ATHLETICS EVENTAthletics is an exclusive collection of sporting events that involve competitive Running, Jumping, Throwing, and Walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are Track and Field ,Road running ,Cross country running , and Race walking. The simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of Relay races and competitions which combine athletes' performances for a team score, such as cross country.

AIM AND OBJECTIVESAimTo provide the students with the opportunity to develop personally, socially and physically through participation in a variety of athletic activities in a safe and enjoyable environment.ObjectivesTo provide opportunities for participation in running, jumping and throwing activities in a variety of contexts.To enhance knowledge and understanding of athletic activities.To encourage personal goal setting and an understanding and appreciation of the concept of fair play through enjoyable participation in athletic activities.To develop a more advanced technique in specific activities.

TRACK EVENTA variety of Running events are held on the track which fall into three broad distance categories: Sprints, Middle-Distance, and Long-Distance track events. Relay races feature teams comprising four runners each, who must pass a Baton to their team-mate after a specified distance with the aim of being the first team to finish. Hurdling events and the Steeple chase are a variation upon the flat running theme in that athletes must clear obstacles on the track during the race.

TRACK EVENTS CATEGORY Sprints Middle-

distanceLong-distance

Hurdles Relays

60 m100 m200 m400 m

800 m1500 m3000 m

5000 m10,000 m

60 m hurdles 100 m hurdles 110 m hurdles 400 m hurdles3000 m steeplechase

4X100 m Relay4X400 m Relay

100 METERS SPRINTSThe 100 meters, or 100-meter dash, is a Sprint race in Trackevent competitions. On an outdoor 400metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. Runners begin in the starting block and the race begins when an official fires the starter’s pistol. The time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start. The 0.1-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time it takes to react to it.

Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50–60 m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m. Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100 m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique. The winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with his or her torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line. When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a Photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.

STARTING POSITION

On your marks Set Go

THE RULES The Athletes who miss their turn in an event are not allowed to make it up. An athlete who is late without a valid reason may be disqualified from the contest. Competitors must wear shorts and a jersey or skintight suit. Athletes may wear one shoe, two shoes or no shoes with the maximum of 11 cleats or nails on each shoe to provide better traction. Usually an athlete uses 5 to 6 cleats or nails in each spike.In any race only one foul start can be considered with yellow card and warning to all other athletes in the heat; afterwards if any of the athlete makes foul start then that athlete is disqualified. The start of a race shall be denoted by a white line 5cm wide. In allraces not run in lanes, the start line shall be curved, so that all theathletes start the same distance from the finish. Starting positions in events at all distances shall be numbered from left to right, facing thedirection of running.

Sprint events involve several series of qualifying heats. The 8 runners with the best time in the heats, run in the final. The lanes are assigned according to their best times obtained in the heats, with the fastest runners in the centre lanes. Lane Infringement (a) In all races run in lanes, each athlete shall keep within his allocated lane from start to finish. This shall also apply to any portion of a race run in lanes.(b) In race (or any part of race) not run in lanes, an athlete running on a bend, on the outer half of the track as per Rule shall not step or run on or inside the kerbed or line marking the applicable border (the inside of the track, the outer half of the track.An athlete, after voluntarily leaving the track, shall not be allowed to continue in the race.Two alternative methods of timekeeping shall be recognized as official: (a) Hand Timing;(b) Fully Automatic Timing obtained from a Photo Finish System;

SKILLS OF STARTING & FINISHINGSkills of crouch start(a) Bunch Start : In this start, the distance between two block is 8 to

10 inches and the rear block is approximately 20 inches away from the starting line. The athlete bends on a block in such a manner that the fingers from a bridge behind the starting line. When the ‘set position’ is ordered, hips are raised upwards. This position is unstable but very helpful to take a quick start.

(b) Medium Start : In this start, distance between two blocks is 12 to 18 inches and the distance between the first block and the starting line is 15 inches. The shoulders and the hips are almost at the same height.

(c) Elongated Start : In this start, the distance between the two block is between 20 to 28 inches. This start is good for athletes.

Starting technique : Set position : The runner concentrates deeply and holds his breath so that he can push his body forward at the time of start. A quick reaction time is required for a good race. Start : On start the runner lets out his breath and he moves his arms. The explosive action of legs propels his body forward at 45 degree angel until the back leg is fully extended. If a runner has to false starts, he is disqualified.Finishing technique : finishing the race is most important. Finish is considered when torso/chest region crosses the finishing line. The athletes mostly adopt the following methods to finish the race .(a)Run-through : In this type of finish, the athlete without

considering the finishing line, reaches the destination with full speed.

(b)Lunge : This action is done by the athlete when the finishing line is just one steps ahead. The athlete bends both arms backward and tries to touch the tape with his chest.

