ATINER's Conference Paper Series ENV2013-0670 · 2015. 9. 29. · ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES...

ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: ENV2013-0670

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Athens Institute for Education and Research

ATINER

ATINER's Conference Paper Series

ENV2013-0670

Zygmunt Kowalski

Professor, Dean of Chemical Engineering Faculty

Institute of Chemistry and Inorganic Technology

Cracow University of Technology

Poland

Józef Hoffmann

Professor

Processing of the Pig Manure into Solid

Multi-Component Mineral-Organic

Fertilizers


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Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral

Fertilizers

Wrocław University of Technology

Poland

Krystyna Hoffmann

Assistant Professor

Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral

Fertilizers


Poland

Agnieszka Makara

Assistant Professor



Poland


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ISSN 2241-2891

31/10/2013


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Dr. Gregory T. Papanikos

President



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This paper should be cited as follows:

Kowalski, Z., Hoffmann, J., Makara, A. and Hoffmann, K. (2013)

"Processing of the Pig Manure into Solid Multi-Component Mineral-

Organic Fertilizers" Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No:

ENV2013-0670.


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Processing of the Pig Manure into Solid Multi-Component

Mineral-Organic Fertilizers

Zygmunt Kowalski

Professor, Dean of Chemical Engineering Faculty



Poland

Józef Hoffmann

Professor

Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers


Poland

Krystyna Hoffmann

Assistant Professor

Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers


Poland

Agnieszka Makara

Assistant Professor



Poland

Abstract

Problems with storage and management of manure from pig farming on

the one hand and possibility to use the manure as a renewable source of

fertilizer components on the other hand encourage seeking new effective

methods of manure management. For reduction of odour emission and costs of

storage and transportation as well as for proper preparation of the manure for

further treatment, the material has to be separated into solid and liquid

fractions. We worked out the new method providing treatment of pig manure

by filtration.

Further processing of the after filtration sediment into mineral-organic

fertilizers was the second stage of our research. In the sediment used for

production of solid fertilizers moisture content and chemical composition were

determined. Moreover, elementary analyses of P, Ca, Mg, S, K, N, C and H


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contents in the sediment were carried out. Due to utilization of sediments as

fertilizers the tests determined content of available for animal’s phosphates. In

the after filtration sediments concentration of available nitrogen compounds,

potassium, calcium, microelements and heavy metals were determined too.

The compositions of different type of fertilizers with use as main

component of the after filtration sediments with proper microelements were

proposed for such type cultivation as corn, crops, potatoes, beets, rape, root

crops, leys and pastures and universal type phosphate fertilizer.

Keywords:

Acknowledgements: This study has been carried out in the framework of the

Development Project No.14-0003-10/2010 granted by the National Centre for

Research and Development

Corresponding Author:


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Introduction

Considering the seasonal character of its use and huge amount of pig

manure the substantial problem with the pig manure management is the

development of a method for quick and efficient separation of manure slurry.

Membrane filtration may be an effective method for separation of the pig

manure into solid and liquid phase. In comparison to the original pig manure

composition (Bary et al., 2000; Konieczny et al., 2011; Pieters et al., 1999) the

application of filtration membranes allowed obtaining a significant decrease in

nitrogen & phosphor compounds concentration, and COD in obtained

permeate. However, filtration methods are mostly applied for this purpose

(Sneath et al., 1988; Wolter et al., 2004; Zhang & Westerman, 1997).

Fertilizer properties of the pig manure were checked on acid and neutral

soils. Influence of manures on corn cultivation was tested. It was noted that the

manures occurred to be useful as sources for nutrients. Except that, the

manures had a beneficial impact on soil properties including increase of pH,

organic carbon content and digestible forms of phosphor and nitrogen

compounds. However, the mass of obtained crops was higher when applying

standard NPK fertilizers. After all, the application of the manures has a positive

impact on soil microbiologic activity and secondary processes related to

biochemical changes (Adeniyan et al., 2011; Mohan Kumar et al., 2011;

Sánchez & González, 2005).

