Atlantic Negroes; Cosmopolitan Gold Coast

7/31/2019 Atlantic Negroes; Cosmopolitan Gold Coast

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'K moj ajfy teff yau wbotever ks kj kts awj Joture warst kj tbe Eurapeojs ojl Jecraes ks ujktel kj tbe` ar, ta he sbart, tbey ore

oftacetber Sbares ojl Mraags ai aje ojl tbe soè gkjl' .Skfko` Hasòj ?3>5.

Majsmkausfy ar jat, tbaucb, tbe Gbherc io`kfy wos portkmkpotkjc kj o mufturof pralumtkaj ai bkerormbkes ai lkiierejme tbraucb tbekr

lokfy promtkmes, wbkmb bol oj k`pomt jat ajfy aj tbe famof warfl ai Asu hut ofsa àre kjlkremtfy aj tbe forcer Otfojtkm warfl.

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Otfojtkm Jecraes, eurapeojma`pojy mufture, aiikmkofs & ocejts7

aj `ksmecejotkaj, prkvkfece& klejtkty kj ?5tb-?;tbmejtury

Cafl Maost samkety.

Otfojtkm JecraesMasàpafktojCafl Maost7ârtucuese, Lutmb,Lojksb ojl Hrktksb

Ef`kjo & Ommroiar Eufofke,Lkfe`ò ai o Cbast

murotel hy

o`ò hkroca

'K moj ajfy teff yau wbotever ks kj kts awj Joture warst kj

tbe Eurapeojs ojl Jecraes ks ujktel kj tbe` ar, ta he sbart, tbey ore oftacetber

Sbares ojl Mraags ai aje ojl tbe soè gkjl'.

Skffko` Hasòj, aj tbe vrkdhurcers ùfottaes ai Ef`kjo, ?3>5.

Seoftb kj peapfe, ojl tbe outbarkty ojl stotus tbot moè ira` kt, sbopel òjy, ki jat àst, Sest Oirkmoj

ma`ùjktkes. Os Doès B. ]weet bos ahservel ai tbe Che-speogkjc reckaj, o persaj wos o persaj ajfy kjsaior osbe ar sbe wos o è`her ai o gkjsbkp craup.Mejterkjc Io`kfkes kj Otfojtkm Bkstarkes

Borlwkmg, êorsoff ojl Sufi


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\be Oirkmoj Ormboeafackmof Xevkew

Mufture majtomt, majtkjukty, ojl mbojce aj tbe Cafl Maost, OL ?>-?;>>

Mbrkstapber X. LEMAX]E

tbe jew irajtker ai appartujkty pravklel hy maostof settfeèjts sumb os Ef`kjo, Ofkolo, ojl Sbylob. @are

Eurapeoj trole-pasts lat tbe Cafl Maost tboj ojy atber port ai tbe Oirkmoj majtkjejt. Aver 9> were evejtuoffy

estohfksbel ofajc tbe 5>>-g` maostfkje (Fowrejme ?;9=7 Yoj Lojtzkc ?;2>7 âsjojsgy ojl LeMarse ?;29). \beseàjuèjts ottest ta tbe ikerme ma`petktkaj hetweej ârtucuese, Lutmb, Irejmb, Hrktksb, ]weles, Lojes, ojlHrojlejhurcers iar tbe Oirkmoj trole. \be ju`her ai Eurapeojs kjvafvel kj tbe trole wos, bawever, refotkvefy sòffojl tbere were jever àre tboj o iew bujlrel aj tbe maost ot aje tkè. Iar tbe àst port, tbese peapfe werecaverjèjt aiikmkofs, trolers, ojl saflkers, jat settfers kjterestel kj ògkjc o baè. \bks ks very lkiierejt ira` tbesktuotkaj kj partkajs ai sautberj ojl eosterj Oirkmo wbere tbere wos skcjkikmojt Eurapeoj settfeèjt ojl wberemufturof trojspfojtotkaj wos oj kjtecrof port ai tbe Eurapeoj presejme. Lamuèjtory saurmes aj Sest Oirkmo kjlkmotetbot kj saè respemts Oirkmoj samketkes exbkhktel o strkgkjc lecree ai majtkjukty hetweej kjktkof Eurapeoj majtomt ojltbe fote jkjeteejtb mejtury. \be lkstrkhutkaj ai etbjafkjcukstkm craups reòkjel ùmb tbe soè, ojl ommaujts aimertokj rktuofs, refkckaus hefkeis, kjberktojme potterjs, oterkof mufture, ojl atber ieotures exbkhktel prajaujmelfajcevkty (Hfoge ?;9345=7 Bokr ?;93). Bawever, lespkte saè lecree ai stohkfkty, tbere wos o creot leof ai mbojce kjòjy ospemts

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êter @org ojl Das lo ]kfvo Barto presejt oj ommaujt ai o iew sòff ma`ùjktkes majskstkjc ai ârtucuese JewDews ira` O`sterlo` wba àvel kj tbe eorfy sevejteejtb mejtury ta @usfk` Sest Oirkmo. Ejdaykjc tbe soè

pratemtkaj famof @usfk` feolers crojtel ta off iarekcj ermbojts, tbese trolers ojl appartujkst/ejtreprejeurspromtkmel Duloks` apejfy, ottromtel ârtucuese Jew Mbrkstkojs ta tbekr klst, ojl majvertel saè ai tbe Oirkmojstbey òrrkel ojl e`pfayel ojl hkrtbel. \bese sbart-fkvel ejleovars, sbawkjc skcjs ai tbe procòtkm "cakjc jotkve"tbot mboromterkzel ermbojt kjterfapers ojl kjterèlkorkes tbraucbaut mafajkzotkaj, reifemt o hafl ossertkvejess tbotswept ârtucuese ]epborlk` ojl majversas ofkge wktb tbe rkse ai tbe kjlepejlejme àveèjt ocokjst ]pokj oiter?52> ojl tbe iaujlkjc ai ]epborlkm O`sterlo` dust heiare ?9>>.Xkmborl F. Gocoj7 Otfojtkm Lkosparos4

Dews, Majversas, ojl Mrypta-Dews kj tbe Oce ai @ermojtkfks`, ?5>>-?2>>

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Dabj Yact.

ârtucuese Xufe aj tbe Cafl Maost, ? - ârtucuese @kjo pravklel tbe creotest saurme ai cafl spemke kj off ai Eurape's passesskajs averseos.'

\bks stuly ai ârtucuese rufe aj tbe Cafl Maost ira` tbe lksmavery ai @kjo hy tbe seo moptokjs ai tbe weoftbyikjojmker Ierjoa Caès ujler bks crojt ai ?


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ommaujt, wbkmb àstfy kcjares tbe òjy majtraverskof kssues ohaut tbe mbrajafacy ai lksmavery, iaffaws weff-trallej potbs ojl saè `kcbt orcue tbot kt wos jat jemessory. \bej, murkausfy, tbe semajl bofi ai tbks mbopter leofswktb o lkiierejt tbeè - tbe Mostkfkoj mboffejce ta ârtucof's levefapkjc àjapafy ai tbe @kjo cafl trole. Kj

pfeoskjc majtrost, Lr. Yact's semajl mbopter - tbe hest kj tbe haag - ks o jeor òsterpkeme. Bere be pravkles o iuffojl letokfel ommaujt ai baw ojl wby tbe iar`klohfe mostfe ai ]a Darce lo @kjo (Ef`kjo) wos hukft, baw kt wosòjjel, suppfkel, leiejlel, ojl cejeroffy ruj, ojl baw tbe premkaus cafl trole ai @kjo wos aiikmkoffy majtraffel

ojl recufotel os o strkmt rayof àjapafy. Sest Oirkmoj woters kj tbase loys were o ja-òj's fojl wbere `kcbt wosrkcbt, ojl tbere wos 'ja peome heyajl tbe fkje.'

âsskhfy Lr. Yact maufl bove ckvej àre mrktkmof e`pbosks ta o majsklerotkaj ai baw ior tbe recufotkajs wereejiarmel ar kjleel ejiarmeohfe, iar mertokjfy o vost mbos` seporotel tbeary ojl promtkme. Be iaffaws wktb o tbkrlmbopter lesmrkhkjc off gjawj ospemts ai tbe horter troles ai @kjo - tbe mfatb ojl tbe ètofwore, tbe sfoves, mawrkes,ojl wkje, os weff os tbe cafl lust - oj kjterestkjc mbopter wbkmb, kjmklejtoffy, pravkles us wktb wbot òy prave ta

he o leikjktkve ojofysks ai tbe vafuè ai cafl ahtokjel hy tbe artucuese aj tbe maost lurkjc tbe beyloy ai tbekrol`kjkstrotkaj (m. ?-?5=>). Hut bks treotèjt ai pafkmy taworls tbe Oirkmojs kj tbks mbopter ks fess sotksiomtary.Se waufl fkge ta gjaw, ki tbe irocèjtory remarls per`kt, ùmb àre ohaut tbe ma`pfexkty ai wbkte-hfomgrefotkajsbkps, iar tbks waufl surefy òge oj exmktkjc ojl iosmkjotkjc stary. \be hrevkty ai bks reierejmes ta tbekjfojl `ksskajs ai ejvays Fapa @exko (?5?=), Jkmafoa Corcko (?5?3), ojl Daoa Ykekro (?58>), ojl bks aje òp aitbe @kjo maost (wbase fk`kts be laes jat moreiuffy leikje) reifemt tbks leiemt. Jar laes be exo`kje tbe eiiemts upajtrole ojl pafktkms aj tbe maost ai tbe evojcefkzkjc rafe ai tbe ârtucuese. Mbopters < ta 2 treot ai tbeès fessujio`kfkor ta spemkofksts4 tbe 'yeors ai mboffejce' ojl tbe lroòtkm lemfkje kj tbe praiktohkfkty ai tbe cafl trole iar tbeârtucuese, hemouse rkvofs (espemkoffy orèl Irejmb ojl Ejcfksb ojl Cafl (?;33)7

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Sbej Deoj Horhat vksktel Gaèjlo kj ?93; be jatel tbot tbe tawj wos caverjel hy aje Doj ^keterst, wba` belesmrkhel os tbe hratber-kj-fow ai tbe Ecuoia rufer. Ojl iar tbe jext twejty yeors ar sa Gaèjlo wos ofàstujkversoffy recorlel os hefajckjc ta Ecuoia, stkff aje ai tbe àst k`partojt stotes aj tbe maost.Lovkl Bejkce, Dabj Gohes ai Gaèjlo4

oj eorfy Oirkmoj ejtreprejeur ojl stote hukfler.

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]tkff, tbe sbart perkal ai Lutmb la`kjojme-raucbfy, ?98> ta ?93>-bol o paweriuf k`pomt aj tbe Otfojtkm warfl.Lurkjc tbase yeors, tbe Lutmb taag majtraf ai ârtucuese ejmfoves kj Oirkmo, kjtralumel tbekr ma`èrmkofocejts, ojl pressel tbekr mose iar Lutmb mufture ojl Mofvkjkst refkckaj aj tbe rufkjc Gajcafese Motbafkms ojl atberre`jojts ai artucuese k`perkofks`.Oftbaucb ujsummessiuf iar tbe àst port, tbe Lutmb estohfksbel tkes wktb tbe Otfojtkm mreafes ojl preservel tbesefkjgoces evej oiter tbe ârtucuese remajquest, geepkjc ofkve tbekr majjemtkajs ofajc tbe Oirkmoj maost ojlòkjtokjkjc tbekr pasktkaj os tbe àst omtkve ocejts kj sfovery's trojsotfojtkm expojskaj lurkjc tbe sevejteejtbmejtury.

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Oirkmojs ojl Eurapeojs kj Sest Oirkmo4

Ef`kjojs ojl Lutmbèj aj tbe Cafl Maost lurkjc tbe Ekcbteejtb Mejtury

BOXYE[ @. IEKJHEXC

O sòff ju`her ai ùfotta e`pfayees usel tbe baspktof òkjtokjel hy tbe Ma`pojy, refykjc aj Eurapeojèlkmkjes ojl tembjkques, sumb os tbey were ot tbot tkè. Eorfy kj tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, tbe èj lressel kj oEurapeoj iosbkaj7 bawever, waèj seeèl ta `kx styfes, weorkjc tbe fajc sgkrt ommarlkjc ta tbe Ogoj potterj ojlo hfause ar atber corèjt aj tbe upper port ai tbe haly wbkmb wos lkiierejt ira` famof ottkre, os weff os oj efoharote


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iar fkie (per yeor1) kj ollktkaj ta tbe ohave-èjtkajel cafl ojl mfatb. \be haaggeeper cejerof, D.M.Bekdmaap, feit bks saj if. ?>,>>>, hut wktb tbe pravksa tbot be waufl remekve o "hurcerfkdge ej Mbrkstefkdge" elumotkajkj Eurape. ]umb force hequests, bawever, were ujkque iar Cafl Maost mbkflrej. Hequests feit kj tbe Arpboj iujlrojcel ira` ofàst if. ?,>>> ta os fkttfe os if. , wktb òjy kj tbe if. =>> rojce. Ajfy rorefy were force oàujtskjberktel hy Oira-Eurapeoj mbkflrej, ojl tbey were mertokjfy jat hekjc suppartel iar fkie hy tbekr iotbers. Aje mojajfy majdemture ohaut baw tbese kjberktojmes were usel, hut skjme tbe oàujts were jat very force, kt ks fkgefy tbottbey oklel survkvof, o vkew suppartel hy tbe atber ok` ai tbe Arpboj Iujl, ta ckve osskstojme ta paverty-strkmgejùfotta mbkflrej. Aj tbe hosks ai tbe extojt wkffs, kt oppeors tbot iew iotbers were very cejeraus ta tbekr aiisprkjc(àst maufl jat oiiarl ta he), ojl tbe kjberktojme, tbereiare, prahohfy lkl jat majtrkhute ta ojy òterkof mbojce kjfkie styfe, portkmuforfy ki tbe mbkfl wos yaujc wbej tbe iotber lkel.

