Socialization  Chapter  6  Prof.  Jayson  Mutya  Barlan  

What  is  socialization?  0 A  process  of  social  interaction  through  which  a  child  learns  the  intellectual,  physical,  and  social  skills  he  or  she  needs  to  function    as  a  member  of  society.  

0 A  process  of  mutual  inCluence  between  a  person  and  his  fellowmen  that  results  in  an  acceptance  of,  and  adaptation  to,  the  patterns  of  social  behavior.  (Fichter)  

A  person  becomes  social  when  he  learns  to  get  along  with  other  

people.  

Descriptions  of  socialization  

Subjective  socialization  

Objective  socialization  

Functions  of  socialization  0 To  develop  the  skills  and  disciplines  which  are  needed  by  the  individual  

0 To  instill  the  aspirations  and  values  and  the  design  for  living  which  the  particular  society  possesses  

0 To  teach  the  social  roles  which  individuals  must  enact  in  society  

Importance  of  socialization  

Vital  to  culture  

Vital  to  personality  

Vital  to  sex  role  differentiation  

Social  experiences  

Social  frame  

Vantage  points  

Fichter’s  analysis  of  experience  as  social  frame  of  reference  

Common  to  all  human  beings  

Unique  to  each  person  

SpeciCic  to  a  particular  culture  and  society  

Simple  learning  versus    Social  learning  

The  difference  between  simple  learning  and  social  learning  is  not  in  who  learns,  or  in  how  he  learns,  but  in  WHAT  HE  LEARNS.  

The  learning  process  • Biological  impulse,  subconscious  wish  or  conscious  desire  –  to  acquire  certain  satisfactions  drive  

•  Idea,  object,  or  situation  to  which  the  person  is  drawn  cue  

•  Interaction  between  the  learner  and  the  thing  learned  response  

• Object  or  event  which  strengthens  the  responses  of  the  individual  in  striving  to  learn  Reward  

Sub-­‐processes    of  the  social  learning  

imitation   suggestion   competition  

Essential  pre-­‐requisites  of  social  learning  

contact   communication  

How  is  men  different  from  animals?  

The  ability  of  men  to  manipulate  symbols  

SYMBOL  is  anything  that  is  used  to  represent  something  else.  

Components  of  socialization  

goals   motivation  

contexts   norms  

Types  of  social  interaction  0 FOCUSED  INTERACTION  0 When  two  or  more  individuals  agree  to  sustain  an  interaction  with  one  or  more  particular  goals  in  mind.  

 Types  of  focused  interaction  1.  Exchange  2.  Cooperation  3.  ConClict  4.  Coercion  5.  Competition    

1.  Exchange  0 People  do  something  for  each  other  with  the  expressed  purpose  of  receiving  a  reward  or  return  

2.  Cooperation  0 People  act  together  to  promote  common  interests  or  achieve  shared  goals  

Four  Types  of  Cooperation  (Robert  A.  Nisbet)  1.  Spontaneous  –  natural  form  of  cooperation  2.  Traditional  –  tied  to  custom  and  passed  3.  Directed  –  under  the  control  of  people  in  authority  4.  Contractual  –  planned  cooperation  on  the  basis  of  

agreement  or  formal  contract  

3.  ConClict  0 People  struggle  with  one  another  for  some  commonly  prized  object  or  value.  

0 It  arises  when  people  or  groups  have  incompatible  values  or  when  the  rewards  or  resources  available  to  a  society  or  its  members  are  limited.  

4.  Coercion  0 A  form  of  conClict  that  can  occur  when  one  of  the  parties  is  much  stronger  than  the  other.  

0 The  process  of  coercion  rests  on  force.    

5.  Competition  0 It  is  a  form  of  conClict  in  which  individuals  or  groups  conCine  their  conClict  within  agreed  upon  rules.  

Types  of  social  interaction  0 UNFOCUSED  INTERACTION  0 When  people  happen  to  be  in  each  other’s  presence.  

0 Example:  two  people  (unknown  to  each  other)  waiting  in  a  place  while  noticing  each  other’s  clothing  or  behavior  then  any  or  both  of  them  adjust  their  own  behavior  

Dynamics  of  Socialization  Three  theoretical  perspectives  have  contributed  to  the  understanding  of  the  process  of  socialization.    1.  Functionalism  2.  Symbolic  Interaction  3.  ConClict  Theory  

1.  Functionalism  0 The  approach  is  from  the  perspective  of  the  group.  

0 The  object  of  socialization  is  to  pass  on  the  cultural  patterns  of  a  given  society  or  group  so  that  new  members  can  function  effectively  within  it.  

0 Through  socialization,  people  develop  themselves  that  is  reClective  of  the  society  in  which  they  live.  

2.  Symbolic  interaction  0 People  employ  symbols  to  convey  meanings  to  one  another.  

0 People  attributes  meanings  to  other  people  and  to  themselves.  (Looking-­‐glass-­‐self  theory  of  Charles  Horton  Cooley)  0 Presentation  0  IdentiCication  0  Subjective  Interpretation  

Looking-­‐glass-­‐self  theory  We  start  by  imagining  the  way  we  appear  to  others  (presentation  of  the  self)  then  we  identify  with  how  we  imagine  others  judge  our  appearance,  and  we  interpret  those  judgments  for  our  own  self  image.  

Self-­‐awareness    (George  Horton  Mead  

The  self  is  composed  of  two  parts:  1.  Active,  spontaneous,  idiosyncratic  self  (“I”)  2.  Social  self  (“me”)  

“I”  (subjective)  is  the  product  of  individual  distinctiveness  while  the  “me”  (objective)  is  the  product  of  socialization.  

3.  ConClict  theory    0 Social  customs  and  institutions  are  arranged  to  perpetuate  class  distinctions  

0 Karl  Marx  theory  of  social  classes  (capitalists  and  workers)  

0 Sigmund  Freud’s  social  and  biological  conAlict  –  conClict  that  arises  between  society    and  biological  drives  of  sex  and  aggression.  

Psychoanalysis  According  to  Freud,  “we  begin  as  amoral,  egocentric,  aggressive,  pleasure-­‐seeking  infants”.    “Id”  –  irrational  drive  and  instincts    “Ego”  –  rational  part  of  the  self    “Superego”  –  our  conscience      

Agencies  of  Socialization  1.  Family  2.  Peer  groups  3.  Media  4.  School  5.  Workplace  6.  Church  7.  Neighborhood