This study shows the results and suggested procedures for the management

of after filtration sediments which develop as a result of the application of the

filtration method for separation of the pig manure (Kowalski et al., 2012). The

method allows applying processes such as pH control by phosphoric and

sulphurous acids, precipitation by whitewash and by addition of double

superphosphate and subsequent heating. Processing of the pig manure allows

obtaining filtrate and after filtration sediment separated by filtration. The

sediment was a raw material for the tests on production of mineral-organic

fertilizers for agriculture. The pig manure sample were taken from one of

Polish pig farms (Kowalski et al., 2012; Polish patent application, 2012). The

analyses were based on the samples drawn each time in the same way and at

the same place. Solid samples constituted the foundation for mineral-organic

fertilizers with properties and composition selected appropriately to the type of

cultivation in Poland. The selection of recipes was also based on potential

physical and chemical properties of after filtration sediment.

Research Methodology

The present research utilized the pig manure taken between June 2011 and

May 2012 from a piggery located near the town of Piła, Poland that produces

piglets intended for fattening in other pig farms as well as sows for renewing

the flock. The average monthly livestock statistics as to the type of animals

were as follows: 1101 sows, 64 gilts, 2536 sucking piglets, 140 weaned piglets,


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200 shoats, 160 porkers, in total 4201. Pig manure samples were taken from

drain pipe carrying slurry from a piggery to a lagoon. Sampling was carried out

each time using the same system and source of sample (Regulation, 2003). In

the sample taken, the content of nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand,

chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and dry mass was

determined according to proper polish standards. Moreover, microbiological

tests were performed on the analysed slurry to identify the bacilli of genus

Salmonella and live eggs of parasites (PN-EN ISO 6579:2003).

The samples of after filtration sediments were prepared according to our

new pig manure treatment and filtration process. Each time prior to the

commencement of mineralization process, the manure was thoroughly stirred,

and then the phosphoric and sulphuric acids were added to the manure for

obtaining pH value of ~5.5 and 3.0, respectively. After treatment with acids,

the slurry was treated with 10% solution of lime milk for obtaining a pH value

of ~8.5, then super phosphate in amount of 10% of the initial manure weight

was added, and the mixture was second time neutralized with the use of lime

milk. The resulting slurry was heated for ~55 minutes, cooled down to ~75°C,

and filtered in the pressure filter (Kowalski et al. 2012; Polish patent

application, 2012). As a result of filtration, light straw colour filtrate and

sediment were obtained. The advantage of worked out technology is the

method of incorporation in organic phase of the manure of 20-60% of

crystalline phase. These resulted in high filtration rate with used pressure filters

over 1000L/m2/h and good quality of filtrate.

For laboratory tests, the pressure filter of volumetric capacity of 2000 mL

manufactured by Sartorius was used. For Kjeldahl's method of nitrogen (PN-

EN 25663:2001) determination in the manure and in the filtrate, DK6

mineralizer and equipment for distillation with steam, both manufactured by

VELP, were used. Phosphorus content was determined with Nano colour

UV/VIS spectrophotometer manufactured by Macherey-Nagel. For

mineralization of samples for determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD), M-9 mineralizer manufactured by WSL was used (PN-ISO

6060:2006). Content of macroelements (Ca, Mg, S, Al), heavy metals (As, Pb,

Cd, Cr, Ni) and microelements (Cu, Zn, Mo, Fe, Mn) were determined using

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-AE) spectrometer of

OPTIMA 7300 DV type manufactured by Perkin Elmer. Potassium and

calcium was determined with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS),

using an OPTIMA 7300 DV apparatus by Perkin Elmer. Content of mercury

were determined with method of atomic absorption spectrometry using

mercury analyser AMA-254 ALTEC with autosampler. The contents of C, H

and N were determined with use of Perkin Elmer's PE 2400 analyser.

Phase composition of the sediments was made with use of Bruker AXS D8

Advance diffractometer, scope of angle: 2Θ/Θ, Goebl mirror in the primary

beam, detector with dispersion of the X-radiation energy SOL-XE. In the

samples with semi-quantitative analytical method the content of phases were

determined using Rietveld method and semi-quantitative analysis software


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package RayfleX Autoquan version 2.6 – commercial and modified version of

the software package BGMN.

Chemical analyses of the fertilizers included determination of (Regulation,

2003):

Total content of phosphoric compounds by extraction of phosphor

from the fertilizer using the mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids;

Content of phosphoric compounds soluble in formic acid by

determination of extracted phosphor soluble in 2% formic acid;

Content of phosphoric compounds soluble in citric acid by

determination of extracted phosphor soluble in 2% nitric acid;

Content of phosphoric compounds soluble in ammonium citrate

by determination of extracted phosphor soluble in ammonium

citrate at 65°C (pH = 7).