Oj appartujkty ovokfohfe iar o iew wos tbe mbojme ta ca ta tbe Jetberfojls. Doj Jkeser lkl wktb bks iotber kj ?39s, o sòff ju`her ai èj iarèl o ùfotta arcojkzotkaj kj Ef`kjo, wbkmb tbe

Lutmb remacjkzel os o lkstkjmt "worl," hut lkiierejt ira` tbe atber sevej worls kj tbe tawj. \be mreotkaj ai oj Oira-Eurapeoj vafujtory ossamkotkaj sbaws tbe levefap- èjt ai o sefi-majsmkausjess, o sejse ai hekjc lkiierejt ira` tbeforcer ma`ùjkty, perbops o leskre ta he àre Eurapeoj kj arkejtotkaj tboj bol heej tbe mose eorfker kj tbe mejtury.Bawever, jat off ùfottaes hefajcel ta tbks "worl." \bks lkiierejme wejt o step iurtber wbej tbe Ef`kjojs ojl tbeLutmb offawel tbe ùfottaes oj ofterjotkve fecof stotus kj tbe tawj, wberehy tbey were jat suhdemt ta trolktkajofaotbs ojl, tbus, jat fkohfe ta mertokj Ef`kjo fows. Kj o lkspute hetweej oj Ef`kjoj ojl o ùfotta, tbe òtter wos

hraucbt heiare o Lutmb aiikmkof iar oldulkmotkaj. @umb ai tbks mbojce moè ohaut kj tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury, hut tbeiaujlotkajs ore raatel kj tbe fote ekcbteejtb mejtury. Ira` ohaut tbe ?32>s, ùfottaes see` ta bove bol o mbakme4 takjtecrote iuffy kjta Ogoj samkety ar ommept o jew stotus os o resuft ai `kxel porejtoce. Aje fajc-ter` resuft wos tbottbe Oira-Eurapeoj papufotkaj aj tbe Cafl Maost, ira` Ef`kjo, ojl efsewbere, moè ta pfoy oj k`partojt rafe tbere,

hatb emaja`kmoffy ojl mufturoffy skjme tbey were kllfeèj hetweej tbe Eurapeoj ojl Oirkmoj muftures lurkjc tbejkjeteejtb mejtury. Kj su`òry, Ef`kjo wos o force, beteracejeaus ma`ùjkty. \be papufotkaj kjmfulel Ogoj ojljaj-Ogoj speogers, Oirkmojs, Eurape- ojs, ojl lesmejlojts ai Eurapeojs, kjlkvkluofs harj tbere ojl atbers wba

`kcrotel ta tbe tawj. \be òdarkty ai tbe papufotkaj wos Ogoj- speogkjc, hut Ef`kjo wos o ùftk-etbjkm ma`ùjktyjajetbefess.

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"Eotkjc" Fuxury4 Iojte @kllfeèj, Hrktksb Caals,

ojl Mbojckjc Lepejlejmkes aj tbe Cafl Maost, ?35>-?28?

\y @. Xeese

Heyajl sotksiykjc tbe Ojaòhu peapfe, @efvkf iurjksbel tbe Iojte Hroia, wba befl o refkckaus ojl pafktkmof aiikmewktbkj Iojte samkety, wktb ckits ai "ikje Loòsg Mfatb." Everyaje wba maufl wos "eotkjc."

tbe su`èr ai ?35?, Ma`pojy ai @ermbojts \rolkjc ta Oirkmo aiikmkofs fel hy Caverjar \baòs @efvkf orrkvel

ot Mope Maost Mostfe, tbe ol`kjkstrotkve mejter ai Hrktksb omtkvktkes aj tbe Cafl Maost, ta ma`pfete tbe trojsier aipassesskajs ira` tbe Xayof Oirkmoj Ma`pojy. ôrfko ejt iarhole tbe jew ma`pojy, ujfkge kts àjapafkstkmprelemessar, ira` trolkjc kj sfoves, tbaucb kts servojts maufl trole kj sfoves os prkvote kjlkvkluofs. Xotber kts`ksskaj wos ta iomkfktote Hrktokj's Oirkmoj ma`èrme hy òkjtokjkjc o trolkjc kjirostrumture ojl refotkaj- sbkpsofajc tbe Cafl Maost. ..

Sbej tbe Irejmb osgel "ta wba` tbe Iojtees hefajcel," Dabj Murrojtee (Eja Hokske Gurej tsk), tbe feoler aiOjaòhu, ojswerel, "ta tbe Ejcfksb." Bks repfy wos o ruse4 be bapel ta use tbe iarekcjers' ma`petktkaj iar bks awj

purpases. Murrojtee wojtel o trolkjc iart ot Oja ohu7 Irejmb omtkajs cove bk` tbe appartujkty ta le ojl tbot tbeHrktksb hukfl kt. O iart ot Ojaòhu waufl offaw Murrojtee ta majsafklote bks ojl bks summessars' pawer. Ojaòhumajstktutel oj k`partojt òrget iar sfoves, ojl o peròjejt past tbere waufl kjmreose kts trole ojl tbe Iojte'sommess ta fuxury caals. \be ohkfkty ai Murrojtee ojl tbe Iojte ta majvkjme tbe Hrktksb ta hukfl ot Ojaòhu wbkfe

eotkjc ma`àlktkes ira` tbe Hrktksb ojl Irejmb hy leòjlkjc losbees ira` hatb skles leàjstrotes Iojte's iomkfktykj ojkpufotkjc tbekr Eurapeoj trolkjc portjers

\be appartujkty ta expfakt tbe ma`pojy crew kj ?358 wbej tbree Irejmb vessefs orrkvel ot Ojaòhu ta heckjmajstrumtkjc o iartkikel pasktkaj tbere. Os @efvkf wargel ta prevejt tbks ma`petktkaj, tbe Iojte ma`pfokjel ohaut tbekjierkar quojtkty ai presejts suppfkel hy tbe ma`pojy. Kj respajse @efvkf sejt tbe Ojaòhu peapfe "Hrojly &Cujpawler" ojl "leskrel tbe` ta Lrkjg tbe Fkquar ojl geep tbe Cujpawler ta leiejl tbe`sefves." Sbej tbeOjaòhu peapfe kjiarèl @efvkf tbot bks ckit bol heej taa sòff, be k`èlkotefy sejt àre. Heyajl sotksiykjc tbeOjaòhu peapfe, @efvkf iurjksbel tbe Iojte Hroia, wba befl o refkckaus ojl pafktkmof aiikme wktbkj Iojte samkety,wktb ckits ai "ikje Loòsg Mfatb." Everyaje wba maufl wos "eotkjc."

\be ifykjc ai ifocs wos oj k`partojt levkme tbot òrgel maostof Oirkmoj-Eurapeoj refotkajsbkps. Os fajc osOjaòhu resklejts ifew tbe Hrktksb ifoc, tbey maufl òge leòjls aj tbe ma`pojy ojl, ki tbe ma`pojy reiusel,

tbey maufl ma`èjme jecatkotkajs wktb o lkiierejt Eurapeoj stote. \be ifykjc ai o ifoc usuoffy skcjkikel tbot tbefamof mohameer, o le iomta feoler wbase pawer lerkvel ira` tbe omquk- sktkaj ai weoftb tbraucb trole, befl o jateira` tbe ma`pojy7 tbe presejtotkaj ai jates mreotel o refotkajsbkp hetweej tbe ma`pojy ojl è`hers ai tbe maostofefkte.

tbe lkosparo ma`ùjkty ai Osojte trolers ojl aiikmkofs. ^remkse loto aj tbks craup ore irustrotkjcfy sporse, hut kt

see`s tbot o àre ar fess peròjejt Osojte ma`-ùjkty kj Ef`kjo orase kj tbe woge ai tbe Osojte `kfktorymo`pokcjs ai ?2>3 - ?9 (àre aj tbks hefaw). Ot tbe beol ai tbe ma`ùjkty wos o 'resklejt' ar 'o`hossolar', os tbeLutmb terèl bk`, wba wos oppakjtel hy tbe Osojtebeje ojl suppartel hy o ju`her ai retokjers. \be tatof ju`herai Osojtes kj Ef`kjo vorkel majsklerohfy7 lurkjc ?28>> kjlkvkluofs, kjmfulkjcsfoves ojl retokjers. \be evklejme succests tbot, iaffawkjc tbe wktblrowof ai tbe Osojte resklejt oiter ?2=5, tbeju`her ai Osojtes peròjejtfy stotkajel kj tbe tawj lwkjlfel ta kjskcjkikmojme. \bekr iujmtkajs kj hragerkjc trole

hetweej Ef`kjo ojl Guòse, ojl kj iomkfktotkjc lkpfaòtkm majtomt hetweejt be tawj outbarktkes ojl tbe Osojtemaurt, oppeor ta bove heej ossuèl hy o ma`ùjkty ai Elejo ojl vrkdhurcertr olersw ba estohfksb tbe`sefves kj

Guòse oiter ?2=?. Kj spkte ai tbe opporejt kjlepejlejme ai tbe iaur ma`ùjktkes, tbere were kjiaròf mrass-muttkjcfkjgs ojl kjifuejmes tbot exkstel ot severof fevefs.

Kj tbe ikrst pfome, off portkes remacjksel tbot kt wos famof ojl kjterjotkajof trole tbot hraucbt tbe` ta Ef`kjo, ojl tbotiar sumb trole ta ifaurksb o `kjkòf fevef ai peome ojl ùtuof trust wos jemessory. ]emajlfy, pafktkmof ojl emaja`kmma`petktkaj wktb tbe jekcbhaurkjc Hrktksb ojl Iojte outbarktkes ojl èrmbojts tejlel ta iaster o mertokj lecree ai


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safklorkty hetweej tbe lkverse craups. \bkrlfy, kjter-òrrkoce hetweej e`hers ai lkiierejt ma`ùjktkes iurtbertejlel ta mreote safklorkty tbraucb tbe hajls ai oiiemtkaj. Kt ks weff gjawj, iar exo`pfe, tbot, sbartfy oiter orrkvof ajtbe maost, Lutmb aiikmers ojl èrmbojts usuoffy taag o wkie ira` oàjc ektber tbe elejoia ar tbe topaeyers.]k`kforfy, tbere ks evklejme tbot Osojte resklejts ai tbe tawj levefapel mfase oiiemtkve tkes wktb tbekr basts tbot

prahohfy survkvel tbe lksoppeorojme ai tbe Osojte ma`ùjkty oiter ?2=5. \bus trole ojl pafktkms mreotel kjjkjeteejtb-mejtury Ef`kjo o ma`pfex weh ai kjterrefotkajsbkps hetweej tbe kjlkcejaus kjbohktojts ojl tbe vorkaus

strojcer craups.-

'K moj ajfy teff yau wbotever ks kj kts awj Joture warst kj

tbe Eurapeojs ojl Jecraes ks ujktel kj tbe` ar, ta he sbart, tbey ore oftacetber

Sbares ojl Mraags ai aje ojl tbe soè gkjl'.

Skffko` Hasòj, aj tbe vrkdhurcers ùfottaes ai Ef`kjo, ?3>5.

O majskstejt ieoture ot Ef`kjo lurkjc tbe ârtucuese ojl Lutmb perkals wos tbe sòff ju`her ai Eurapeoj waèj.Os o majsequejme, refotkajsbkps, ki jat iaròf òrrkoces, hetweej Eurapeoj èj ojl Ef`kjo waèj were ma`àj.\baucb kt ks lkiikmuft ta leter`kje tbekr ju`hers, ùfottaes were ofreoly remacjkzel os o lkstkjmt secèjt ai tbe

papufotkaj lurkjc tbe skxteejtb mejtury. ]aè eorfy wrkters lkstkjcuksbel tbe` hy tbekr lress, wbkmb wos kj saèrespemts kjifuejmel hy Eurapeoj mfatbkjc (le @orees ?9>84=9, 8?37 Hasòj ?3>54?> tbe Lkremtar Cejerof ojlè`hers ai tbe Maujmkf lemreel tbot Lutmbèj iotberkjc mbkflrej aut ai welfamg waufl he requkrel ektber ta togetbekr aiisprkjc homg ta Baffojl, ar ta pravkle 'o praper su` iar bajest òkjtejojme ojl Mbrkstkoj elumotkaj' (YojLojtzkc ?;3249>). Kt wos ofsa ocreel tbot o ma`ùjof bause waufl he hukft kj Ef`kjo 'kjta wbkmb off sumb mbkflrejwkff he hraucbt ot tbe oce ai 5 ar 9 yeors ojl he seporotel ira` tbe jotkves, os weff os ira` tbe Eurapeojs, kj arler

ta he elumotel kj tbe ort ai fetters, tbe iaujlotkaj ai emaja`kms, saè mroits, os weff os tbe ògkjc ai pfojtotkajssumb os tbase ai mattaj ojl marj ...' (Yoj Lojtzkc ?;3249>).

]aè lesmejlojts ai Ef`kjo waèj ojl Lutmbèj were crojtel spemkof stotus. \bks craup wos gjawj os tbevrkdhurcers, wbkmb moj he trojsfotel ira` Lutmb os 'iree mktkzejs' ar 'iree peapfe', ojl tbey were ckvej tbe rkcbts ojl

prkvkfeces oiiarlel hy Lutmb fow (Hoffajc Sej-@ewulo ?;2


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ma`petktkaj wktb surraujlkjc Iojte craups. Oj ollktkajof ieoture wos tbe pervoskve Ogoj mufture. \bese iomtarspravklel o mabeskvejess kj tbe settfeèjt's kjterjof pafktkmof arcojkzotkaj ojl refotkajsbkps wktb jekcbhaurkjcpafktkes. Hy tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury, Eurapeojs maufl majtrost kjbohktojts ai tbe maostof settfeèjts sumb os Ef`kjowktb peapfe ira` tbe kjterkar (Ikc. =). Evej taloy, o lkstkjmtkaj moj he òle hetweej tbe maostof Iojte ojl Iojteira` kjterkar vkffoces. Kt bos heej jatel tbot hy tbe sevejteejtb mejtury tbe Ef`kjo peapfe recorlel tbe`sefves os

hatb pafktkmoffy ojl mufturoffy lkstkjmt ira` tbe surraujlkjc Oirkmoj papufotkaj (Iekjherc ?;3>h7 ?;2;4?52).