(c) Shoulder-shrug : in this kind of finish, one shoulder is moved forward while the other shoulder moved backward.

Run-through

Lunge

Shoulder shrug

The 4 × 100 meters relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 meters each. The first runners begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race. A relay baton is carried by each runner and must be passed within a 20 m changeover box (usually marked by yellow lines) which extends 10 m on either side of each 100 m mark of the race. Another line is marked 10 m further back, marking the earliest point at which the outgoing runner may begin (giving up to 10 m of acceleration before entering the passing zone).Transferring of the baton in this race is typically blind. The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when they enter the changeover box, or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal. The outgoing runner does not look backwards, and it is the responsibility of the incoming runner to thrust the baton into the outstretched hand, and not let go until the outgoing runner takes hold of it. Runners on the first and third legs typically run on the inside of the lane with the baton in their right hand, while runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for a lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level.

RELAY

It includes 4X100 m and 4X400 m races. In this, a team of four runners, runs one by one without stopping. They exchange the baton in specified area. They are also allowed to accelerate before the start of exchange zone. This area of accelerating speed is known as acceleration zone (10 m).Baton is exchanged in two ways (a)Visual method : It is used in 4X400 m Relay.(b)Non-visual method (upward or downward) it is used in 4X100 m

Relay.

RELAY RACES RULES Lines 5cm wide shall be drawn across the track to mark the distancesof the legs and to denote the scratch line.Each takeover zone shall be 20m long of which the scratch line is thecentre. The zones shall start and finish at the edges of the zone linesnearest the start line in the running direction. Check Marks: When all or the first portion of a Relay Race is beingrun in lanes, an athlete may place one check-mark on the track withinhis own lane, by using adhesive tape, maximum 5cmx40cm, of adistinctive colour which cannot be confused with other permanentmarkings. No other check-mark may be used. The relay baton shall be a smooth hollow tube, circular in section,made of wood, metal or any other rigid material in one piece, thelength of which shall be 280 to 300mm. The outside diameter shall be40mm (±2mm) and it shall not weigh less than 50g. It should becoloured so as to be easily visible during the race.

The baton shall be passed within the takeover zone. The passing ofthe baton commences when it is first touched by the receiving athleteand is completed the moment it is in the hand of only the receivingathlete. In relation to the takeover zone, it is only the position of thebaton which is decisive. Passing of the baton outside the takeoverzone shall result in disqualification.Athletes, before receiving and/or after handing over the baton, shouldkeep in their lanes or maintain position until the course is clear to avoid obstruction to other athletes. If an athlete willfully impedes a member ofanother team by running out of position or lane at the finish of his leg, his team shall be disqualified. Assistance by pushing or by any other method shall result in disqualification.In the 4x400m race, the athletes running the third and fourth legs shall,under the direction of a designated official, place themselves in theirwaiting position in the same order (inside to out) as the order of theirrespective team members as they enter the last bend. Once theincoming athletes have passed this point, the waiting athletes shallmaintain their order, and shall not exchange positions at the beginningof the takeover zone. If an athlete does not follow this Rule, his teamshall be disqualified.

FIELD EVENTThe field events come in two types – jumping and throwing competitions. In throwing events, athletes are measured by how far they hurl an implement, with the common events being the shot put, discus, javelin, and Hammer throw. There are four common jumping events: the Long jump  and Triple jump  are contests measuring the horizontal distance an athlete can jump, while the High jump and Pole vault  are decided on the height achieved. Combined events , which include the Decathlon  (typically competed by men) and Heptathlon  (typically competed by women), are competitions where athletes compete in a number of different track and field events, with each performance going toward a final points tally.

FIELD EVENTS

Jumping Throwing

Long jump Triple jump High jump Pole vault

Shot putDiscusHammerJavelin

LONG JUMPThe long jump (formerly commonly called the "broad jump") is a Field event in which athletes combine speed, strength, and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point. This event has been an Olympic medal event since the first modern Olympics in 1896 (a medal event for women since 1948) and has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games.

Each competitor makes three jumps in an order determined by a draw. Athletes have 1:30 min. to make each jump. The best 8 jumpers go for three more attempts for finals. The ranking is established according to there best jump. The valid jump is counted from the nearest imprint /mark towards scratch line. There are generally three techniques performed for long jump .[A] Sail : usually performed by untrained athlete. [B] Hang: Good athletes perform this by arc/curve of body during flight .[C] Hitch-kick /cyclic : Very good jumpers perform this. It seems as if they are doing cycling in the air.

SKILLS OF LONG JUMP Approach : The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The most important factor for the distance traveled by an object is its velocity at takeoff - both the speed and angle. Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less; therefore, it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump. The greater the speed at takeoff, the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be. The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event. The athlete accelerates his body is relaxed and he takes long strides.