Determination of pH, organic content, organic carbon, nitrogen, and

potassium was done using a method for compost testing (Regulation, 2003).

TKN, for researches on fertilizers, was determined applying a method for

reduction of nitrates to ammonia in acid environment in the presence of

powdered chromium and distilling off ammonia from alkaline solution (PN-Z-

15011-3:2001). The methods designed for composts (Regulation, 2003), which

are substances with huge amount of organic compounds, and methods for water

quality testing (PN 93/C-87085) were also applied. The content of TKN up to

10 mg in analytic sample may be determined.

Ammonia nitrogen was determined using distillation method with final

acid-base titration in accordance with standard (PN-75/C-04576/15). Dry

mineralization excluding flux was applied for testing of the pig manure. The

mineralization was carried out according to (Regulation, 2003). K2O analyse

was carried out by flame atomic absorption photometry in accordance with the

standard (PN-ISO 9964-2:1994). The determination of calcium content (after

sample mineralization) was made according to (Regulation, 2003).

Test Results and Discussion

Analyses of all the batches of pig manure have been juxtaposed in Table 1.

Table 2 shows the analysis of chemical composition of the after filtration

sediments used for production of solid fertilizers. Table 3 includes phase

composition of sediments. The content of available forms of phosphorus in the

after filtration sediments was tested on account of the use of sediment as

fertilizer (Table 4). Table 5 shows the content of nitrogen and potassium

fertilizers in filtration residue. Table 6 shows the content of lime fertilizers.

Table 7 shows the test results of the content of lime in filtration residue. The

content of minor elements in filtration residue is shown in Table 8. The

statistical assessment of the content of major and minor elements (including

heavy metals) in fertilizers was carried out in order to determine mean value of


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the content of nutrients in filtration residue which was selected for the

determination of the content of fertilizers formed on its basis. The test results

are shown in Table 8.

Table 1. The results of pig manure tests

Determined

parameter

Pig manure symbol

GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7

N (mg/dm3) 7972 2956 3960 9180 6310 4315 4125

BOD (mg/dm3) 41400 2620 12240 18800 38200 9400 38800

COD (mg/dm3) 98300 8760 36880 60900 112800 23650 103350

P (mg/dm3) 1810 224 784 1770 1590 795 1290

K* (%) 6.92 11.8 6.8 2.84 2.84 2.56 1.81

Ca* (%) 2.3 2.32 3.86 2.35 2.69 3.94 2.9

Dry mass (%) 9.48 1.0 1.7 8.0 8.24 3.9 4.83

Salmonella

group bacilli

(amount/L)

not

detected

not

detected

not

detected

not

detected

not

detected

not

detected

not

detected

Parasite eggs

(amount/L) absent absent absent absent absent absent absent

*content expressed as dry mass

Table 2. Results of after filtration sediment analyses (% of dry mass)

Determined

element

Batch symbol


N 1.225 1.18 0.925 1.61 1.78 1.365 1.14

C 19.68 21.49 23.42 19.00 18.36 18.32 22.55

K 0.29 0.21 0.19 0.39 0.52 0.31 0.34

Mg 0.52 0.54 0.50 0.59 0.51 0.55 0.56

P 8.05 10.05 10.96 8.75 7.74 8.34 9.27

S 1.50 1.53 1.57 1.89 2.47 1.65 1.93

C 13.255 13.56 10.775 15.81 16.875 18.7 14.32

H 2.3 2.325 2.05 2.75 2.44 2.67 2.61

Table 3. Phase composition of the after filtration sediment

Phase content

(%)