Ef`kjo's pafktkmof kjlepejlejme ks weff lamuèjtel4 Iekjherc jates tbot Ef`kjo's mfase refotkajsbkp wktb tbe Lutmb,bastkfkty wktb tbe jekcbhaurkjc Iojte papufotkaj, ojl mfase tkes wktb Osojte servel ta ksafote Ef`kjo ira` tbesurraujlkjc Oirkmoj papufotkaj.

Bawever, lespkte ahvkaus mbojces kj mertokj ospemts ai Ef`kjo's samkety, tbere ks ja kjlkmotkaj ta wbot extejt tbeserepresejt mufture mbojce, tbot ks, tbe lecree ta wbkmb tbe peapfe àlkikel tbekr sborel warfl vkew ar syste` ai

hefkeis.

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Ira` Mreafe ta Oirkmoj4 Otfojtkm Mreafes ojl tbe Arkckjs aiOirkmoj-Oèrkmoj ]amkety kj @okjfojl Jartb Oèrkmo

Kro Herfkj

Oirkmojs ojl Eurapeojs ofkge sjeerel ot tbe mreafes' `kxel fkjeoce (ar fomg ai fkjeoce) ojl majle`jel tbe` osgjoves, mborfotojs, ojl sboèfess sefi-praàters. Sbej tbey olaptel Oirkmoj woys, ware Oirkmoj lress ojloùfets, ojl ujlerwejt rktuof mkrmu`mkskaj ojl smorkikmotkaj, Eurapeojs lemforel tbe` autmosts (tojca`las,rejecoles, ta tbe ârtucuese). Sbej tbey olaptel Eurapeoj woys, ware Eurapeoj mfatbkjc ojl mrumkikxes,e`pfayel Eurapeoj joès ar tktfes, ojl ma`partel tbe`sefves kj tbe òjjer ai "wbkte èj," Oirkmojs lejkel tbe`tbe rkcbt ta bafl fojl, òrry, ojl kjberkt praperty. [et, oftbaucb tojca`las iomel repraomb ojl prasmrkptkaj, off

portkes majmelel tbot tbey were sbrewl trolers, ottestel ta tbekr ostery ai tbe ikje pakjts ai kjtermufturofjecatkotkajs, ojl iaujl olvojtoce kj leofkjc wktb tbe`. Lespkte tbekr leioèrs, saè rase ta pasktkajs ai weoftbojl pawer, ma`pejsotkjc iar tbekr fomg ai fkjeoce wktb gjawfelce, sgkff, ojl ejtreprejeurkof lerrkjc-la.

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Ef`kjo ojl Creoter Osojte kj tbe Jkjeteejtb Mejtury

Forry S. [orog

Oiter tbe ?2>9-?9 mo`pokcjs, Asek \utu Gwoè stotel ta severof vksktars kj bks mopktof tbot tbe Ef`kjos were bks'sfoves ojl suhdemts' (Loejlefs, ?;9


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ta pravkle kt. Kjleel, kj severof sgkr`ksbes hetweej Hrktksb ojl Osojte iarmes tbot ammurrel lurkjc ?28?-8=, tberewere reparts tbot Ef`kjo saflkers iaucbt heskle tbe Osojte. Kj ollktkaj, weoftby Elejo, vrkdhurcer ojl Lutmbèrmbojts pfomel sgkffel ortksojs ot tbe lkspasof ai tbe Osojtebeje ta okl kj tbe majstrumtkaj ai tbe gkjc's 'stajebause' (ohoj) ot Guòse lurkjc ?2?;-8?.

"Kj ?295 tbe Osojtebeje mfasel ojatber fetter ta tbe Lutmb caverjar (wrkttej kj hragej Lutmb hy tbe Ef`kjo

topaeyer ojl Lutmb ocejt kj Guòse, ^. Le Beer) hy jatkjc tbot 'Ef`kjo ks `y Cal's maujtry ojl `y hest irkejls.... K trust ofwoys Ef`kjo' (Hoesdau, ?;3;o4 ?=). \be levefapèjt ai sumb oiiemtkve pafktkmof rbetarkm muf`kjotel kjpuhfkm expresskajs ai Osojte-Ef`kjo 'hratberbaal', opporejtfy ikrst remarlel hy Le Beer kj ?292 (Le Beer, ?2924ejtry iar < @oy ?292).

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Borvey @. Iekjherc, Oirkmojs ojl Eurapeojs kj Sest Oirkmo4

Ef`kjojs ojl Lutmbèj aj tbe Cafl Maost Lurkjc tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury.

\be remarl laes jat sbaw tbot o iaròf trkof wos ever befl. Os tkè possel, tbe Ef`kjo feolers stressel ta tbelkremtar cejerof tbot \eggk bol hemaè o èjome ta tbe ma`ùjkty ojl tbot tbere maufl he ja peome kj tbe tawjwbkfe be reòkjel o port ai kt. \bey e`pbotkmoffy kjskstel ta ^rojcer tbot \eggk he hojksbel ira` tbe Cafl Maostojl sejt ta Oèrkmo, tbreotejkjc, ki sumb were jat laje, ta evomuote Ef`kjo ojl lesert tbe Lutmb. ^rojcer iaujl tbetawjspeapfe ta he qukte e`hktterel ojl ujlerstaal tbot tbe feolers bol majmfulel tbot tbey waufl jever "he ohfe ta

fkve wktb sumb o lksturher ai tbe cejerof peome."

\be tawj ai Ef`kjo wos tbe àst k`partojt trolkjc mejter aj tbe Cafl Maost ai Sest Oirkmo iar ot feost twamejturkes. Ef`kjojs ejcocel kj ma`èrmkof trojsomtkajs wbkmb fkjgel tbe Cafl Maost wktb tbree very lkiierejt trolejetwargs. Lurkjc tbe ikiteejtb mejtury, @ojle trolers ira` tbe westerj ]uloj hraucbt Ef`kjo wktbkj tbe trojs-]oboroj trole jetwarg tbraucb tbekr trojspart ai cafl ojl atber iarest pralumts ta Dejje ojl \k`hugtu. Ofsa, lurkjctbe ikiteejtb mejtury, kt ks fkgefy tbot Ef`kjojs exmbojcel caals wktb tbe Hejkj stote, famotel ta tbe eost, kj wbot ksjaw Jkcerko. Fote kj tbe ikiteejtb mejtury, Ef`kjo wos lrowj kjta oj Otfojtkm Ameoj trole, wbkmb uftkòtefy hraucbtta tbe tawj pralumts ira` vorkaus ports ai Oirkmo, Osko, Eurape, ojl tbe Jew Sarfl. Eurapeojs la`kjotel tbks fostma`èrmkof jetwarg, wbkmb pfoyel oj k`partojt rafe kj tbe bkstary ai Ef`kjo. Sktbaut tbks portkmkpotkaj kj averseostrole, Ef`kjo waufl àst fkgefy bove heej o bkstarkmoffy kjskcjkikmojt vkffoce wktb kts kjbohktojts exkstkjc prkòrkfy

hy iksbkjc ojl ior`kjc. Kt ks ujfkgefy tbot tbe trole wktb tbe @ojle `kllfeèj ojl wktb tbe Hejkj stote waufl boveejmaurocel tbe leàcropbkm crawtb ai tbe tawj ar bove majtrkhutel ta ògkjc Ef`kjo oj ottromtkve emaja`km

ejmfove.\be Ef`kjojs ikrst sborel tbekr sakf wktb tbe ârtucuese, hut, oiter ?9=3, tbe Lutmb, wba wargel iar tbe Lutmb SestKjlko Ma`pojy, ammupkel tbe Mostfe ]t. Cearce l'Ef`kjo. \be presejme ai ohaut ?>> Eurapeojs ojl o paweriuf`kfktory strumture kjevktohfy èojt tbot tbe kjbohktojts ai tbe iart exermksel kjifuejme kj tbe Ef`kjo ma`ùjkty. Kjollktkaj, skjme tbe purpase ai tbe Eurapeoj resklejme wos trole, ojl sa òjy kjlkvkluofs were fkvkjc tbere, jewemaja`km appartujktkes iar Ef`kjojs hemoè ovokfohfe.



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Ira` Mreafe ta Oirkmoj4 Otfojtkm Mreafes ojl tbe Arkckjs aiOirkmoj-Oèrkmoj ]amkety kj @okjfojl Jartb Oèrkmo

Kro Herfkj

Kj Upper Cukjeo (Cukje-Hkssou ojl ]kerro Feaje) tbe trolkjc omtkvktkes ai tbe ârtucuese were typkmoffy ifukl ojlapej ojl ira` tbe` twa craups eèrcel. \be trole wos la`kjotel (espemkoffy kj tbe Cukje- Hkssou reckaj) hy tbe


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fojiolas wba were, ot feost kjktkoffy, iuff-hfaalel artucuese, tbaucb tbekr lesmejlojts were usuoffy ufottas.Ojatber craup, tbe cruètes, wba were cejeroffy ai Oirkmoj lesmejt, servel os se`k-kjlepejlejt trolers ot osaèwbot fawer fevef kj tbe ma`èrmkof syste`. \be cruètes moj he majsklerel ta bove heej o samka-emaja`kmmfoss wbkmb eèrcel ira` tbe Eurapeoj trole kj tbe oreo kjsaior os tbey opporejtfy awjel o sejse ai marparote sefi-klejtkty, fkvkjc kj tbekr awj vkffoces ojl promtkskjc oj Oirkmojkzel iar` ai Motbafkmks`. Oftbaucb kjlkvkluoffojiolas ojl cruètes exermksel famof kjifuejme ojl pawer tbraucb tbekr gkjsbkp tkes ta tbe trolktkajof rufkjc craups,

tbey ofàst jever omqukrel berktohfe outbarkty. Fkge òjy ai tbe @usfk` trolers ai tbe ]obef, tbey weresuperk`pasel aj tbe trolktkajof syste` ojl, kj eiiemt, were kj kt rotber tboj ai kt.

\a tbks `kcbt he ollel tbe ujlauhtel majjexkaj Gohes bol wktb Ef`kjo ojl tbe Lutmb tbraucbaut bks moreer,kjmfulkjc mfase refotkves kj tbe tawj.

o fetter ira` @ormb ai ?929 pravkles saè kffu`kjotkaj. \be Xayof Oirkmoj Ma`pojy suspemtel Gohes ai

jecatkotkjc wktb tbe Lutmb ojl urcel bk` jat ta 'lesert tbe irkejlsbkp be ojl espemkoffy bks iotber bol sa fajc heejsuhservkejt ta.' Gohes wos offecel ta bove repfkel tbot be waufl 'foy lawj bks fkie iar tbe Ejcfksb os bks iottber bollaje.' \bere moj he ja lauht tbot tbks offules ta 'Dabj Mohesso' (wbase awj arkckjs ore ujgjawj) wba servel tbeEjcfksb kj Garòjtkj kj tbe eorfy ?99as.'2 \bks Dabj Mohesso wos sa stoujmb kj tbe leiejme ai Garòjtkj ocokjsttbe Lutmb kj ?995 tbot be ma``kttel sukmkle rotber tboj surrejler, eorjkjc tbe opprahotkaj ai bovkjc heej 'truer tatbe Ejcfksb tboj ojy ai Bks @odesty's WEjcfksbP suhdemts Wot GaròjtkjP.' \bks succests tbot, oftbaucb we la jat

presejtfy gjaw tbe mkrmu`stojmes ai Gohes's orrkvof kj Gaèjlo, be wos fkgefy ta bove bol o irkejlfy, tbaucb jat

jemessorkfy suharlkjote, refotkajsbkp wktb tbe Xayof Oirkmoj Ma`pojy heiare tbks.

\be ikrst èjtkaj ai tbks Dabj Mohesso see`s ta he kj ?99= wbej be wos moffel 'tbe Moptokj ai tbe Bkff' kj Garòjtkjojl wos ikr`fy ejcocel kj tbe Ejcfksb kjterest tbere, sa ùmb sa tbot kj o sgkr`ksb wktb tbe tawjspeapfe be woswaujlel kj tbe beol. \baòs Lovkes et of., Garòjtkj, ta Eost Kjlko Ma`pojy, Fajlaj, < @or. ?995, ArkckjofMarrespajlejme.

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Ef`kjo ojl creoter Osojte kj tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury

Forry S. [orog

\bekr ju`hers ore ahsmure, hut were suiikmkejt kj tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury iar tbe` ta arcojkse iaròffy ujler tbefeolersbkp ai o 'òyar' (hurcerèester). \be topaeyers pfoyel oj k`partojt rafe os mufturof ojl èrmojtkfe hragers

hetweej tbe Lutmb ojl tbe elejoia ojl trolers ira` tbe kjterkar. ]everof ai tbekr àre ejterprkskjc è`hersomqukrel tbe stotus ai vrkdhurcer7 tbot ks, kj fecof òtters tbey were oiiarlelt be 'pratemtkaj' ai Lutmb fow, ojl weretbus ejtktfel ta o beorkjc heiare tbe Lutmb caver-jar ojl maujmkf os o maurt ai ikrst kjstojme. \bekr ombkeveèjt aitbks stotus wos o òrg ai weoftb ojl kjifuejme, ojl wos kjvorkohfy tbe resuft ai persajof summess kj trole7 tbks èojt,ikrst ojl iareàst, trole wktb Osojte. ]umb vrkdhurcers ofsa tejlel ta sejl tbekr mbkflrej - hy topaeyer ojl Elejowkves - ta tbe Jetberfojls, ojl saètkès ta Ejcfojl, iar elumotkaj. Hut tbe òdarkty ai topaeyers were jat saiartujote os tbe vrkdhurcers ojl see` sk`pfy ta bove togej e`pfayèjt kj ojy ai o ju`her ai ammupotkajs refotel tatbe majlumt ai trole aj tbe maost, ar os saflkers kj tbe Lutmb iarts. O tbkrl ma`ùjktyw os ma`prksela i tbe lkosparoma`ùjkty ai Lutmb aiikmkofs ojl trolers (aj trole lkosparos kj Oirkmo ojl efsewbere, see Murtkj, ?;2 tberewere kj off ohaut 2> io`kfkes, saè ai wbkmb were very force. \be tatof ju`her ai pasktkajs iar ùfottas kj tbeLojksb ol`kjkstrotkaj see`s ajfy ta bove kjmreosel sfawfy oiter tbe `kllfe ai tbe ekcbteej twejtkes ojl kt ks


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majsequejtfy prahohfe tbot o crawkjc prapartkaj ai tbe ùfotta craup wos ahfkcel ta seeg o fkvefkbaal kj atbersemtars ai maostof samkety. Kt ks tbereiare ta he expemtel tbot tbe craup kjmreoskjcfy bol ta iujmtkaj kj mfaser majtomtwktb tbe Oirkmoj ma`ùjkty, oftbaucb ot tbe soè tkè kt saucbt ta òkjtokj o samkof lkstojme ira` ports aitbksma`ùjkty hy ujlerfkjkjc kts ujkquejess, majtkjukjc ta òrry wktbkj tbe craup ojl hy òkjtokjkjc o bkcb fevef aiEurapeoj elumotkaj ojl samkof jar`s.

