• Equinox• Tropic of Capricorn

Section 3: The Earth System

• Atmosphere

• Lithosphere

Section 3: The Earth System

• Hydrosphere

• Biosphere

Chapter 3: Weather

The Human Element

• How do the study of climate, water, and land impact humans?

• Why are they important to world history?

• Consider the following!

Ancient Mesopotamia• Focused around the

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

• Mesopotamia means “the land between the rivers” in Greek

• Began as early as 6000 BCE

• Includes present day Iraq

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Ancient Indian Civilization

• The Indus River Valley and the River Ganges

• Flourished beginning 3300 BCE

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

• The Nile River Valley• Flourished beginning

3150 BCE

Ancient Chinese Civilization

• Focused around the Huang He River

• Flourished beginning with the Shang Dynasty, ca. 1600 BCE

Weather Chapter

• In this chapter, we will discuss the basics of weather and climate in order to better understand how they affect human systems

• This is an area where physical and human geography most commonly interact

Chapter III: Weather and Climate

• Review: What is the difference between weather and climate?– Weather:

– Climate:

Chapter III: Weather and Climate

• Temperature:

• Greenhouse effect:

• Global Warming:

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Chapter III• Cyclones:

• Prevailing Winds:

• Doldrums:

• Front:

Pressure and Wind Systems

Hurricanes in the North Atlantic (L) and South Atlantic (R) Air Masses

The Gulf Stream Chapter 3 Section 2• Climate/Weather Review• Hydrologic cycle:

– Condensation:

– Precipitation:

– Evaporation:

– Humidity

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Chapter 3 Section 2

• Orographic effect:

• Tornadoes/Hurricanes/Typhoons:

Chapter 3 Section 3

• Ecosystem:

• Climate region:

Chapter 4: Physical Geography

Brief Review

• Physical Geography:

• Human Geography:

Physical Geography• Parts of the Earth

– Core• Inner Core: Solid• Outer Core: Dense liquid

metal; mainly iron and nickel

– Mantle– Crust

• Magma: liquid rock within the earth

• Lava: liquid rock outsideof the earth (e.g. through a volcano)

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Plate Tectonics

• Plate Tectonics: explains how forces within the planet create landforms

• Continental Drift: the process by which the plates that the continents sit on top of move earth’s landforms

• What about other planets?

– History of Plate Tectonics• Worksheet answers in this video!

– Plate Tectonics and the Early Earth

Pangea

Types of Plate Movements and Boundaries

Movement Description

• Folds

• Faults

• Trench

• Convergent Boundary

• Divergent Boundary

• Subduction

What happens when plates collide?• In the book, we read that “when

two plates on the ocean floor collide, one slides underneath the other” (66). – Subduction zone: the boundary

between plates– Trench: deep valley between

plates• If one plate is carrying a continent,

the oceanic plate will go underneath the plate with a landmass.– Volcanoes, folds, and faults are

created when the plate carrying land is distorted.

– When two plates carrying land collide, massive mountain ranges can be formed (e.g. the Himalayas)

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2004 Tsunami• On December 26, 2004, a

tsunami struck Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and a number of other countries.

• A tsunami is a large wave created by an underground earthquake – which is in turn caused by moving plates.

• The death toll was not finalized until much later –as of February, 2008, the United Nations has reported it to be above 295,000 –most of whom were from Indonesia.

Plate Tectonics Applied: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Weathering and Erosion

• Weathering: the process by which rocks break and decay over time

• Erosion: movement of surface material from one location to another by water, wind, and ice

Landform Groups• Group one: built by

tectonic processes– Volcanoes, mountains,

valleys• Group two: created by

erosion– Plateaus

• Group three: formed with sediment– Sand dune, floodplain

• Many landforms are created by a combination of the above– e.g.: the alluvial fan valley