Batch symbol


Amorphous phase 42.4 ±

2.8

44.5±

1.5

28.1±

3.3

53.7±

2.2

47.6±

2.5

50.8±

1.1

31.0±

5.7

Ca5(PO4)3(OH) 38.1±

1.2

38.20±

0.67

46.6±

1.5

22.5±

1.3

33.0±

1.2

30.01±

0.56

61.7±

1.1

CaSO4·2H2O 2.38±

0.44

2.30±

0.23

2.72±

0.51

2.52±

0.28

4.89±

0.35

3.79±

0.18 -

SiO2 0.246±

0.043

0.337±

0.024

0.539±

0.058

0.838±

0.048 - - -

CaHPO4

3.06±

0.44

5.89±

0.30

8.71±

0.66

3.31±

0.33

2.41±

0.28

2.67±

0.17

7.28±

0.66

CaSO4·0.5H2O 1.18±

0.21

1.43±

0.12

1.26±

0.21

0.76±

0.13 - - -

CaPO3(OH)·2H2O 1.11±

0.25

0.60±

0.14

0.66±

0.29

0.92±

0.18 - - -

Ca18Mg2H2(PO4)14 11.47±

0.64

6.75±

0.31

11.4±

0.1

15.41±

0.68

12.02±

0.68

12.73±

0.32 -


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Table 4. The content of various forms of the soluble phosphorus in the after

filtration sediments

Form of the soluble P –

average

(% of P2O5 in dry mass)

Batch symbol


P soluble in the mixture of

mineral acids HNO3:H2SO4 13.92 13.54 18.32 11.50 9.98 8.37 10.33

P soluble in 2% citric acid 4.77 5.20 5.71 4.73 4.52 4.20 5.43

P soluble in 2% formic acid 6.46 6.30 6.37 5.57 5.45 4.94 6.29

P soluble in neutral

ammonium citrate solution 3.21 3.26 3.43 2.34 1.52 3.17 3.92

P soluble in water 0.77 0.35 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.31 0.61

Table 5. The content of nitrogen and potassium in the after filtration sediments

Batch symbol Sample number Content (% of mass)

Ntotal Nammonia K2O

GW1

1 0.50 0.21 0.16

2 0.40 0.21 0.18

3 0.45 0.20 0.17

average 0.45 0.21 0.17

GW2

1 0.42 0.22 0.14

2 0.54 0.22 0.15

3 0.56 0.21 0.12

average 0.51 0.22 0.14

GW3

1 0.50 0.21 0.16

2 0.40 0.21 0.18

3 0.45 0.20 0.17

average 0.45 0.21 0.17

GW5

1 0.21 0.26 0.21

2 0.24 0.23 0.20

3 0.24 0.27 0.21

average 0.23 0.25 0.21

GW6

1 0.21 0.26 0.21

2 0.24 0.23 0.2

3 0.24 0.27 0.21

average 0.23 0.25 0.21

GW7

1 0.30 0.18 0.17

2 0.35 0.19 0.15

3 0.30 0.20 0.19

average 0.32 0.19 0.17


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Table 6. The content of calcium in the after filtration sediments

Batch

symbol Sample number

Content (% of mass)

Catotal*

CaOtotal*

Catotal**

CaOtotal**

GW1

1 14.89 20.84 14.26 19.96

2 15.01 21.02 15.32 21.45

3 14.92 20.89 14.72 20.61

average 14.94 20.92 14.77 20.67

GW2

1 6.85 9.59 6.87 9.62

2 6.98 9.77 6.98 9.77

3 6.58 9.22 6.91 9.68

average 6.80 9.52 6.92 9.69

GW3

1 12.65 17.71 12.37 17.31

2 11.90 16.66 12.31 17.24

3 12.52 17.52 12.47 17.46

average 12.35 17.30 12.38 17.34

GW5

1 8.18 11.46 7.85 10.99

2 7.85 10.99 7.89 11.05

3 7.45 10.43 7.92 11.08

average 7.83 10.96 7.88 11.04

GW6

1 11.77 16.48 11.57 16.20

2 11.57 16.20 11.50 16.11

3 12.24 17.14 11.62 16.26

average 11.86 16.60 11.56 16.19

GW7

1 12.24 17.13 11.03 15.44

2 11.90 16.67 11.18 15.65

3 11.64 16.29 11.13 15.59

average 11.93 16.70 11.11 15.56 * Manganometric determination of extracted calcium following precipitation in the form of

oxalate ** Determination of magnesium by complexometry

Table 7. Content of microelements and heavy metals in the after filtration

sediments

Batch symbol GW1 GW2 GW3 GW5 GW6

Element Content of element (mg/L), (result ± uncertainty for k=2)