\be ju`her ai kjbohktojts kj tbe Oirkmoj ma`ùjkty ai tbe maostof tawjs west ai tbe Yafto see`s ta bove heejiokrfy stotkm lurkjc tbe ikrst bofi ai tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury ojl ks estkòtel ta bove ju`herel dust aver ?>>>>. \betawj oraujl Mbrkstkojsharc bol ajfy ?5>> ta 8>>> kjbohktojts ojl tbks- wos ùmb fess tboj tbe ju`her aikjbohktojts kj tbe tawjs oraujl tbe Hrktksb ojl Lutmb iarts ot Ommro.

Kj tbe oumtkaj ai tbe estote ai Osskstojt Mbrkstkoj Dojssej, wba lkel ot Mbrkstkojsharc kj ?338, iar kjstojme, Mbrkstkoj^rattejs wklaw, Xehemmo ^rattej, turjel aver saè marofs ojl o fkttfe skfg tbot sbe bol heej suppasel ta seff iar tbejaw-lemeosel Dojssej. Kjterestkjcfy, ommarlkjc ta tbe haag ira` tbe oumtkaj, tbe skfg ojl tbe marofs were haucbt hyatber waèj, ojl tbot ks jat tbe ajfy reierejme ta waèj huykjc tbkjcs ot oumtkajs. Kj ojatber oumtkaj severof Eura-Oirkmoj waèj - oàjc tbe` @s. Fkjegej]ari, @s. Skgstrojl, @s. ]lrkjc, ojl @s. Jkssej - haucbt mfatb,mfatbes, ojl atber caals, wbkmb succests tbot Eura-Oirkmoj waèj were omtkvefy trolkjc aj tbekr awj jat ajfy kjAsu hut ofsa ot tbe Lojksb iart.

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hy tbe eorfy port ai tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury, Ef`kjojs were suiikmkejtfy ksafotel ocokj, sa tbot jaje ai tbekr

jekcbhars moè ta tbekr osskstojme wbej tbe tawj wos ottomgel hy tbe Iojte kj ?2>;, hemouse off were ektber deofausar ieoriuf ai tbe Ef`kjo-Osojte majjemtkaj. Estrojceèjt ira` ber jekcbhars wos tbe prkme pokl iar o mfaserefotkajsbkp wktb Osojte. âkjts ai majtomt hetweej tbe Ef`kjojs ojl tbe Lutmb were ot off fevefs ojl oàjclkiierejt samkof craups. Lutmb aiikmkofs prkòrkfy kjteromtel wktb tbe Ef`kjo feolers ojl weoftby è`hers ai tbema`ùjkty. Atber è`hers ai tbe Ma`pojy estohfksbèjt bol hraoler leofkjcs wktb tbe papufome, kjmfulkjc tbeòrget waèj, iksberèj, ojl haotèj. @ojy Eurapeojs, kj ollktkaj, bol sexuof refotkajsbkps wktb Ef`kjowaèj, wbkmb òy bove kjmreosel kjteromtkaj wktb Ef`kjojs ot off fevefs ai tbe samkaemaja`km smofe lue ta tbestrejctb ai Oirkmoj extejlel io`kfy tkes. O iew Ma`pojy e`pfayees fkvel kj tbe tawj, oftbaucb tbekr klejtktkes ore

jat gjawj, ojl taworl tbe ejl ai tbe mejtury, bkcb aiikmkofs bol resklejmes omrass tbe Hejyo Xkver hefaw ]t. DocaBkff. Eurapeojs fkvkjc kj tbe Ef`kjo ma`ùjkty jat ajfy kjmreosel majtomts hetweej tbe twa craups, hut ofsaoffawel tbe Ef`kjojs ta see ospemts ai Eurapeoj fkie, portkmuforfy òterkof passesskajs sumb os iurjkture ojl utejskfsawjel hy kjlkvkluofs. ]aè Oirkmojs ofsa kjberktel kte`s ira` tbekr Eurapeoj iotbers ar tbekr e`pfayers, ojlweoftbker kjlkvkluofs maufl purmbose tbe persajof eiiemts ai lemeosel Eurapeojs wbkmb were safl ot oumtkaj hy tbeMa`pojy. Kj ollktkaj, saè, perbops àst, ai tbe Ma`pojy persajjef were ejcocel kj prkvote trolkjc. Caals weregept kj tawj hy tbese peapfe, ojl kt ks passkhfe tbot tbey bol trolkjc ocreeèjts (portjersbkps1) wktb Ef`kjojs. Dustos kj atber ejmfove-ejtrepats, o `kxel-hfaal, Oira-Eurapeoj papufotkaj crew up kj Ef`kjo os o hy-pralumt ai tbeEurapeoj presejme.

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Hy tbe ?;tb mejtury, tbe Oira-Eurapeojs bol hemaè ta o reòrgohfe extejt saujlfyojl pafktkmoffy kjtecrotel ojl ammupkel tbekr awj quorter ai tbe tawj ai Ef`kjo

Forry S. [orog, Sest Oirkmoj Maostof ]fovery kj tbe Jkjeteejtb Mejtury4

\be Mose ai Oira-Eurapeoj ]foveawjers ai Ef`kjo

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? ?

Otfojtkm Lkosparos4 Dews, Majversas, ojl Mrypta-Dews kj tbe Oce ai @ermojtkfks`, ?5>>-?2>>

Xkmborl F. Gocoj7 ^bkfkp L. @arcoj

Xevkew hy Dajotboj ]mbarsmb

êter @org ojl Das lo ]kfvo Barto presejt oj ommaujt ai o iew sòff ma`ùjktkes majskstkjc ai ârtucuese JewDews ira` O`sterlo` wba àvel kj tbe eorfy sevejteejtb mejtury ta @usfk` Sest Oirkmo. Ejdaykjc tbe soè

pratemtkaj famof @usfk` feolers crojtel ta off iarekcj èrmbojts, tbese trolers ojl appartujkst/ejtreprejeurspromtkmel Duloks` apejfy, ottromtel ârtucuese Jew Mbrkstkojs ta tbekr klst, ojl majvertel saè ai tbe Oirkmojstbey òrrkel ojl e`pfayel ojl hkrtbel. \bese sbart-fkvel ejleovars, sbawkjc skcjs ai tbe procòtkm "cakjc jotkve"tbot mboromterkzel ermbojt kjterfapers ojl kjterèlkorkes tbraucbaut mafajkzotkaj, reifemt o hafl ossertkvejess tbotswept ârtucuese ]epborlk` ojl majversas ofkge wktb tbe rkse ai tbe kjlepejlejme àveèjt ocokjst ]pokj oiter?52> ojl tbe iaujlkjc ai ]epborlkm O`sterlo` dust heiare ?9>>.Otfojtkm Lkosparos4 Dews, Majversas, ojl Mrypta-Dews kj tbe Oce ai @ermojtkfks`, ?5>>-?2>>



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Ot tbe soè tkè, àreaver, os Oirkmojs were hekjc majvertel ta Dews kj O`sterlo` (ojl efsewbere), oj ojofacaus

pramess wos ammurrkjc kj reverse aj tbe Sest Oirkmoj maost. ]epborlk` wba bol togej up resklejme kj ]ejeco`hko,ojl semajl ojl tbkrl cejerotkaj ]epborlkm Jew Mbrkstkojs resklkjc bere ojl aj tbe Cukjeo Maost, kjmreoskjcfyolaptel efeèjts ai Oirkmoj refkckaj. \bks wos kjleel o fajc-stojlkjc pramess, skjme os fajc oca os ?5


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Kj ot feost aje mose, o mbkfls rome wos off tbot wos jeelel ta leter`kje tbot be wos ta he majsklerel iree ojl jat

ejsfovel. Kj ?33>, wbej oj ejsfovel waòj joèl Oguo, wba wargel os o iart sfove ot Mbrkstkojsharc, cove hkrtbta o mbkfl wba wos jatkmeohfy Eura-Oirkmoj, tbe presklkjc mbopfokj wrate ta tbe iart ol`kjkstrotkaj ta osg wbot ta lawktb tbe mbkfl. Kt wos jat mfeor wba tbe iotber wos hut, ommarlkjc ta tbe mbopfokj, Oguos saj maufl jat he ejsfovel

hemouse be wos tbe saj ai o Eurapeoj oj. Kjsteol tbe mbopfokj requestel tbot tbe hay he kjmfulel kj tbe Mbrkstkoj

majcrecotkaj ojl ejraffel kj tbe iart smbaaf, ojl bks request wos crojtel hy tbe ma`pojy, wbkmb majmfulel, tbesokl ùfotta hay mbkfl, tbaucb be ks harj hy o sfove, wkff he iree ira` hekjc o ma`pojy sfove, skjme be, wba ks oùfotta ojl majsequejtfy sbaufl he kjmarparotel kj tbe Mbrkstkoj majcrecotkaj, mojjat he arlerel ta he o sfove.

\be mbkfls Eurapeoj berktoce ofaje cove bk` ommess ta o bkcber pfome kj tbe samkof bkerormby tboj bks ejsfovelOirkmoj atber.êrjkffe Kpsej, \be Mbrkstejel @ufotresses4

Eura-Oirkmoj Io`kfkes kj o ]fove-\rolkjc \awj

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OIXKMOJ ]FOYE] OJL MA@@ALK\KE]

Kt see`s fkgefy tbot sfoves hemoè àre k`partojt tboj cafl ojl off atber pralume, jat os voj lej Haacoortsuccestel hetweej tbe ?98>s ojl tbe ?92>s, hut ajfy ot tbe heckjjkjc ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury. Xotber sullejfy,sfoves hemoè beovkfy prela`kjojt os cafl lepaskts were `kjel aut ojl, àre k`partojt, os hatb sfove prkmes ojlju`hers ai sfoves morrkel kjmreosel sborpfy.' Hut kt sbaufl ofsa he jatel tbot ajfy aj tbe Cafl Maost wos tbere ojomtuof trojsktkaj ira` ma`àlkty trole ta tbe sfove trole. \role efsewbere crew, kj sfoves. Iar àst ai OtfojtkmOirkmo tbere bol heej fkttfe ar ja ma`àlkty trole heiare tbe ajset ai sfovkjc. Ki, soy, 2> per mejt ai ârtucueseOirkmoj trole ma`prksel sfoves, ikve, rotber tboj sevej, aut ai ?2 (rotber tboj twejty) sfoves feit Oirkmo kjârtucuese sbkps, tbe Ejcfksb rotka ai sfoves ta tatof Ejcfksb Oirkmoj trole ks set ot =3 per mejt, ojl tbe Lutmb ot 85

per mejt (ta offaw iar kjterfapers) tbej tbe sfove trole ommaujts iar per mejt ai off Eurapeoj trole wktb Oirkmo.Lovkl Eftks. \be Xefotkve K`partojme ai ]foves ojl Ma`àlktkes

kj tbe Otfojtkm \role ai ]evejteejtb-Mejtury Oirkmo.

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êrjkffe Kpsej, \be Mbrkstejel @ufotresses4Eura-Oirkmoj Io`kfkes kj o ]fove-\rolkjc \awj

\be lkstkjmtkvejess ai tbese Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes hemoè portkmuforfy mfeor kj tbe fost lemole ai tbe ekcbteejtbmejtury. Kj ?3;8, wbej Mbrkstkoj YKK prajaujmel tbot tbe sfove trole waufl he ohafksbel kj tej yeors ojl tbe Lojksbsfove trole wos apejel ta off iarekcj Jotkajs, wktbaut exmeptkaj ta ejsure o force suppfy ai sfoves ta Sest Kjlkoj

pfojters heiare ohafktkaj, o craup ai prkvote Lojksb èrmbojts settfel kj Asu wktb tbekr Eura-Oirkmoj wkves ojlmbkflrej. Ot tbe apejkjc ai tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury kt wos uj`kstogohfe tbot tbese ojl o iew atber Eura-Oirkmojio`kfkes kj Asu were praiktkjc ira` tbe sfove trole, os lkl atber `kxel-rome trolkjc io`kfkes kj Ef`kjo ojl MopeMaost, wbere tbe Lutmb ojl tbe Ejcfksb bol tbekr beolquorters, os weff os efsewbere kj Sest Oirkmo ojl kj òjyatber oreos ai tbe warfl wbere Eurapeojs settfel ta trole.

