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Athletes' Development
Transcript of Athletes' Development
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ATHLETES DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, participants will be able:
1. To apply various practice techniques.
2. To apply appropriate feedback schedules.
3. Plan a practice session for young athletes.
INTRODUCTION
SKILL AC UISITION MULTILATERAL TRAINING
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FOUNDATIONS OF SKILL INSTRUCTION
Identify skills needed by young athlete.
Knows how to teach.
Athletes have different abilities and experience.
Design practice challenging and beneficial.
Emphasis on effective execution.
Quality of Teaching = quality of athletes performance.
Differences Between Learning and Performance
LEARNING PERFORMANCE
Relatively permanent change inperformance that occurs with practice
Act of skill execution
Not observable but inferred Observable and measurable
Results from practice Result from experience
ATHLETE Personal
ENVIRONMENTI
Stress of
Sensory-PerceptualDirection MakingTASK
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SKILL ACQUISITION
Focus on process
Consistently execute
- Technical
- Tactical
- Mental skill
Identify essentialthoughts, feeling
and behaviors
Individual Differences (Table 1.1, pg. 8; Sport Skill Instruction)
ABILITIES
l
Traits that are inherited and
relatively stable
l
Many types exist
l
Different abilities for differentpurposes
VS
CAPABILITIES
l
Modifiable with practice
l
Eg. Strength can be train
SKILLS ACROSS AGE
CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENCE ADULTHOOD
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Learning basic skills Acquiring newer skills andadapting skills to different
environments
Refinement andadaptation
REFINEMENT
STAGES OF LEARNING
APPROPRAITE
PRACTICE&F
EEDB
ACK Autonomous
- Nonconscious and effortless
- Able to devote their attention to other task-related info
- Tactical decision
Practice / Associative
- Refining general movement pattern
- Direct/ correct errors
- Adapt movements to meet demands of their sport
Verbal-cognitive
- Figuring out basic requirements
- A lot of questions
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CONTROL OF MOVEMENT SKILLS
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CLOSED LOOP
Feedback utilized for adjustments
on ongoing skill.
- Slow and continuous
movements
OPEN LOOP
Feedback only can be used for
next task.
- Fast and ballistic
movements
SPEED ACCURACY
Emphasis on speed of execution results in reduction of accuracy.
Implication emphasis on accuracy of movement before speed.
TACTICAL SKILLS
Information in the environment
Factors affecting
What to do
Information
How to do it
DEVELOPING
TACTICAL
SKILLS
Identify
strengths and
weaknesses of
opponents
Knows your
competition
Adapt
Creating
blueprint of
tactical options
Based on:Rules of thesportKnowledgeof teamstrategy
Awareness
ofrespective
roles and
capabilities
TACTICAL DECISION
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VS
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PRACTICE SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO REPLICATE COMPETITION
Advantage of Games Approach
Skills are taught through competition-like activities.
Athletes learn to appreciate the main purposes of their sport as well as the
relevant technical, tactical, and mental skills.
Athletes are taught to think for themselves.
Twoway communication exists between athletes and the coach.
Practices are athlete centered and focused on athletes needs.
Practices are fun, relevant and challenging.
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TRADITIONAL APPROACH AND GAMES APPROACH
Traditional Approach Games Approach
Drills are used to practice technicalskills.
Drills are used to teach both technicaland tactical skills of the sport.
Specific skills are taught in isolation
and then combined later.
The sport is taught as a whole, and the
parts are refined as necessary.
Instruction is coach centered and often
ignores the individual needs ofathletes.
Instruction is athlete centered.
Practices are often boring andunmotivating.
Practices are fun, challenging, andrelevant to the demands of competition.
Players are highly dependent on thecoach.
Athletes take an increasingly active rolein the learning process and become lessdependent on the coach.
The coach strives to develop
automaticity of technical skill executionthrough extensive and repetitiousdrills.
Practices are designed to promote
creative thinking and effective decisionmaking.
The coach makes all decisions withlittle or no player input.
Athletes are encouraged to provide inputto the coach in decision making.
Players are not encouraged to helpeach other.
Athletes are encouraged to help eachother master the skills of the sport.
The coach prefers a command style
where he or she makes all thedecisions.
The coach prefers a cooperative style
that strikes a balance between directingathletes and allowing athletes to direct
themselves.