As 5.5±0.8 4.5±0.7 7.0±1.0 5.6±0.8 3.6±0.5

B 26±4 23±3 22±3 28±4 24±4

Cd 2.6±0.4 2.6±0.4 3.4±0.5 2.0±0.3 1.7±0.2

Cr 50±8 52±8 71±11 36±6 32±5

Cu 32±5 42±6 37±6 22±3 24±4

Fe 884±133 892±134 980±450 742±111 880±132

Hg 0.020±0.003 0.018±0.003 0.027±0.004 0.015±0.002 0.016±0.002

K 1650±330 1130±230 1170±230 1670±250 1940±390

Mn 86±13 97±14 80±12 77±12 65±10

Mo 0.77±0.12 0.89±0.13 0.95±0.14 0.76±0.12 0.50±0.08

Ni 4.6±0.7 3.5±0.5 4.4±0.7 3.2±0.5 3.1±0.5

Pb 1.4±0.3 1.1±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.0±0.2 1.70±0.2

S 7730±1550 8240±1650 9820±1550 8040±1610 10500±2100

Zn 186±28 216±32 218±33 155±23 130±20


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Table 8. The statistical analysis of the content of fertilizer components in

filtration residue

Determination Unit Determination of the residue Mean

value

SD

GW1 GW2 GW3 GW5 GW6 GW7

Ntotal % of mass 0.45 0.51 0.45 0.23 0.23 0.32 0.37 0.12

Nammonia % of mass 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.024

P2O5 soluble in

HNO3:H2SO4

% of mass 13.92 13.54 18,32 9.98 8.37 10.33 12.41 3.61`

P2O5 soluble in

2% citric acid

% of mass 4.77 5.20 5.71 4.52 4.20 5.43 4.97 0.57

P2O5 soluble in

2% formic acid

% of mass 6.46 6.30 6.37 5.45 4.94 6.29 5.97 0.63

P2O5 soluble in

ammonium

citrate

% of mass 3.21 3.26 3.43 1.52 3.17 3.92 3.09 0.81

P2O5 soluble in

water

% of mass 0.77 0.35 0.50 0.54 0.31 0.61 0.51 0.17

K2O % of mass 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.027

CaO % of mass 20.8 9.61 16.13 11.0 16.4 17.32 15.21 4.17

B mg/kg 26 23 22 28 24 no 25 2.4

Cu mg/kg 32 42 37 22 24 no 31 8.5

Fe mg/kg 884 892 980 742 880 no 876 85

Mn mg/kg 86 97 80 77 65 no 81 12

Mo mg/kg 0.77 0.89 0.95 0.76 0.50 no 0.77 0.17

Zn mg/kg 186 216 218 155 130 no 181 38

As mg/kg 5.5 4.5 7.0 5.6 3.6 no 5.2 1.3

Cd mg/kg 2.6 2.6 3.4 2.0 1.7 no 2.5 0.65

Hg mg/kg 0.02 0.018 0.027 0.015 0.016 no 0.019 0.0048

Pb mg/kg 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.7 no 1.4 0.33

The content of the filtration residue is approximately similar to the content

of single superphosphate. Basing on the tests, phosphor included in the residue

(approx. 12.4%) is mainly non-soluble in water. The content of calcium in the

sediment (approx. 15.2%) is also high. The content of outstanding major and

minor elements shall be supplemented with mineral additives. The content of

heavy metals is within limits determined by the standard for fertilizers

(Regulation, 2003).

Solid mineral-organic fertilizers based on processed pig manure residue

were tested with special attention to demand for fertilizing domesticated plants

(Czuba & Mazur, 1988; Finck, 1982; Katyal & Randhawa, 1983): corn,

cereals, potatoes, beets, rape, leguminous plants, and grasslands.

Corn is mainly cultivated for silage or grains. Its demand for fertilizers is

above-average. Satisfactory harvest includes 120 kg of nitrogen, 90 kg of P2O5,

130 kg of potassium, approx. 40 kg of calcium, and 30 kg of magnesium per

hectare, with significant amount of essential minor elements including zinc,

copper, manganese and iron.

Demand of crops for fertilizers depends on richness of soils, organic

matter mineralization and remains of forecrop. The dosages of nitrogen


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fertilizers are as follows [kg N/ha]: 55-145 for winter and spring wheat, 65-155

for triticale, 70-130 for rye, 35-105 for spring barley, 45-95 for oat. All cereals,

excluding rye, are sensitive for nitrogen and phosphor deficiency in soils

demanding a significant dosage of both elements. Depending on crops to be

expected and the content of available fertilizer in soils, it is necessary to

fertilize fields with 25-80 kg/ha of P2O5 and 40-125 kg/ha of K2O. Wheat,

triticale and barley show huge sensitivity to acid reaction of soils. Their growth

after liming is significant. Magnesium influence is particularly effective on

light soils. Recommended dose for magnesium lime or magnesite

deacidification should be within 120-160 kg/h of MgO. 20-40 kg/ha of MgO is

applied to available magnesium supplement fertilization. In case of major

elements, crops positively respond to zinc, copper and manganese fertilization.