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Otfojtkm Lkosparos4 Dews, Majversas, ojl Mrypta-Dews kj tbe Oce ai @ermojtkfks`, ?5>>-?2>>



Ovkvo Hej-Ur remaujts tbe sktuotkaj ai sfoves ojl ireel kjlkvkluofs ai Oirkmoj arkckj, waèj kj portkmufor, wktbkjtbe ujkque ]epborlkm pfojtotkaj ma`ùjkty ai ]urkjoè hetweej tbe sevejteejtb ojl jkjeteejtb mejturkes. Hosel


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aj tojtofkzkjc hkts kj ormbkvof saurmes, sbe tromes tbe ma`pfkmotel woys Euroirkmojs hemoè o skcjkikmojt port ai tbema`ùjkty, hatb leàcropbkmoffy ojl kj ter`s ai ma`ùjof arcojkzotkaj ojl tbe majstrumtkaj ai tbe famofèojkjcs ai Dewksbjess. ]aè sfove ar iree waèj usel tbekr refotkajsbkps wktb ]epborlkm pfojters ojl tbembkflrej tbey hare tbe` os o èojs ai upworl àhkfkty, wbkfe secèjts ai tbe ma`ùjkty sow ikt ta olopt ta famofjemessktkes ojl wefmaè tbese kjktkotes wba oàjc atber tbkjcs servel ta hafster tbekr tejuaus ju`hers. êter @orgojl Das lo ]kfvo Barto presejt oj ommaujt ai o iew sòff ma`ùjktkes majskstkjc ai ârtucuese Jew Dews ira`

O`sterlo` wba àvel kj tbe eorfy sevejteejtb mejtury ta @usfk` Sest Oirkmo. Ejdaykjc tbe soè pratemtkaj famof@usfk` feolers crojtel ta off iarekcj ermbojts, tbese trolers ojl appartujkst/ejtreprejeurs promtkmel Duloksàpejfy, ottromtel ârtucuese Jew Mbrkstkojs ta tbekr `klst, ojl majvertel saè ai tbe Oirkmojs tbey òrrkel ojle`pfayel ojl hkrtbel. \bese sbart-fkvel ejleovars, sbawkjc skcjs ai tbe procòtkm "cakjc jotkve" tbot mboromter-kzel ermbojt kjterfapers ojl kjterèlkorkes tbraucbaut mafajkzotkaj, reifemt o hafl ossertkvejess tbot sweptârtucuese ]epborlk` ojl majversas ofkge wktb tbe rkse ai tbe kjlepejlejme àveèjt ocokjst ]pokj oiter ?52> ojltbe iaujlkjc ai ]epborlkm O`sterlo` dust heiare ?9>>. \be ikjof epksale pertokjs ta tbe ârtucuese majversaOjtajka le @ajtezkjas, wba mfokèl kj tbe ?9s ta bove ejmaujterel kj Juevo Crojolo Kjlkojs refotel ta tbe fasttej trkhes. Os retafl ojl ojofyzel hy Xajjke êrefks, @ajtezkjas 's wklefy mkrmufotel jorrotkve lesmrkhes tbe safkl-kikmotkaj ai bks klejtkty os o Dew kj tbe iome ai tbe poroffef suiierkjc ai Jotkve Oèrkmojs ujler tbe ]pojksb. Bkslksmavery/kjvejtkaj ai Dewksb Kjlkojs wba wkff avertbraw tbe ]pojksb ojl off ojtk-Dewksb appresskaj hemaès o

prademtkaj ai majversa ieors ojl lreo`s ajta tbe "jew" warfl ai tbe Oèrkmos, sy potbetkm hut kjstruèjtof.Otfojtkm Lkosparos4 Dews, Majversas, ojl Mrypta- Dews kj tbe Oce ai @ermojtkfks`,

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Ira` Mreafe ta Oirkmoj4 Otfojtkm Mreafes ojl tbe Arkckjs ai

Oirkmoj-Oèrkmoj ]amkety kj @okjfojl Jartb Oèrkmo

Kro Herfkj

Ykffoce papufotkajs sweffel kjta tbe tbausojls. Kj ?99;, ohaut tbe tkè tbe Ejcfksb were austkjc tbe Lutmb ira` tbevkffoce ai Jew O`sterlo`, papufotkaj ?,5>>, o vksktar ta Ef`kjo jatel tbot kt majtokjel saè 2,>>> resklejts.Lurkjc àst ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, Ef`kjo's papufotkaj wos hetweej ?8,>>> ojl ?9,>>>, forcer tboj Mborfestaj,]autb Morafkjo-òkjfojl Jartb Oèrkmo's creotest sfove part ot tbe tkè ai tbe Oèrkmoj Xevafutkaj.\be huskjess ai tbe mreafe ma`ùjktkes wos trole, hragerkjc tbe àveèjt ai caals tbraucb tbe Otfojtkm warfl.

Oftbaucb ksfojl settfeèjts sumb os Mope Yerle, ^rkjmkpe, ojl ]a \a` levefapel kjlkcejaus ocrkmufturofojl saètkès pfojtotkaj emaja`kes, tbe ma`kjcs ojl cakjcs ai Oirkmoj ojl Eurapeoj èrmbojts la`kjotel fkieevej kj tbe forcest ai tbe mreafe ma`ùjktkes, wbkmb servel os hatb ikefl beolquorters iar creot Eurapeoj èrmojtkfema`pojkes ojl maffemtkaj pakjts iar trole hetweej tbe Oirkmoj kjterkar ojl tbe Otfojtkm fkttarof. Lepejlkjc aj tbefamotkaj, tbe exmbojce kjvafvel Eurapeoj textkfes, ètofwore, cujs, fkquar, ojl heols iar Oirkmoj cafl, kvary, bkles,

pepper, heeswox, ojl lyewaals. \be maostof trole ar mohatoce ollel iksb, pralume, fkvestamg, ojl atber perksbohfesta tbks fkst, espemkoffy os reckajof spemkofkzotkaj levefapel. Everywbere, sfoves were haucbt ojl safl,ojl aver tkè tbe k`partojme ai ma`èrme-kj-persajs crew.

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Xkmborl F. Gocoj7 ^bkfkp L. @arcoj, Otfojtkm Lkosparos4Dews, Majversas, ojl Mrypta-Dews kj tbe Oce ai @ermojtkfks`, ?5>>-?2>>


oj ommaujt ai o iew sòff ma`ùjktkes majskstkjc ai ârtucuese Jew Dews ira` O`sterlo` wba àvel kj tbeeorfy sevejteejtb mejtury ta @usfk` Sest Oirkmo. Ejdaykjc tbe soè pratemtkaj famof @usfk` feolers crojtel ta off


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? ojl tbe iaujlkjc ai ]epborlkmO`sterlo` dust heiare ?9>>.

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Ot tbe soè tkè, àreaver, os Oirkmojs were hekjc majvertel ta Dews kj O`sterlo` (ojl efsewbere), oj ojofacauspramess wos ammurrkjc kj reverse aj tbe Sest Oirkmoj maost. ]epborlk` wba bol togej up resklejme kj ]ejeco`hko,ojl semajl ojl tbkrl cejerotkaj ]epborlkm Jew Mbrkstkojs resklkjc bere ojl aj tbe Cukjeo Maost, kjmreoskjcfyolaptel efeèjts ai Oirkmoj refkckaj. \bks wos kjleel o fajc-stojlkjc pramess, skjme os fajc oca os ?5


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\be Ef`kjojs ikrst sborel tbekr sakf wktb tbe ârtucuese, hut, oiter ?9=3, tbe Lutmb, wba wargel iar tbe Lutmb SestKjlko Ma`pojy, ammupkel tbe Mostfe ]t. Cearce l'Ef`kjo. \be presejme ai ohaut ?>> Eurapeojs ojl o paweriuf`kfktory strumture kjevktohfy èojt tbot tbe kjbohktojts ai tbe iart exermksel kjifuejme kj tbe Ef`kjo ma`ùjkty. Kjollktkaj, skjme tbe purpase ai tbe Eurapeoj resklejme wos trole, ojl sa òjy kjlkvkluofs were fkvkjc tbere, jewemaja`km appartujktkes iar Ef`kjojs hemoè ovokfohfe. \be Eurapeoj presejme rokses questkajs ohaut tbe refotkaj-sbkp hetweej tbe Ef`kjojs ojl tbe Eurapeojs4 were tbe Eurapeojs o seporote, lkstkjmt efeèjt ot Ef`kjo, ar moj

tbey he vkewel os oj kjtecrof port ai tbe ma`ùjkty, os dust ojatber etbjkm efeèjt kj o tawj wbkmb kjmfulel oàjckts peapfe Oirkmojs wktb lkverse etbjkm ojtemelejts1 Sbot warl moj he oppfkel ta tbe essejme ai tbks sustokjelrefotkajsbkp1 . "Mfeorfy, tbe Oirkmojs ot Ef`kjo ojl tbe Eurapeojs servkjc tbe Sest Kjlko Ma`pojy osskstel eomb

atber, maaperotel wktb eomb atber, evej ot tkès lepejlel aj eomb atber. \be questkaj òy refote, tbej, ta o òtterai lecree, ar ta tbe uftkòte mejter ai pawer. \be evklejme ùst he wekcbel moreiuffy heiare ojy majmfuskaj moj helrowj. \be ekcbteejtb mejtury wos o tkè ai k`partojt evafutkaj kj Ef`kjo's pafktkmof kjstktutkajs. K o` jat mertokjtbot tbks portkmufor mejtury wos tbe àst skcjkikmojt kj Ef`kjo's ejtkre bkstary, hut mertokj lkstkjcuksbkjc ieotures moj

he iaujl. Ikrst, Ef`kjo re okjel kjlepejlejt ai kts Ogoj jekcbhars, ojl Ef`kjojs croluoffy mo e ta vkew tbekrbkstary ojl kjstktutkajs os lkiierejt ira` tbase ai tbekr ieffaw Ogojs. \a leter`kje wbot lkstkjcuksbel Ef`kjo ira`kts Ogoj jekcbhars ks oj k`partojt gey ta ujlerstojlkjc tbe tawj's bkstary. O semajl lkstkjcuksbkjc ieoture ks tbotEf`kjo wos o ùftk-etbjkm ma`ùjkty wktb o skzohfe papufotkaj, forcer tboj tbe atber òdar Cafl Maost tawjs aiMope Maost ojl Ommro. êapfe moè ta ojl settfel kj tbe tawj ira` atber ports ai tbe Cafl Maost, espemkoffy ira`tbe kjterkar. Kj off fkgefkbaal, àst ai tbase wba settfel kj Ef`kjo were Ogoj-speogers (tbaucb tbere ks ja safklevklejme). Kj ollktkaj, tbe Ef`kjo ma`ùjkty kjmfulel peapfe ai `kxel lesmejt, tbe aiisprkjc ai Eurapeoj iotbersojl

\bkrl, ja atber maostof trolkjc tawj wos ohfe ta òkjtokj o majskstejtfy irkejlfy refotkajsbkp wktb tbe creot kjfojlgkjcla` ai Osojte, wbkfe, ot tbe soè tkè, preservkjc kts awj kjlepejlejme. \be peapfe ai Mope Maost, mfasefyossamkotel wktb tbe Iojte ojl tbe pra-Iojte Hrktksb, were moucbt kj tbe Osojte-Iojte rkvofry wbkmb levefapel lurkjctbe ekcbteejtb mejtury. Ajfy Ef`kjo, spurrel aj hy tbe pra-Osojte ottktule ai tbe Lutmb ojl tbekr fumrotkve trole,gept o ikr` irkejlsbkp wktb tbe creot kjterkar stote. Kj ollktkaj, tbks stuly, hemouse kt ks o famof bkstary ojl e`pboskzestbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, wkff majtrkhute ta gjawfelce ohaut o jecfemtel perkal kj àlerj Cbojo's bkstary. \be òdarbkstarkes ai Cbojo, tbus ior, bove sokl fkttfe ohaut tbe bkstary ai part tawjs ojl bove pfomel o beovy e`pbosks aj tbejkjeteejtb ojl twejtketb mejturkes ar aj Osojte bkstary.

Ikjoffy, tbe levefapèjt ai oj kjterjotkajof averseos semtar ai tbe Cafl Maost emaja`y oiter tbe fote ikiteejtbmejtury, ojl espemkoffy kj tbe sevejteejtb mejtury, awel ùmb ta Eurapeoj ejleovar. Xesklejts ai tawjs fkge

Ef`kjo kj òjy ports ai tbe warfl bol tbe appartujkty, iar caal ar kff, ta leof wktb strojcers ira` ohraol, ira` olkiierejt mufturof homgcraujl. \bese refotkajsbkps vorkel kj tbekr extejt, kjtejskty, ojl k`pomt. \bus, o stuly aiEf`kjo bkstary serves os oj exo`pfe ai aje ejmfove-ejtrepat portkmkpotkjc kj tbe hraoler kjterjotkajof emaja`y ojltbe k`pomt ai tbot kjvafveèjt aj tbe ma`ùjkty ojl kts papufotkaj.

\be Mostfe ]a Darce lo @kjo wos majstrumtel aj tbe Cafl Maost ai Sest Oirkmo hy tbe ârtucuese kj ?


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leofkjc wktb o wkle vorkety ai peapfes, tbe joture ai tbekr kjteromtkaj wktb tbe kjlkcejaus peapfes kj maostof partswos aitej ma`pfex.

\be ejmfove-ejtrepat `kcbt he o iartress ar oj ujiartkikel trolkjc past, vorykjc suhstojtkoffy kj skze, lkspasktkaj aipersajjef, iujmtkaj, ojl k`partojme. \be premkse reosajs iar kts exkstejme were vorkel4 ta top o portkmufor resaurmeovokfohfe ajfy ira` tbot oreo, sumb os pepper ira` ]uòtro, mfaves ira` tbe @afummos, ar cafl ira` Ef`kjo7 ta

majtraf o stroteckm woterwoy, sumb os ot Barùz ar @ofommo7 ta serve os tbe beolquorters ojl maarlkjotkjc mejter iartrolkjc omtkvktkes, sumb os Cao, Hotovko, ar Ef`kjo7 ta toge majtraf ai oj ofreoly exkstkjc trole mejter, sumb os ot@a`hosso, Barùz, ojl @ofommo. O beolquorters iartress ar mostfe wos àre semure tboj atber iar- tresses, bolcreoter peròjejme, ojl creoter ju`hers ai Eurapeojs kj resklejme.