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INSTRUCTIONS
Verbal Instructions
Short and Sweet
Excess information Demands on athletes
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BLOCK PRACTICE VS RANDOM PRACTICE
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Coaches can use the feedback sandwich technique to enhance their
communication with athletes
TOTAL SKILL PRACTICE
Prescriptive
Positive
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FOCUS ON PROCESS BEFORE OUTCOME
Accuracy of performance more important than outcome in initial learning
Include the number of attempts on the feedback statement
Total SkillPractice
PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATION FOR
GIVING FEEDBACK
WHEN- Allow independence oflearning- Own problem solving- Coaches only when athlete'sare 'lost'
HOW MUCH- Amount dependent on level ofathlete
SUMMARY FEEDBACK- Tells athletes on how theyperformed on each of severalpractice attempts
AGGRESSIVE FEEDBACK- Highlights general tendencies
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Eg: You fouled 3 out of 5 attempts in the Long Jump adapt to sport
PRACTICE PLAN
PART COMPONENT
1 Warming up and Dynamic Stretching
2 Coordination/Skill
3 Speed
4 Strength
5 Endurance
6 Cooling Down and Static Stretching
Fluids break and feedback at regular intervals
CONCLUSION
Design Beneficial Practice Experiences
o Technical, Tactical and Mental
Feedback
o Maximize positive feedback
o Encourage self analysis or correction
Creativity is the spice that makes practice sessions fun
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PRACTICE PLAN
Sport Date/Time
Number ofAthletes/Players
Gen. Preparation/Specific/Competition
Objectives: 1)
2)
3)
Time Activity Description Key Points
Technical,Tactical, Mental
Comments/Equipment
Equipment Needed:
Reflection:
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DEVELOPING BIOMOTOR ABILITIES
STAGES OF ATHLETIC DEVELOPMENT
Periodization of Long Term Training
Periodization
of Training
Multilateral
6-14 years
Specialized
15 years +
Initiation
6-10 years
Athletic
Formation
11-14 years
Specialization
15-18
years
High
Performance
19 years +
Pre-puberty Puberty Post-puberty and
AdolescenceMaturity
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FLEXIBILITY
Periodization Model for Flexibility Training
Stage of
DevelopmentTraining Method Exercises
Initiation Static Trunk and hip flexion
Large body circles
Flex to opposite leg
Ankle double touch
Seated toe touch
Straddle stretch
Opposite toe touch
Athletic Formation Static
PNF
Hamstring stretch
Shoulder bow stretch
Ankle stretch
Diagonal ankle press
Double kicks
Exercises with a partner toenhance flexibility by usingthe static and PNF method, on
the floor and standing.
Specialization Static
PNF
Ballistic
Perform stretchingexercises with and without apartner using static and PNFmethods.
You can use most exerciseswith partners for ballisticflexibility. For ballisticstretching, be careful at the
extreme points of flexibility.
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Progression for Flexibility Training
Type ofFlexibility
Stage ofDevelopment
Number of
Reps orSeconds Per
Sets
Number ofSets Per
Joint
Rest IntervalBetween Sets
Static Pre-puberty
Puberty
Post-puberty
4-5 sec
6-8 sec
6-12 sec
2
2-3
3-4
1 min
1 min
30 sec
PNF Puberty
Post-puberty
6-10 sec
6-12 sec
3-4
3-5
1 min
30 sec
Ballistic Post-puberty 4-8 reps 2-4 30 sec
MOTOR SKILLS
Periodization Model for Motor Skills Training
Stage of
Development Forms of Training Exercises
Initiation Preparatory exercises for skillacquisition
Rolling, throwing, catching,kicking and dribbling
Simple balance Walking on narrow lines,jumping on/off low objects
Simple rhythm and reaction time Catching
Simple spatial orientation and
sense of body/limb position
Crawling/rolling, front
somersault, throwing andcatching
Simple hand-eye coordination Dribbling, throwing, catching
Skill-enhancing exercises Ball exercises, ball exerciseswith partner, ball hits andthrows, catching skills,
rebounding ball catch,
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dribbling, relays
Advanced balance exercises Scissors-kick handstand,
backward roll, cartwheel,cartwheel against the wall
Athletic
Formation
Advanced hand-eye coordination Ball throws and catches, ballhits, rebounding ball catches
Limbs coordination Coordination for limbs,skipping rope, ball throws
and catches
Advanced spatial orientation Skipping rope, backward roll,
scissors-kick handstand,cartwheel
Signal analysis and reaction tovarious stimuli
Handstands, ball exerciseswith partner, games, relays
Advanced hand-eye coordination Jumps with turns and ballthrows, games, relays
Specialization
Skill perfection Rolls and rotations, ballthrows and catch games,relays
Complex spatial orientation Jumps with turns, games,
jumps over objects, rolls andjumps