The last two strides : The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible. The penultimate (second to last) stride is longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff.

Takeoff : The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control. This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Taking off from the board heel-first has a braking effect, which decreases velocity and strains the joints. Jumping off the toes decreases stability, putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper. While concentrating on foot placement, the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position, keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release.There are four main styles of takeoff: the kick style, double-arm style, sprint takeoff, and the power sprint or bounding takeoff.KickThe kick style takeoff is a style of takeoff where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit. This requires great strength in the hamstrings. This causes the jumper to jump to large distances.

Double-armThe double-arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse.

SprintThe sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff.

Power sprint or boundingThe power sprint takeoff, or bounding takeoff, is arguably one of the most effective styles. Very similar to the sprint style, the body resembles a sprinter in full stride. However, there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent position. This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff.

Action in the air and landing :There are three major flight techniques for the long jump: the hang, the sail, and the hitch-kick. Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take-off but is basically down to preference from the athlete. It is important to note that once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are travelling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit. However, it can be argued that certain techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can have an impact on distance measured. For example, if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured.Hang : The lead leg extended and driven backwards to join the trailing leg , both arms circling downwards, backwards and then forward in a clockwise direction , the hips pushed forwards to produce the hang in the air. Hitch Kick : The movements of athlete [ when he is in the air ] do not change his trajectory but keep him from tipping forward. The hitch kick of extension styles help him keep his balance and prepare for the best possible landing so that the jump is not unnecessarily shortened. Landing : The athlete throws his legs and arms forward to land as far as possible from the take –off board.

LONG JUMP PITThe runway for the long jump is 40m minimum and is measured from the beginning of the runway to the take-off line. The runway is 1.22m ± 0.01m and marked by white lines 5cm in width. The maximum lateral inclination of the runway is 1:100 and the overall inclination in the running direction is 1:1000.The take-off board is marked by a board sunk level with the runway and the surface of the landing area. The take-off board is white, rectangular, made of wood or other suitable rigid material and measures 1.22m ± 0.01m long, 20cm ± 2mm wide and 10cm deep.

RULES OF LONG JUMPAn athlete fails if:(a) He while taking off, touches the ground beyond the take-off line with any part of his body, whether running up without jumping or, in the act of jumping; or(b) He takes off from outside either end of the board, whether beyond or before the extension of the take-off line; or(c) He employs any form of somersaulting whilst running up or in the act of jumping; or(d) After taking off, but before his first contact with the landing area, he touches the runway or the ground outside the runway or outside the landing area; or(e) In the course of landing, he touches the ground outside the landing area closer to the take-off line than the nearest break made in the sand; or(f) When leaving the landing area, his first contact by foot with the ground outside the landing area is closer to the take-off line than the nearest break made in the sand on landing, including any break made on overbalancing on landing which is completelyinside the landing area but closer to the take-off line than the initial break made on landing.

SHOT PUTThe shot put is a field event involving "throwing"/"putting" (throwing in a pushing motion) a heavy spherical object —the shot—as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, women's competition began in 1948.In this a metallic ball is pushed from a throwing circle. The weight of the ball for the men is 7.26Kg and for women 4 Kg. Thought, it is a part of throwing events but it is actually a push as hand is not taken behind the shoulder. To qualify, competitors make 3 throws and the best 8 throwers make 3 more attempts. When there are 8 competitors or fewer, they are allowed to take 6 throws each. A white flag indicates that the throw is good, while a red flag means that it is a foul .

SHOT PUT FIELD AREA

RULES OF SHOT PUTThe following rules are adhered to for a legal throw

Upon calling the athlete's name, they have sixty seconds to commence the throwing motion.The athlete may not wear gloves IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers.The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, and keep it tight to the neck throughout the motion.The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand.The athlete may touch the inside surface of the circle or stop board, but must not touch the top or outside of the circle or stops board, or the ground beyond the circle. Limbs may however extend over the lines of the circle in the air.The shot must land in the legal sector (34.92°) of the throwing area.The athlete must leave the throwing circle from the back.

 Foul throws occur when an athleteDoes not pause within the circle before beginning the throwing motion.Does not begin the throwing movement within sixty seconds of having his or her name called.Allows the shot to drop below his shoulder or outside the vertical plane of his shoulder during the put.During the throwing motion, touches with any part of the body (including shoes): (a)the top or ends of the stop board(b)the top of the iron ring(c)anywhere outside the circle.Throws a shot which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a sector line on the initial impact.Leaves the circle before the shot has landed.Does not leave from the rear half of the circle.