Oirkmojs ofsa trovefel ofajc tbe Cafl Maost os e`pfayees ai Eurape- ojs. \bey servel os mrew è`hers aj sòfftrolkjc vessefs, lkpfaòtkm ar persajof èssejcers, ar mojae pollfers lefkverkjc caals ar marre- spajlejme, saè aiwba` trovefel os ior owoy os Sbylob (wbkmb wos famotel aj tbe maost ai taloy's Hejkj, ohaut 8>> `kfes iraÈf`kjo). @areaver, saè wejt ta ports ai tbe ]fove Maost aj force Eurapeoj sbkps, portkmuforfy ta warg os mojae

pollfers ta cuorojtee refkohfe sbkp ta sbare ma`ùjkmotkaj. O recufor syste` ai majtromts exkstel ta recufote tbee`pfayèjt ai tbese èj hy tbe Lutmb, sa tbot tbey waufl he returjel ta tbe Cafl Maost heiare tbe sbkp feit SestOirkmo iar tbe Jetberfojls ar tbe Jew Sarfl. \rovef wos ujlauhtelfy iomkfktotel aj tbe Cafl Maost hemouse àst aitbe trolers ojl `kcrojts were Ogoj-speogers wba àvel kj Ogoj-speogkjc oreos.

Evej tbaucb Co wos tbe òdar fojcuoce ot Ommro, tbks lkl jat prevejt Ogoj-speogers ira` settfkjc tbere. \be ohkfktyta ma`ùjkmote wktb tbe Eurapeojs wos oklel hy tbe use ai o skjcfe Eurapeoj tajcue, ârtucuese, wbkmb prevokfelos tbe fojcuoce ai trole weff kjta tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury. ]aè Eurapeojs ofsa feorjel Ogoj, sa tbot Eurapeoj osweff os Ogoj kjterpreters were ovokfohfe ta osskst kj ma`ùjkmotkaj. Os o majsequejme, ja ma`ùjkty ofajc tbeCafl Maost ar kj tbe kjterkar wos oj ksafotel ejtkty, hut ejdayel majtomts wktb tbe warfl heyajl tbe vkffoce ar tawjojl kts surraujlkjcs. Kjstohkfkty aj tbe Cafl Maost Lespkte perkals ai refotkve mof`, turàkf wos ujlejkohfy

prevofejt aj tbe Cafl Maost lurkjc tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury. Kt tbreotejel tbe peome, pfomel tbe fkves ai tbe resklejtskj deaporly, ojl upset tbe emaja`y ai tbe reckaj. Kjevktohfy, wors, ruàrs ai wor, ojl `ksmeffojeaus vkafejme,espemkoffy tbot refotel ta tbe maffemtkaj ai lehts, èjomel tbe soiety ai tbe raols. Skfgs sees tbe mfasure ai tbe raolsos "aje ai tbe eorfkest kjlkmotkajs ai reheffkaj" wktbkj tbe Osojte E`pkre. Aj tbe maost ojl kj tbe jeorhy kjterkar,mfasel raols were o iar` ai emaja`km maermkaj. Ot tbe turj ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, tbe maost wos stkff remaverkjcira` tbe lestrumtkve Lutmb-Gaèjlo wor, wbkmb bol hragej aut ohaut ?9;< ojl bol kjvafvel òjy peapfe ira`tbe mejtrof reckaj ai tbe Cafl Maost, kjmfulkjc Osehu, Ietu ojl Iojte. \be ekcbteejtb mejtury hecoj wktb tbe Osojte

leieot ai Lejgykro kj ?3>?, ojl Ogojs saaj oiter sow tbe crawtb ai Osojte pawer ojl iarmes appaskjc tbot pawer.

KK. EUXAÊOJ] AJ \BE CAFL MAO]\


Borvey @. Iekjherc

Ofàst ira` tbe heckjjkjc ai Ogoj majtomt wktb Eurapeojs, tbe feolers ai tbe sòff stotes ofajc tbe Cafl Maostoffawel ar evej ejmaurocel iarts ta he hukft aj tbekr fojl. O iart kj o maostof tawj bol o ju`her ai olvojtoces iartbe peapfe wba fkvel hy kt. Iar maostof Oirkmojs wba saucbt ta expojl tbekr rafe kj tbe averseos trole syste`, o iartservel os o òcjet ta kjterkar trolers. Ki o iart wos weff suppfkel, tbks èojt tbot tbe ifaw ai trole `kcbt he àre

recufor tboj ki tbe Oirkmojs lepejlel ajfy aj posskjc Eurapeoj sbkps. Iart persajjef maufl he o saurme ai mrelktiar Oirkmoj ejtreprejeurs. Kj ollktkaj, tbe peapfe kj sòff stotes ojl tawjs saucbt okl kj mose ai ottomg hy àre

paweriuf jekcbhars7 pratemtkaj wos oj k`partojt kfktory olvojtoce ojl wos ovokfohfe hemouse ai o iart's mojjajojl tbe passkhkfkty ai reiuce wktbkj o iart. \bot tbks pratemtkaj saètkès sovel o peapfe ira` lksoster ks sbawj hytbe Co, wba were ajfy ohfe ta survkve tbekr lksostraus wor wktb Ogwoù hemouse tbey were ckvej reiuce kj tbe iarts


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ot Ommro. Ikjoffy, Oirkmojs kj tbe iart tawjs maufl ofsa seeg osskstojme kj tbe safutkaj ai prahfe`s, ektber wktbkj tbetawj ktsefi ar efsewbere.

\be ^artucuese, ?


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ta he safl ojl expartel ira` tbe Cafl Maost. ]fove motmbers rksgel leotb kj tbe eiiart ta mopture tbekr vkmtk`s7 saècafl `kjers rksgel move-kjs kj tbe sboffaw `kjes luc kjta tbe craujl7 kjterkar trolers rksgel gkljoppkjc ojl fass aitbekr caals ta tbkeves ar eje`kes ej raute ta tbe maostof tawjs. Jaje ai tbese lojcers iomel Ef`kjojs. @ojyEf`kjojs praiktel ira` tbe jew emaja`km appartujktkes ovokfohfe ta tbe` os o resuft ai tbe tawj's stotus os ojejtrepat. ]aè hejeiktel ira` hekjc `kllfeèj hetweej kjterkar trolers ojl Eurapeoj huyers. Atbers cokjel ira`suppfykjc caals ojl servkmes ta tbe vorkaus huskjessèj ojl tbekr retkjues, Ogoj ar Eurapeoj, vksktkjc ar fkvkjc kj

Ef`kjo. Oàjc tbese, iksberèj usel tbekr ujkque sgkff, gjawfelce ai tbe suri, ta iufikff tbe jeel iar trojspartotkajojl ma`ùjkmotkaj aj tbe seo7 atbers, sumb os tbe iorèrs, expojlel pralumtkaj kj arler ta èet tbe iaal jeels aitbe vksktars ar mostfe resklejts. Jew e`pfayèjt appartujktkes ofsa apejel iar tbase wkffkjc ta warg iar Sest KjlkoMa`pojy persajjef. \be Ef`kjo stote bol o strajc `kfktory mopohkfkty ojl wos ohfe ta òkjtokj kts kjlepejlejmetbraucbaut tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury. Hemouse kt wos ohfe ta leieot tbe crawkjc Iojte stote, Ef`kjo reòkjel iree aiIojte pafktkmof la`kjojme ar beceàjy. Bawever, Ef`kjojs were jat occresskve. Kj tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, tbe ajfyammoskajs aj wbkmb Ef`kjoj traaps wejt heyajl tbekr harlers were os èrmejorkes iar tbe Lutmb ta olvojme SestKjlko Ma`pojy pafkmy aj tbe Cafl Maost. Ef`kjo caverjèjt feolers, tbereiare, oppeor jever ta bove otte`ptel ta

hukfl o terrktarkof pawer hose ta mboffejce ar rkvof Iojte pawer. Os o resuft, tbaucb tbe Ef kjojs were ohfe ta ikcbttbe Iojte ta o stojlstkff, tbey lkl jat trojsfote tbks kjta pafktkmof cokjs oàjc Ef`kjo's jekcbhars, ojl tbekrkjlepejlejme ojl `kfktory prawess were ai ja ovokf ta atber craups aj tbe sautberj Cafl Maost. Jat ujtkf fote kj tbeekcbteejtb mejtury lkl Ef`kjo feolers òge leiejskve ocreeèjts wktb jeorhy stotes. Bawever, hy tbe eorfy port aitbe jkjeteejtb mejtury, Ef`kjojs were suiikmkejtfy ksafotel ocokj, sa tbot jaje ai tbekr jekcbhars moè ta tbekrosskstojme wbej tbe tawj wos ottomgel hy tbe Iojte kj ?2>;, hemouse off were ektber deofaus ar ieoriuf ai tbe Ef`kjo-Osojte majjemtkaj. Estrojceèjt ira` ber jekcbhars wos tbe prkme pokl iar o mfase refotkajsbkp wktb Osojte. âkjtsai majtomt hetweej tbe Ef`kjojs ojl tbe Lutmb were ot off fevefs ojl oàjc lkiierejt samkof craups. Lutmb aiikmkofs

prkòrkfy kjteromtel wktb tbe Ef`kjo feolers ojl weoftby è hers ai tbe ma`- ùjkty. Atber è`hers ai tbeMa`pojy estohfksbèjt bol hraoler leofkjcs wktb tbe papufome, kjmfulkjc tbe òrget waèj, iksberèj, ojl

haotèj.

@ojy Eurapeojs, kj ollktkaj, bol sexuof refotkajsbkps wktb Ef`kjo waèj, wbkmb òy bove kjmreosel kjteromtkajwktb Ef`kjojs ot off fevefs ai tbe samkaemaja`km smofe lue ta tbe strejctb ai Oirkmoj extejlel io`kfy tkes. O iewMa`pojy e`pfayees fkvel kj tbe tawj, oftbaucb tbekr klejtktkes ore jat gjawj, ojl taworl tbe ejl ai tbe mejtury,bkcb aiikmkofs bol resklejmes omrass tbe Hejyo Xkver hefaw ]t. Doca Bkff. Eurapeojs fkvkjc kj tbe Ef`kjo ma`ùjktyjat ajfy kjmreosel majtomts hetweej tbe twa craups, hut ofsa offawel tbe Ef`kjojs ta see ospemts ai. Eurapeoj fkie,

portkmuforfy oterkof passesskajs sumb os iurjkture ojl utejskfs awjel hy kjlkvkluofs. ]aè Oirkmojs ofsa kjberktelkte`s ira` tbekr Eurapeoj iotbers ar tbekr e`pfayers, ojl weoftbker kjlkvkluofs maufl purmbose tbe persajof eiiemts

ai lemeosel Eurapeojs wbkmb were safl ot oumtkaj hy tbe Ma`pojy. Kj ollktkaj, saè, perbops àst, ai tbeMa`pojy persajjef were ejcocel kj prkvote trolkjc. Caals were gept kj tawj hy tbese peapfe, ojl kt ks passkhfetbot tbey bol trolkjc ocreeèjts (portjer- sbkps1) wktb Ef`kjojs. Dust os kj atber ejmfove-ejtrepats, o `kxel-hfaal,Oira-Eurapeoj papufotkaj crew up kj Ef`kjo os o hy-pralumt ai tbe Eurapeoj presejme. \be Sest Kjlko Ma`pojybkrel very iew ai tbe èj ira` tbks craup ujtkf oiter tbe `kllfe ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, ojl evej tbej àst mauflajfy warg os paarfy pokl saflkers. Yery iew ùfottaes were ever bkrel os aiikmkofs ar trolers. Ajfy kj tbe foteekcbteejtb mejtury lkl o creoter lecree ai klejtkikmotkaj ojl sefi-majsmkausjess levefap oàjc Ef`kjo's ufottaes7tbks bol k`partojt majsequejmes iar tbe` kj tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury. \be Eurapeojs servkjc tbe Sest Kjlko Ma`pojywere oj kjtecrof port ai tbe ma`ùjkty, hut tbe Lutmb lkl jat k`pase tbekr pawer ojl majtraf aver tbe tawj ojl kts

peapfe os tbey lkl ot Hotovko ar tbe ârtucuese lkl kj Cao.

-

\be Mbrkstejel @ufotresses4


êrjkffe Kpsej

Majsmkausfy ar jat, tbaucb, tbe Gbherc io`kfy wos portkmkpotkjc kj o mufturof pralumtkaj ai bkerormbkes ailkiierejme tbraucb tbekr lokfy promtkmes, wbkmb bol oj k`pomt jat ajfy aj tbe famof warfl ai Asu hut ofsa


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àre kjlkremtfy aj tbe forcer Otfojtkm warfl. @ast k`èlkotefy, tbey befpel tkcbtej tbe fkjg hetweej sfovery ojlhfomgjess hy mfok`kjc tbekr paweriuf pasktkaj kj tbe Otfojtkms romkofkzel samkof bkerormby. \bot ks, tbey portkmkpotel

kj tbe pralumtkaj ai o àlerj èojkjc ai rome. \bks pralumtkaj, ai maurse, boppejel kj òjy oreos ai tbe Otfojtkmwarfl, wbere Eurapeoj bkerormbkes ai lkiierejme were jecatkotel ojl repralumel kj o `yrkol ai woys.

@ufotresse Feje - ar Feje Gbherc, os sbe ks ofsa moffel kj tbe Lojksb saurmes - crew up ojl fkvel kj o samkofwarfl mreotel hy tbe Otfojtkm sfove trole.? Ber joè succests tbot sbe wos o loucbter ai sfove trolers - oCo waòj ojl o Lojksb òj - ojl kj tbe ?39>s sbe wos mossoret (òrrkel) ta Lojksb kjterk` caverjar ojl sfovetroler Irojtz Daombk` Gbherc. ]be fkvel kj o Eurapeoj-styfe staje bause kj Asu (taloy o jekcbharbaal kjOmmro) aj tbe Cafl Maost, ojl sbe wos hatb romkoffy ojl mufturoffy Eura-Oirkmoj. \be mafar ai ber sgkj ojl ber joèofaje waufl bove òle kt mfeor ta everyaje wba èt ber tbot sbe wos refotel ta Eurapeojs, hut ber mfatbes wauflofsa bove òrgel ber lkiierejme, ojl sbe òy evej bove warj fkttfe heffs ojl arjoèjtof geys ta sbaw ber berktoceojl majjemtkajs. Eurapeoj trovef wrkters lesmrkhel baw Eura-Oirkmoj waèj aj tbe Cafl Maost wba ware sumbfkttfe heffs dkjcfel sa ùmb tbot tbey maufl he beorl ot o creot lkstojme. \braucb tbekr Eura-Oirkmoj berktoce ojlòrrkoces ta Eurapeoj èj, Eura-Oirkmoj waèj sumb os Feje Gbherc ammupkel o portkmufor ojl k`partojt

pasktkaj os kjterèlkorkes kj tbe Sest Oirkmoj sfove trole.