Mineral fertilization of potatoes is closely dependent on harvest purpose.

Seed-potatoes demand rich fertilization with phosphor and potassium

(N:P2O5:K2O=1:1.2:1.6), however 40 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilization is applied.

Edible potatoes are obtained from soils fertilized with average high nitrogen &

potassium content and rich phosphor & magnesium content (N:P2O5:K2O=

1:1.6:1.8) with 80-100 kg/ha of nitrogen dose. Fodder potatoes demand rich

fertilization with nitrogen and potassium (N:P2O5:K2O=1:1.5:2) for 120 kg/ha

of nitrogen dose. Magnesium used on potato farms plays a significant role in

carbohydrates synthesis and takes part in energy-related management of the

plants. Demand of potatoes for major elements is huge. Particularly, they are

sensitive for deficiency in available zinc, boron and manganese.

Sugar beet takes huge amounts of fertilizer components. It is confirmed

that nitrogen dosages of up to 160 kg N per hectare have a positive impact on

this plant. An amount of phosphoric fertilizers for beets equals to 80-130 kg of

P2O5 per hectare. It is beneficial to apply a major dose of phosphor in autumn

for ploughing as it creates favourable conditions for growth of roots when

surface phosphor is not available. Sugar beets demand huge amounts of

sodium. For this reason, it is advantageous to apply 40 or 50 grade potassium

salts, which contain NaCl additive, or potassium derivatives such as kainite.

Sugar beets positively respond to liming applied with parallel magnesium

supply. In case of major elements, sugar beets are sensitive to deficiency of

boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum and zinc.

Rape highly requires nitrogen, phosphor, calcium, magnesium, sulphur,

boron, copper, manganese and zinc fertilization. It is advantageous to divide

fertilization into autumn dose, up to 40 kg/ha and spring dose, 100-160 kg N

per hectare. Phosphor fertilization is efficient with 60-120 kg of P2O5 per

hectare and 80-180 kg/ha of potassium. Rape growth is efficient with nitrogen

dosage of even 300 kg/ha, but it causes a decrease in agricultural and

physiological efficiency of such enormous nitrogen dosages. Considering high

sensitivity to acid reaction of soils, rape positively responds to lime and

magnesium fertilization. Requirement for major elements is in excess of 1,5-2

times more than in case of cereals. Boron, copper and manganese fertilization

is particularly important.


16

Considering leguminous plants, lupine, pea and broad bean are mainly

cultivated. Having in mind that these plants coexist with module bacteria

(Rhizobium), they do not require mineral nitrogen fertilization. It is assumed

that nitrogen fertilization up to 30 kg/ha is sufficient. Principally, nitrogen

fertilization helps plants decrease energy consumption (depletion of

carbohydrates for nitrogen bonding) and seems to be efficient. For example, in

case of broad bean growth in such conditions, efficiency of 80-90 kg/ha

nitrogen fertilization was confirmed. Leguminous plants are particularly

sensitive to phosphor and potassium deficiency and they respond with

significant growth when fertilized with mentioned elements. 40-45 kg of P2O5

per hectare and 110-120 kg of K2O per hectare should be applied on average

soils. These plants shall be cultivated on neutral-reaction or light-acid-reaction

soils. It is disadvantageous to cultivate the plants on soils directly after liming

(the most profitable is liming for forecrop or a year before cultivation). Yellow

lupine may be cultivated few years after liming. Leguminous plants are highly

sensitive to deficiency of molybdenum, boron and copper.