Balance and body control/ bodyawareness
Rolls and turns, jumps overobjects and turns, all
variations of body balance,games, relays
Improve anticipation Rolls and turns, throws andcatches with partner, balance
exercises, games
Analysis-reorientation Rolls and turns of 180-360degrees, rolls, ball throwsand catches, games, relays
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Sample Workout for Pre-Puberty
Part Scope Forms of Training Duration
1 Warm-up Jogging, stretching 5 min
2Coordination/ balance Preparation for skill acquisition,
hand-eye coordination, spatial
orientation, simple balance
10-15 min
3Play, game Skill acquisition from the chosen
sport20-30 min
4 Cool-down 2-3 relays, easy stretching 5 min
SPEED
Periodization Model for Speed Training for Pre-Puberty
Forms of TrainingDuration or Distance
of ActivityNumber of
RepsRest Interval
(min)
Games 20-30 min 1-2 -
Relays 10-15 m/ (10-15) yd 3-5 2-3
Speed training 10-50 m/ (10-15) yd 4-6 3-4
Speed training with
turns, changes ofdirection and stop andgo
5-15 m/ (10-15) yd
4-8 2-3
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Speed Training Session
Part Objective ExercisesDuration or
Number of Reps
1 Warm-up Same as table 4.1 10 min
2
Improve speed
Improve game-specificspeed
Short and fast
technical/ tactical drillswith quick direction
changes
Play/ game/ scrimmage
with technical/ tacticalgoals
6 x 25 sec
8 x 15 sec
20-30 min
3Cool-down, relaxation,enjoyment
Relays
Relaxed, easy jogging
3 reps
3 min
Periodization Model for Speed Training for Puberty
Forms of TrainingDistance of
Activity
Number of
Reps and Sets
Rest Interval
(min)
Relays 10-30 m/ yd 4-6 2-3
Speed Training(including starts)
20-50 m/ yd 5-8 4-5
Speed training withturns, changes of
direction, stop and go
5-25 m/ yd 5-10 2-3
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Periodization Model for Speed Training for Post-puberty
Form of TrainingDistance of
Activity
Number ofReps and
Sets
RestInterval(min)
Number of
SpeedTrainingSessions
Per Week
High Starts 10-30 6-10 3-4 1-2
Maximum Speed 20-60 4-8 3-4 2
Speed Endurance 60-120 3-6 4-5 1-2
Sport-Specific Speed
Accelerations
Decelerations
Stop and go
Acceleration with
direction changes
10-30
10-20
10-20
10-30
4-6
4-6
4-8
4-8
2
2
2
2
2-3
2
2-3
2-3
Ballistic Training(Throwing, Kicking,Jumping, etc.)
-2-4 sets; 5-
10 reps1-2 2-4
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STRENGTH
Circuit Training with Six Exercises
ExercisesNumber of Reps/
Duration in SecRest Interval (sec)
Push-Up 4-6 (8) 30
MB Scoop Throw 10-12 (15) 30
Dumbbell Curl 8-10 (12) 30
Hang Hip Flexion 5-8 60
Dumbbell Shoulder Press 8-12 30
Two Leg Skip 60 sec 120
*MB- medicine ball
Circuit Training with Nine Exercises
ExercisesNumber of reps/duration in sec
Rest interval (sec)
Push up 6-8 (10) 30
Hip thrust 6-10 30
Single-leg burpee 8-10/ leg 60
MB trunk raise 6-8 30
MB Scoop throw 10-12 (15) 30
Abdominal crunch 6-8 30
Dodge the rope 60 sec 60
Dumbbell curl 8-10 (12) 30
Loop skip 90 sec 120
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Circuit Training for Early Post-Puberty
ExercisesNumber of Reps/
Duration in SecRest Interval
Pull-up 4-8 30
Leg press 50kg/ 110lb 10-12 30
Trunk twist 8-10 30
Lats pull down 40 kg/ 88lb 6-8 30
Slalom jump 30 sec 60
Arm curl 40kg/ 88lb 6-8 (10) 30
MB trunk raise 6-8 60
Push-up 6-8 (10) 30
Cone jump 30 sec 120
Circuit Training for Early Post-Puberty (More Challenging)
Exercises LoadNumber of reps/
duration in secRest interval
Leg press 60kg/ 132lb 12-15 20
Pull-up - 4-6 30
V-sit - 4-6 (8) 30
Vertical hop - 30 sec 30
Chest press 40kg/ 88lb 6-8 20
Trunk extension - 6-8 (10) 20
Scissors splits - 30sec 30
Lats pull down 40kg/ 88lb 6-8 (10) 20
Cone jump - 30 sec 120
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Strength Training Program for Maximum Strength (< 80%)
Exercises Load % 1RMNumber of
Reps
Number of
Sets
Rest interval
(sec)
Leg press 70-80% 6-8 2 2
Chest press 70% 8 2 2
Abdominal arch - 8-10 (12) 1 1
Trunk extension - 12-15 1 1
Half squat 60-70% 10-12 2 2
Drop push-up - 6-10 1 1
Leg curl 50% 8 2 3
Pull-up - Maximum 2 2
Inclined overhead
leg lift- 8-10 1 2
Strength Training Program for Power Development
Exercises Number of reps Number of setsRest interval
(min)
Wall push-up 8-10 (12) 2 2
Knee-tuck jump 15-20 2 2
Abdominal thrust 8-10 1 1
Trunk extension 6-10 1 2
MB chest throw 15-20 2 2
Double-leg burpee 8-10 2 2
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ENDURANCE
Periodization Model for Endurance Training for Puberty
Forms of
TrainingDistance
Speed of
Activity
Number of
Reps
RestInterval
(min)
Play and relays
as in pre-puberty40-200 m/yd
Fast to
medium3-5 Variable
Interval training
runs 200-400 m/yd Medium
3-5 (low
numbers for400m/yd)
2-3
Aerobic activity(long repetition) 800-2000m
(0.5 mile to1.25 miles)
Medium andsteady, attimes feel
slight
discomfort
1-3 3-5