Sbej ber Lojksb bushojl lkel, sbe gept fkvkjc kj ber bause kj Asu, fejlkjc aut àjey ta iart e`pfayees ojlstarkjc caals aj tbekr hebofi.= ]be òy bove reòrrkel ar mabohktotel wktb atber Eurapeoj èj. ]aè waèj kjAsu were òrrkel ta o summesskaj ai Eurapeojs, ojl ot feost aje Lojksb òj stoyel kj Gbhercs bause4 wbejOsskstojt Ejcefborlt Groèr lkel kj ?33? ot Olo Falce, be bol o hrawj hureou majtokjkjc lkiierejt mfatbes, o

sòff tawef, ojl o by`jhaag kj Gbhercs bausekj Asu, hut tbe saurmes la jat reveof tbe joture ai tbekrrefotkajsbkp.

Gbherc ojl ber famof bkstary ai Co-Lojksb io`kfkes kj Asu kffustrote tbe woys kj wbkmb Eura-Oirkmoj waèj aj tbeSest Oirkmoj maost hejeiktel ira` òrrykjc Eurapeoj sfove trolers, ojl baw tbey maufl use tbese òrrkoces taexpojl tbekr raa` ta òjeuver kj maostof samkety.Hy òrrykjc Eurapeoj èj, mbrkstejkjc tbekr mbkflrej, ojl sejlkjc tbe` ta tbe mburmb smbaaf ot tbe Lojksb iart,Iart Mbrkstkojsharc, Eura-Oirkmoj waèj mfokèl o portkmuforfy paweriuf pasktkaj kj tbe romkofkzel samkofbkerormby ai tbe Otfojtkm sfove trole, ojl os tbey mfokèl tbese kjterèlkory pasktkajs tbey befpel repralume tbkssoè romkof bkerormby, wbkmb waufl fk`kt tbe ireela` ai sa òjy atber peapfe kj tbe Otfojtkm warfl. [et Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes were jat dust togkjc olvojtoce ai tbekr kjterèlkory pasktkaj ta wklej tbekr appartujktkes7 tbey were

ofsa reomtkjc ta fkie kj o vkafejt ojl stressiuf sfove-trolkjc ejvkrajèjt. Ot tbe bekcbt ai tbe sfove trole kj tbesemajl bofi ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, Oirkmojs portkmkpotkjc kj tbe sfove trole - evej efkte Eura-Oirkmojs sumb osGbherc ojl ber lesmejlojts - were ujler pressure ta pratemt tbe`sefves ojl tbekr io`kfkes ira` hekjc safl omrasstbe Otfojtkm. Ar, os ^kerre Haurlkeu bos lesmrkhel o sk`kfor kjteromtkaj hetweej kjlkvkluofs ojl strumtures kj o verylkiierejt majtext, kjlkvkluof mufturof ocejts respajlel ta tbe kjvktotkajs ar tbreots ai o warfl wbase èojkjc tbey

bove befpel ta pralume.

\be samkof warfl ai Cafl Maost trolkjc ma`ùjktkes wos iujloèjtoffy sbopel hy tbe sfove trole. \be Co kj Asu,fkge atber etbjkm craups aj tbe maost (tbe Iojte, iar exo`pfe) bol e`kcrotel ta tbe maost kj tbe sevejteejtb mejturyspemkikmoffy ta òge o fkvkjc os trolers, ikrst kj cafl ojl tbej, ira` tbe heckjjkjc ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury,

prkòrkfy kj sfoves, hetweej kjfojl Ogoj-speogkjc craups (Ogwoù, Ogye`, ojl Osojte) ojl Eurapeojs aj tbemaost. Co trolers hraucbt Eurapeoj ma`àlktkes kjfojl, wbere tbey exmbojcel tbe` iar cafl ojl ejsfovel peapfewba` tbey hraucbt homg ta tbe maost ta seff ta Eurapeojs. Os kjterèlkory trolers, tbe Co fkvel kj tbe `kllfe ai tbe

vkafejme ojl kjstohkfkty mreotel hy tbe sfove trole. ]fovery vkrtuoffy ofwoys boppejel tbraucb vkafejme, ojl àstaitej tbraucb woriore ojl ejsfoveèjt ai prksajers, ojl lespkte perkals ai refotkve mof` tbe Cafl Maost wos oreckaj kj turàkf, suiierkjc ira` majifkmts hetweej Ogoj stotes, wktbkj tbese stotes, ojl oàjc ar wktb Eurapeojma`petktars kj tbe sfove trole. \be àre kjfojl wors, tbe àre sfoves - ar, os Irejmb trovef wrkter Deoj Horhat jatelkj tbe fote sevejteejtb mejtury, tbere were very iew sfoves iar sofe aj tbe Cafl Maost kj peometkè.


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\be experkejme ai Gbherc ojl ber io`kfy sbaws baw efkte Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes wba were praiktkjc ira` tbe sfovetrole jecatkotel tbks lojceraus samkof mfkòte. Gbhercs io`kfy wos extroarlkjorkfy weff majjemtel ojl paweriuf.

Hemouse sbe ojl ber io`kfy were omtkve trolers wba aitej bol leofkjcs wktb Eurapeojs, sbe ks èjtkajel àre aitejkj tbe saurmes tboj àst waèj wba fkvel kj Asu lurkjc tbe sfove trole. ]be represejts o sòff craup ai efkteio`kfkes aj tbe Cafl Maost. \be lkstkjmtkvejess ai tbese Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes hemoè portkmuforfy mfeor kj tbe fostlemole ai tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury. Kj ?3;8, wbej Mbrkstkoj YKK prajaujmel tbot tbe sfove trole waufl he ohafksbel kj

tej yeors ojl tbe Lojksb sfove trole wos apejel ta off iarekcj Jotkajs, wktbaut exmeptkaj ta ejsure o force suppfyai sfoves ta Sest Kjlkoj pfojters heiare ohafktkaj, o craup ai prkvote Lojksb èrmbojts settfel kj Asu wktb tbekrEura-Oirkmoj wkves ojl mbkflrej. Ot tbe apejkjc ai tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury kt wos uj`kstogohfe tbot tbese ojl o iewatber Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes kj Asu were praiktkjc ira` tbe sfove trole, os lkl atber `kxel-rome trolkjc io`kfkes kjEf`kjo ojl Mope Maost, wbere tbe Lutmb ojl tbe Ejcfksb bol tbekr beolquorters, os weff os efsewbere kj SestOirkmo ojl kj òjy atber oreos ai tbe warfl wbere Eurapeojs settfel ta trole.

\be bkstary ai mufturof repralumtkaj kj kjterromkof io`kfkes kj trolkjc pasts autskle lkremt Eurapeoj mafajkof kjifuejmebos heej fkttfe lksmussel kj tbe crawkjc fkteroture ohaut cejler ojl mafajkofks`. Bkstarkojs bove fajcremacjkzel tbot kjterromkof io`kfkes oraujl tbe warfl were mejtrof kj tbe jecatkotkajs ai rome ojl cejler, hut kj tbkssmbaforsbkp mafajkofks` bos àst aitej heej tkel ta mafajkes, mafajkof kjstktutkajs, ar ot feost mafajkof o`hktkajs,ojl fess ottejtkaj bos heej pokl ta baw Eurapeoj romkof bkerormbkes oiiemtel kjterromkof òrrkoce kj jajmafajkoftrolkjc pasts. ]tulkes ai kjterromkof orrkoce kj trolkjc ejmaujters, wbere Eurapeoj èj orrkel kjta kjlkcejausio`kfkes ta olvojme tbekr trolkjc jetwargs ar sk`pfy ta survkve, bove iamusel aj baw kjlkcejaus bkerormbkes aicejler ojl rome set tbe ter`s iar kjterromkof io`kfy fkie, feovkjc tbe òrrkoces saèbaw letombel ira` tbeforcer mafajkof majtext ai Eurapeoj expojskaj.

Kj tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, Gbhercs bause ojl tbe bause wbere ber loucbter Ojjo Horhoro fkvel wktb ber Lojksbbushojl, moffel Horhoro Bause, waufl bove heej bkcbfy jatkmeohfe kj tbe fkttfe ma`ùjkty. O maupfe ai k`partojt

Co-Lojksb io`kfkes fkge Gbhercs kj tbe jkjeteejtb mejtury were tbe io`kfkes fkvkjc kj o lweffkjc gjawj os\ruefsejs Bause - wbkmb Lojksb sfove troler B. M. \ruefsej bol hukft kj tbe eorfy jkjeteejtb mejtury - ojl kj tbebause tbot Dasepb Sufii bol hukft iar bk`sefi ojl bks wkie, ]oro @of`, kj tbe ?2=>s (see Ikcure KKK).

\be Mbrkstejel @ufotresses4


êrjkffe Kpsej

Sktbaut pressure ira` ojy mafajkof kjstktutkajs, Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes kj Asu portkmkpotel kj oj ajcakjccejerotkajof mufturof jecatkotkaj, wbkmb taag pfome wktbkj ojl kj respajse ta tbe Otfojtkm warfl, wbere, ot tbe bekcbtai tbe sfove trole, tbe hofojme ai pawer hetweej Eurapeojs ojl Oirkmojs wos hema`kjc kjmreoskjcfy ujequof.Eurapeoj mufturof òrgers ojl bkerormbkes were cokjkjc pawer, ògkjc tbe` ottromtkve ojl useiuf iar Oirkmojs taskcjof prkvkfece ojl tbekr lkstkjmtkaj ira` ejsfoveohfe Oirkmojs.

Kj Asus Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes, tbe repralumtkaj ai Eurapeoj romkof lkiierejme boppejel aver cejerotkajs kj tbelevefapèjt ai o ifukl ojl byhrkl Co-Lojksb mufture tbot wos spemkikmoffy oloptel ta tbe Otfojtkm sfove trole.\be papufotkaj ai Eura-Oirkmoj io`kfkes kj Asu wos taa sòff ta iar` o lkstkjmt samkof mfoss os tbey lkl kj Auklobiortber lawj tbe maost ojl kj atber oreos. Kj ?322, iar exo`pfe, Ojlreos Xkecefsej Hkrj estkòtel tbot Asumaufl ùster twa bujlrel èj ta wbkmb sbaufl he ollel tbe ùfottas ojl tbe wbktes wkves.?8 [et Eura -Oirkmojio`kfkes kj Asu bol ejaucb mufturoffy spemkikm trokts ojl promtkmes ta bove heej vkewel os lkiierejt ira` atberOirkmojs. Lojksb ojl atber Eurapeoj saurmes òge lkstkjmtkajs hetweej Eura-Oirkmojs (ùfottas) ojl atber

Oirkmojs, ojl reier ta tbe Eurapeoj mfatbes, joès, ojl mufturof promtkmes tbot befpel òrg tbot lkiierejme.?= Asuojl Iart Mbrkstkojsharc levefapel ojl expojlel tacetber lurkjc tbe sfove trole, ojl òrrkoces hetweej Co waèjojl Lojksb èj were mrumkof kj tbe trolkjc ma`ùjkty (Ikcure KK). Sbej tbe Lojes settfel kj Asu kj tbe fotesevejteejtb mejtury ojl òle Mbrkstkojsharc tbe Lojksb Sest Kjlko ojl Cukjeo Ma`pojy beolquorters, tbey

hemoè tbe ast ma`àj trolkjc portjers iar tbe Co fkvkjc kj Asu, ojl os tbe Lojksb presejme ojl tbe sfove troleexpojlel lurkjc tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury, sa lkl hatb tbe Lojksb iart ojl tbe Co tawj. Asus Co papufotkaj ojl tbe


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Lojksb iart e`pfayees kjteromtel kj ju eraus woys. Ot tbe ejl ai tbe wargloy, kj hreogs, ojl aj loys aii,e`pfayees ira` tbe iart irequejtel Asu, ojl os tbe ekcbteejtb mejtury pracressel oj ever-crawkjc ju`herai peapfe ira` Asu were tbe`sefves e`pfayel ot tbe iart os ùfotta saflkers ojl os iart sfoves. Kj tbe eorfy

yeors, hatb Eura-Oirkmoj saflkers ojl iart sfoves fkvel ot tbe iart, hut os tbekr ju`hers crew, tbey stortel fkvkjc kjAsu. Eurapeojs ojl Oirkmojs trolel wktb eomb atber ojl iarèl irkejlsbkps, ojl, k`partojtfy, Eurapeoj èjòrrkel kjta Oirkmoj io`kfkes.

Kjleel, kj tbe eorfy jkjeteejtb mejtury Mbopfokj B. M. @ajrol succestel tbot mbrkstejel Eura-Oirkmoj waèj kjAsu were ireer ta omt os tbey pfeosel, spemkikmoffy hemouse tbey were òrrkel ta Eurapeoj èj4 Ira` tbe àèjt o

Jecress ks òrrkel sbe ks ber bushojls praperty, ojl be moj, aj craujls ai oluftery ar atber mrkès, seff, gkff, ar`kstreot ber wktb k`pujkty. Bawever, tbks ks jat tbe mose wktb tbe WMbrkstejel @ufotressesP wba` tbe Eurapeojsmosorre. \bese waèj, taa, òrry, os ks tbe musta`, kj tbe Jecra òjjer, hut skjme tbey mojjat eoskfy he hraucbt taommaujt iar tbekr refotkajsbkps, ojl, ot feost, mojjat he borsbfy pujksbel iar tbekr exmesses, tbey kjlufce tbe`sefvescreotfy.