SKILLS OF SHOT PUTTwo putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin. With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of approximately forty degrees.GlideThe origin of the glide dates to 1951, when Parry O ‘Brien  of the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot.With this technique, a right-hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle, and then kick to the front with the left leg, while pushing off forcefully with the right. As the thrower crosses the circle, the hips twist toward the front, the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight, followed by the shoulders, and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name "glide"

SpinIn 1972 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR  record using a new putting style, the spin ("круговой мах" in Russian), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev. The spin involves rotating like a Discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power. In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a world record of 22.00 m (72.18 ft) with his spin style, and was the first shot putter to cross the 22 meter mark.With this technique, a right-hand thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the middle of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.When the athlete executes the spin, the upper body is twisted hard to the right, so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel. This action builds up torque, and stretches the muscles, creating an involuntary elasticity in the muscles, providing extra power and momentum. When the athlete prepares to release, the left foot is firmly planted, causing the momentum and energy generated to be conserved, pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction.

Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high rotational speed, by swinging the right leg initially, then to bring all the limbs in tightly, similar to a figure skater bringing in their arms while spinning to increase their speed. Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released, transferring the energy into the shot put.UsageCurrently, most top male shot putters use the spin. However the glide remains popular, especially at the amateur level and among women, since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique. Almost all throwers start by using the glide.It is worth noting that the world record by a male putter of 23.120 m (75 ft 10.236 in) by Randy Barnes was completed with the spin technique, while the second-best all-time put of 23.063 m (75 ft 7.992 in) by Ulf Timmermann was completed with the glide technique.Measuring which technique can provide the most potential is difficult, as many of the best throws recorded with each technique have been completed by athletes under  doping suspicions, or with a record of drug violations. The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis, determined by the thrower's size and power. Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline.

DISCUS THROWThe discus throw ( pronunciation) is an event in field athletics competition, in which an athlete throws a heavy disc is called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than his or her competitors. The discus throw is a routine part of most modern track and field meets at all levels and is a sport which is particularly iconic of the Olympic Games. The men's competition has been a part of the modern Summer Olympic Games since the first Olympiad in 1896. The women's competition was added to the Olympic program in the 1928 games, although they had been competing at some national and regional levels previously.The discus, the object to be thrown, is a heavy lenticula r disc with a weight of 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) and diameter of 219–221 millimeters (8.6–8.7 in) for the men's event, and a weight of 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) and diameter of 180–182 millimeters (7.1–7.2 in) for the women's event.

To make a throw, the competitor starts in a circle of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) diameter, which is recessed in a concrete pad by 20 mm. The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. He then spins counter-clockwise (for right-handers) around one and a half times through the circle to build momentum, then releases his throw. The discus must land within a 34.92-degree sector. The rules of competition for discus are virtually identical to those of shot put, except that the circle is larger, a stop board is not used and there are no form rules concerning how the discus is to be thrown.The distance from the front edge of the circle to where the discus has landed is measured, and distances are rounded down to the nearest centimeter. The competitor's best throw from the allocated number of throws, typically three to six, is recorded, and the competitor who legally throws the discus the farthest is declared the winner. Ties are broken by determining which thrower has the longer second-best throw.

DISCUS THROW FIELD AREA

The basic motion is a forehanded sidearm movement. The discus is spun off the index finger or the middle finger of the throwing hand. In flight the disc spins clockwise when viewed from above for a right-handed thrower, and counter-clockwise for a lefty. As well as achieving maximum momentum in the discus on throwing, the discus' distance is also determined by the trajectory the thrower imparts, as well as the aerodynamic behavior of the discus. Generally, throws into a moderate headwind achieve the maximum distance. Also, a faster-spinning discus imparts greater gyroscopic stability. The technique of discus throwing is quite difficult to master and needs lots of experience to get right, thus most top throwers are 30 years old or more.

TECHNIQUE OF DISCUS THROW Gripping : The hand is placed flat on the discus. Fingers are slightly spread and the thumb is used for balance. During the throw, the speed of rotation keep the discus under the hand. Swing : In swinging, a rhythmic action is done. The athlete moves the discus back and forth in a movement that follows the arc of the rotation to come. His arms and shoulders are relaxed and he concentrates intensely.Spin : During one and a half turn rotation, the athletes body accumulates as much energy as possible. A right handed thrower pushes off his left leg powerfully, while his left arm acts as a counter weight along the axis of the shoulders. His feet leave the ground momentarily.Drive : Up to the last moment, the trunk and arms are behind the feet. The athlete maintains this complex balance during the movement, thrower spots a fixed visual reference.Release ; Using the right leg as a lever, the athlete quickly straightens his body. The discus is released in an explosive motion as the arm is whipped around.

Recourses The Text Book of PHYSICAL EDUCATION(C.B.S.E.) written by Sanjay Kundra and edited by Deepmala (Evergreen Publication india LTD.)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%C3%97100_m_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_puthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_throwhttp://www.dsr.wa.gov.au/athleticsthrowingeventdimensions

Presentation by Manish JoshiFor MYP-3

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