Meadow and pasture lichen respond extensively to nitrogen fertilization. A

dosage even up to 400 kg per hectare give rise to harvest, but agriculture

efficiency of dosages exceeding 240 kg/ha is unsatisfactorily. Greater dosages

of nitrogen cause changes in botanical composition of pasture. The distribution

of grass (cock's-foot, Yorkshire fog, rough-stalked meadow-grass) is then

increased while the distribution of legume and herbs decreases. Phosphor and

nitrogen fertilization has an impact on productivity of grasslands, composition

of pasture and the quality of green mass. Application of up to 60 kg of P2O5

and 150 kg of K2O on each type of soil is well-founded. Except that, bigger

dosages of phosphor fertilizers cause an increase in phosphor content and have

a positive impact on mineral composition of hay. For this reason, it is

advantageous not to decrease phosphor fertilization. Potassium overdose

causes excessive increase of the content of this element while magnesium

consumption becomes limited. Grasslands liming is less significant, but

magnesium fertilization is substantial on account of depletion of this element in

soils and deterioration in the amount and quality of harvests. It is advantageous

to apply magnesium sulphate or potassium and magnesium fertilizer up to 100

kg/ha each 2 or 3 years. Magnesium content in hay should not be lower than

0.25% of mass fraction of Mg in dry mass. An increase of interest in sodium

fertilization has been noted on account of nutritive value of grasslands

feedstuff. The content of sodium in grassland plants is limited to 0.15% of Na

in dry mass. Deficiency of this element has an impact on development of

tetany, losing appetite, licking disease, and anxiety in animals. Sodium

fertilization is more advantageous than application of mineral lick containing

this element as it improves tastiness of feedstuff and better eating up of plants.

High nitrogen fertilization causes increase in major elements consumption

from soils, especially of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe. Depending on the content of these

elements in soils, it is recommended to use them as fertilizers.


17

9 fertilizer recipes were named on the basis of filtration residue, test results

and analysis of types of cultivations & applications of fertilizers obtained from

these residues. They are specified in Table 9.

Table 9. The nominal characteristic of the content of nutrient components in

the worked out manure-based fertilizers

No. Purpose Component ratio

N:P2O5:K2O:MgO

Minor elements

(% of mass)

1. Corn cultivated for grains and

silage on all stations 1 : 0.8 : 1 : 0.4 Cu - 0.1; Zn - 0.2

2. Cereals cultivated on magnesium

low content soils 0.6 : 1 : 1 : 0.5 Cu - 0.1; Mn - 0.2; Zn - 0.1

3. Cereals cultivated on phosphor low

content soils 0.4 : 1 : 1 : 0.4 Cu - 0.1; Mn - 0.2; Zn - 0.2

4. Potatoes on all stations 0.8 : 1 : 1 : 0.3 B - 0.1; Mn - 0.2; Zn - 0.2

5. Beetroot on all stations 1 : 1 : 1 : 0.5 B - 0.2; Cu - 0.1; Mn - 0.2

6. Rape on all stations 1 : 1 : 1 : 0.4 B - 0.2; Cu - 0.2; Mn - 0.3

7. Leguminous plants on all stations 0.3 : 1 : 1 : 0.4 B - 0.2; Cu - 0.1; Mn - 0.2

8. Meadows and pastures 1.2 : 1 : 1 : 0.3 Cu - 0.1; Mn - 0.2; Zn - 0.1

9. All-purpose fertilizer for phosphor

and major elements hungry soils 0.5 : 1 : 1 : 0.2

B - 0.1; Cu - 0.1; Mn - 0.2

Mo - 0.01; Zn - 0.2

Conclusions

Considering quantitative factor for mineral fertilizer, the pig manure may

not be fully, directly and sensibly used in agriculture industry. Technologies

for processing it in a way enabling partly return of obtained purified waters for

farming purposes are tested.

Filtration residue, enriched in inorganic phosphoric compounds and other

nutrients for plants, which may be used to obtain solid multi-component

mineral-organic fertilizers, is formed during tests for processing of the pig

manure carried out with an application of mineral acids and fertilizing

components.

Applied procedures for purification of the pig manure had a significant

impact on chemical composition of filtration residue which contains vast

quantity of common inorganic phosphoric elements (average 12.4% of P) with

limited number of these elements in compounds soluble in neutral ammonium

citrate and water. The content of lime (average 15.2%) in residue is also high.

The content of outstanding major and minor elements shall be supplemented

with mineral additives. Heavy metals content falls within limits determined by

the European standard for fertilizers.

Basing on filtration residue from the pig manure purification process, a

group of mineral-organic fertilizers including minor elements, for fertilizing

corn, cereals, potatoes, beets, rape, root vegetables, meadows and pastures, and

all-purpose fertilizer were obtained.


18

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