Kj tbe oumtkaj ai tbe estote ai Osskstojt Mbrkstkoj Dojssej, wba lkel ot Mbrkstkojsharc kj ?338, iar kjstojme, Mbrkstkoj^rattejs wklaw, Xehemmo ^rattej, turjel aver saè marofs ojl o fkttfe skfg tbot sbe bol heej suppasel ta seff iar tbe

jaw-lemeosel Dojssej. Kjterestkjcfy, ommarlkjc ta tbe haag ira` tbe oumtkaj, tbe skfg ojl tbe marofs were haucbt hyatber waèj, ojl tbot ks jat tbe ajfy reierejme ta waèj huykjc tbkjcs ot oumtkajs. Kj ojatber oumtkaj severof Eura-Oirkmoj waèj - oàjc tbe` @s. Fkjegej]ari, @s. Skgstrojl, @s. ]lrkjc, ojl @s. Jkssej - haucbt mfatb,mfatbes, ojl atber caals, wbkmb succests tbot Eura-Oirkmoj waèj were omtkvefy trolkjc aj tbekr awj jat ajfy kjAsu hut ofsa ot tbe Lojksb iart.

Ot Mbrkstkojsharc, wbere tbese Eura-Oirkmoj waèj were trolkjc ot oumtkajs, peapfe ai Eurapeoj berktoce wereoutaòtkmoffy pfomel bkcber kj tbe samkof bkerormby tboj atber Oirkmojs ojl Eurapeoj ar Eura-Oirkmoj ojmestry mauflexe`pt aje ira` sfovery. \be expojlel raa` iar òjeuver tbot Eura-Oirkmoj waèj cokjel ira` òrrykjc Lojksbèj wos tbereiare jat ajfy ohaut trolkjc appartujktkes ojl kjlepejlejme7 kt wos ofsa ohaut ommess ta Lojksbe`pfayèjt ojl elumotkaj - ta o bkcber pfome kj tbe samkof bkerormby ot tbe iart. \be mfeor lkstkjmtkajs hetweej Eura-Oirkmojs ojl atber Oirkmojs òle hy tbe Lojksb ma`pojy ojl tbe iart mbopfokjs pfoyel oj k`partojt rafe kjstrumturkjc appartujktkes ojl exmfuskajs kj tbks trolkjc ma`ùjkty. K`partojtfy, tbese lkstkjmtkajs marrefotel wktblkstkjmtkajs hetweej iree ojl ejsfovel.

Gjawfelce ojl experkejme ior àre tboj mafar set tbe Otfojtkm mreafes oport ira` tbe Oirkmojs wba hraucbt sfovesira` tbe kjterkar ojl tbe Eurapeojs wba morrkel tbe` omrass tbe Otfojtkm, aj aje bojl, ojl tbe bopfess èj ojlwaèj aj wbase ma`àlkmotkaj tbe sfove trole restel, aj tbe atber. @okjtokjkjc o semure pfome kj sumb o vafotkfe

samkof arler wos jat eosy. \be mreafes cejkus iar kjtermufturof jecatkotkaj wos jat sk`pfy o set ai sgkffs, o tomtkm iarsurvkvof, ar oj ottrkhute tbot eèrcel os oj Oirkmojks` kj tbe Jew Sarfl. Xotber, kt wos mejtrof ta o woy ai fkie

tbot trojsmejlel portkmufor vejues.

Fkge atber peapfe kj tbe `kllfe, Otfojtkm mreafes pratel ira` tbekr stroteckm pasktkaj. Ma`petktkaj hetweej ojl

oàjc tbe Oirkmojs ojl Eurapeoj trolers hafsterel tbekr stamg, kjmreosel tbekr pafktkmof feveroce, ojl ejohfel tbe`ta efevote tbekr samkof stojlkjc wbkfe iasterkjc safklorkty. Mreafes ohkfkty ta jl o pfome iar tbe`sefves kj tbekjterstkmes ai Oirkmoj ojl Eurapeoj trole crew ropklfy lurkjc perkals ai kjtejse ma`petktkaj oàjc tbe ârtucuese,Lutmb, Lojes, ]weles, Irejmb, ojl Ejcfksb ojl oj equoffy lkverse set ai Oirkmoj jotkajofs.

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Ira` Mreafe ta Oirkmoj4 Otfojtkm Mreafes ojl tbe Arkckjs ai

Oirkmoj-Oèrkmoj ]amkety kj @okjfojl Jartb Oèrkmo

Kro Herfkj

Ot tbe soè tkè ojl hy tbe soè tagej, tbe Otfojtkm mreafes fk`kjofkty, portkmuforfy tbekr fomg ai klejtkty wktb ojy

aje craup, pasel juèraus lojcers. Sbkfe tbekr `kllfkjc pasktkaj òle tbe` vofuohfe ta Oirkmoj ojl Eurapeoj

trolers, kt ofsa òle tbe` vufjerohfe4 tbey maufl he astromkzel, smopecaotel, ojl aj ammoskaj ejsfovel. @okjtokjkjctbekr kjlepejlejme o`kl tbe sbkitkjc offkojmes hetweej ojl oàjc Eurapeojs ojl Oirkmojs wos ofwoys lkimuft.kjevktohfy, saè iokfel. Leht, mrkè, k`àrtofkty, ar aimkof lksiovar maufl èoj ejsfoveèjt - ki jat iar creot èjfkge Dojtke ]ejkees, Mfoessej, Gohes, ar Gajjy - ot feost iar tbase aj tbe irkjces ai tbe mreafe ma`ùjkty. ^fomel kjmoptkvkty, Otfojtkm mreafes `kcbt he exkfel ojywbere oraujl tbe Otfojtkm-ta tbe kjterkar ai Oirkmo, tbe ksfojls ofajctbe maost, tbe Eurapeoj ètrapafes, ar tbe pfojtotkajs ai tbe Jew Sarfl. Kj tbe sevejteejtb mejtury ojl tbe eorfy

port ai tbe ekcbteejtb, àst sfoves expartel ira` Oirkmo wejt ta tbe sucor pfojtotkajs ai Hrozkf ojl tbe Ojtkffes.Ejsfovel Otfojtkm mreafes `kcbt he sbkppel ta êrjo`huma, Horholas, ar @ortkjkque. \rojspartkjc tbe` ta tbeexpojlkjc mejters ai Jew Sarfl stopfe pralumtkaj pasel lojcers, bawever, wbkmb Oèrkmoj pfojters weffujlerstaal. \be mboromterkstkms tbot lkstkjcuksbel Otfojtkm mreafes - tbekr fkjcukstkm lexterkty, mufturof pfostkmkty, ojlsamkof ockfkty - were premksefy tbase quofktkes tbot tbe creot pfojters ai tbe Jew Sarfl lkslokjel ojl ieorel.

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Oirkmojs ojl Eurapeojs kj Sest Oirkmo4


Borvey @. Iekjherc

\be remarl laes jat sbaw tbot o iaròf trkof wos ever befl. Os tkè possel, tbe Ef`kjo feolers stressel ta tbelkremtar cejerof tbot \eggk bol hemaè o èjome ta tbe ma`ùjkty ojl tbot tbere maufl he ja peome kj tbe tawjwbkfe be reòkjel o port ai kt. \bey e`pbotkmoffy kjskstel ta ^rojcer tbot \eggk he hojksbel ira` tbe Cafl Maostojl sejt ta Oèrkmo, tbreotejkjc, ki sumb were jat laje, ta evomuote Ef`kjo ojl lesert tbe Lutmb. ^rojcer iaujl tbetawjspeapfe ta he qukte e`hktterel ojl ujlerstaal tbot tbe feolers bol majmfulel tbot tbey waufl jever "he ohfe tafkve wktb sumb o lksturher ai tbe cejerof peome." ]kjme \eggk seeèl cukfty, ojl tbe Ef`kjojs were ujykeflkjc,^rojcer majmfulel tbot kt wos ai tbe "creotest jemesskty" ta sejl \eggk owoy rotber tboj rksg iurtber lkiikmuftkes.Majsequejtfy, \eggk wos lepartel ta ]urkjo` aj Duje 8 aujmes ai caflkj arler ta semure bks (\eggk's) refeose. \eggk lemforel tbot be pokl, aj ommaujt, ekcbt sfoves ojl iarty-aje aujmes aicafl, hut tbot be wos lepartel jevertbefess. ]urkjo` aiikmkofs sejt tbks lemforotkaj ta tbe lkremtars ai tbe Ma`pojykj O`sterlo`, wbkmb tbey revkewel tbe iaffawkjc Amtaher. \be lkremtars oppravel ai tbks òtter hekjc hraucbt tatbekr ottejtkaj, ojl rema`èjlel tbot ujtkf o lemkskaj wos reombel, \eggk wos ta he treotel moreiuffy, hut gept ujlersurvekffojme ta prevejt bk` ira` feovkjc ]urkjo` surreptktkausfy aj o sbkp haujl iar tbe Jetberfojls ar SestOirkmo. \be fost pakjt succests tbot \eggk bol heej sejt ta ]urkjo` àre ar fess os o pafktkmof prksajer. Kt ks


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kjterestkjc ta jate tbot o ètbal exkstel wktbkj tbe Sest Kjlko Ma`pojy syste` ta offaw iar tbe type ai oppeof òlehy \eggk. \be oppeof, bawever, wos uftkòtefy redemtel. Kj ollktkaj, tbe lkremtars oppravel ai tbe omtkajs ai^rojcer, ojl tbase ai bks summessar, Ojtbajy voj Averhege, tbe jecatkotar ai tbe ?3=5 settfeèjt ai tbe vorkausmfok`s òle hy Iojte refotkves ai \eggk. \eggk jever refejtel. Dust aver tej yeors oiter be wos lepartel, be returjelta Ef`kjo. Be wos stkff vkewel os o lojceraus persaj, ojl tbe Lutmb were jervaus ot tbe jews ai bks orrkvof. AjLeme`her 8?, ?3, wbej oj ejsfovel waòj joèl Oguo, wba wargel os o iart sfove ot Mbrkstkojsharc, cove hkrtbta o mbkfl wba wos jatkmeohfy Eura-Oirkmoj, tbe presklkjc mbopfokj wrate ta tbe iart ol`kjkstrotkaj ta osg wbot ta lawktb tbe mbkfl. Kt wos jat mfeor wba tbe iotber wos hut, ommarlkjc ta tbe mbopfokj, Oguos saj maufl jat he ejs fovel

hemouse be wos tbe saj ai o Eurapeoj oj. Kjsteol tbe mbopfokj requestel tbot tbe hay he kjmfulel kj tbe Mbrkstkojmajcrecotkaj ojl ejraffel kj tbe iart smbaaf, ojl bks request wos crojtel hy tbe ma`pojy, wbkmb majmfulel, tbe

sokl ùfotta hay mbkfl, tbaucb be ks harj hy o sfove, wkff he iree ira` hekjc o ma`pojy sfove, skjme be, wba ks oùfotta ojl majsequejtfy sbaufl he kjmarparotel kj tbe Mbrkstkoj majcrecotkaj, mojjat he arlerel ta he o sfove.

\be mbkfls Eurapeoj berktoce ofaje cove bk` ommess ta o bkcber pfome kj tbe samkof bkerormby tboj bks ejsfovelOirkmoj atber.

Lojksb use ai romkof lkstkjmtkajs hetweej iree ojl ejsfovel ks storgfy expressel kj tbe Lojksb promtkme ai reierrkjc tamertokj Oirkmojs os iree hfomgs ar iree jecraes. Ki iree èojt jat ejsfovel, tbej everyhaly aj tbe maost wba

lkl jat bove tbe stotus ai o sfove wos iree. Sby, tbej, waufl kt he jemessory iar tbe Lojes ta lrow ottejtkaj ta tbeiomt tbot mertokj Oirkmojs were jat ejsfovel1 ^resuòhfy, ektber tbe Lojes ot Mbrkstkojsharc bol olaptel tbepromtkme ai reierrkjc ta Oirkmojs wba were jat ejsfovel os iree lkremtfy ira` tbe pfojtotkaj mafajkes kj Oèrkmo -perbops spemkikmoffy ira` tbe Lojksb Sest Kjlkes - ar tbey `kcbt bove hraucbt kt wktb tbe` ira` baè. Kj tbemaffemtkve paaf ai gjawfelce kj tbe averseos trolkjc mkrmfes kj Mapejbocej, sfove trolers, pfojters, ojlol`kjkstrotars maufl eoskfy sbore experkejmes ojl expemtotkajs. \rolers ojl mafajksts aitej moè ira` tbe soèio`kfkes ojl irequejtel tbe soè wkje hors7 tbey bol òjy appartujktkes ta feorj ira` eomb atber. Bawever tbe

promtkme e ercel, kt succests tbot, kj tbe eyes ai tbe Lojes, off Oirkmojs were patejtkoffy ejsfoveohfe, wbereos kt wosreòrgohfe wbej Oirkmojs were iree. Kt ofsa succests tbot kj Asu, Lojksb èj bol o ùmb eosker tkè remacjkzkjcEura-Oirkmojs os iree, os patejtkof wkves, gkj, ojl trolkjc portjers, ki tbey bol Eurapeoj berktoce - ojl presejteltbe`sefves os Eura-Oirkmoj.

Eura-Oirkmoj ojmestry ofsa cove o òj ommess ta e`pfayèjt os o saflker ot tbe iart. \be Lojksb trolkjc ma`pojykjstoffel o systeòtkm, romkoffy lkiierejtkotel bkrkjc promtkme ojl lkvkskaj ai fohar ot tbe iart4 tbey ajfy bkrel Eura-Oirkmoj èj, ojl jat atber Oirkmojs, os saflkers. Ot tbe soè tkè, tbey lkl jat use Eura-Oirkmojs os iart sfoves. [etEura-Oirkmoj èj rojgel fawer tboj wbktes4 tbe ma`pojy pokl Eura-Oirkmoj saflkers fess tboj Eurapeoj saflkers.Kjlkremt

Atlantic Negroes; Cosmopolitan Gold Coast

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