ATHENAZE An Introduction to Ancient Greek Second Edition Book II Maurice Balme and Gilbert Lawall New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2003 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melboume Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright 2003 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 http://www.oup-usa.org Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, ill any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. ISBN-13 978-0-19-514957-9 ISBN 0-19-514957-2 Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free pi'lper CONTENTS INTRODUCTION vii Readings 17 H EI1ILlAYPOt (IX) 2 Healing Sanctuaries: Asc1epius and Epidaurus B H BI1ILlA YPOt 10 01 TIBP.EAI TAt A8HNAt LlEYTBPON AIPOYIIN 15 Classical Greek: Miracle Cures 16 New Testament Greek: John 1.1-2: The Beginning of the Gospel 17 John 1.14: The Incarnation 17 Grammar 1. The Passive Voice: -Grt- 1st Aorist Passive and -911- 1 s t Future Passive 4 2. The Passive Voice: -'11- 2nd Aorist Passive and -'11- 2 n d Future Passive 13 3. Aorist of Deponent Verbs 13 John 1.29: John the Baptist Beholds Jesus 17 18 0 AIKAHI110I (IX) 1 B Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (112) 20 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (116) 21 Sparta and Corinth 24 o AtKAHIlIOt 26 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (29) 32 H EN T Alt TIAAT AIAlt NI KH 32 Classical Greek: Miracle Cures 34 New Testament Greek: John 1.32, 33, and 49: Pronouncements about Jesus 35 19 0 NOtTOt (c:x) 36 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (41) 41 Mycenae 42 Classical Greek: Theognis 45 o NOITOt 46 Greek Wisdom: Heraclitus (27) 50 01 EAAHNEI TOYt ITEP.EAI KATA 8AAATTAN LlEYTEPON NIKQ.EIN 52 New Testament Greek: John 2.1-8: The Wedding at Cana 55 1 1. The Verbs and t{9rUlt 20 2. The Verb 'tiGrtllt 29 1. The Genitive Absolute 38 2. The Verb lG'tlUl1: Formation and Meaning 39 3. The Verb tG'tlllll: Forms 49 4. The Verbs Kc:x9((J't'l1J.Ll and aAAALI:HI: KPATOI: (B) 238 The Downfall of Athens 241 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 242 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 243 MErA TO THI E>AAAIIH.E KPATOI (E) 244 Greek Wisdom: Socrates 246 30 AXAPNHL (a) 249 Aristophanes and Old Comedy 249 AXAPNHI: 252 1. The Perfect Active 206 2. The -lea: 1st Perfect Active: Forms 207 3. The Perfect Tense: Stems 208 4. Aspect 209 5. The Pluperfect Tense: Indica-tive Only 209 6. The -1Cf\ 1st Pluperfect Active: Forms 210 7. The -a, 2nd Perfect Active and the -11 2nd Pluperfect Active 210 8. Verbs Found Most in the Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses 219 9. The Verb otSa 219 v 1. Complex Sentences in Indirect Statement: Primary Sequence 247 vi Athenaze: Book II AXAPNHI: (y) 260 AXAPNHI: (8) 264 VERB CHARTS 274 FORMS 277 INDEX OF LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR 309 GREEK TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY 318 ENGLISH TO GREEK VOCABULARY 352 GENERAL INDEX 369 LIST OF MAPS 376 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 376 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 377 1. Complex Sentences in Indirect Statement: Secondary Sequence 271 INTRODUCTION Part I: Readings in Book IT The story line continues from Book I with Dicaeopolis and Philip's ar-rival by boat at Epidaurus and their visit to the sacred precinct of Asclepius. In the early chapters of Book II the tail readings continue the saga of the Per-sian Wars. The Classical Greek readings continue with a variety of au-thors, including Theognis, Solon, Resiod, and Xenophanes; the New Testament readings in Book II are drawn from the Gospel of John. When Dicaeopolis and Philip return to Athens, the Peloponnesian War breaks out, and some of the chapter and tail readings are adapted from Thucydides' account of this war between Sparta and Athens. While in Athens, Philip attends school, and the teacher him the historian Herodotus to read, and the stories in the middle part of Book II are taken from some of the most memorable episodes of Herodotus's history, dealing with the Athenian Solon's visit to Croesus, King of Lydia, and the latter's ill-fated at-tempt to conquer the empire of Persia, ruled by Cyrus. This section ends with extracts from a beautiful poem by Bacchylides about Apollo's rescue of Croe-sus. The opening lines of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey are given toward the end of this section, and the last two chapters contain extracts from Thucy-dides on two crucial naval battles in the Peloponnesian War and extracts from Aristophanes' Acharnians, in which you will see Dicaeopolis making own peace with the Spartans. The Greek Wisdom strand continues in Book II with sayings from the early Greek philosopher Heraclitus and ends in Chapter 29 with material on Socrates. You may find some links here with the sayings of the seven wise men of Archaic Greece included in Book I. A rich variety of reading awaits you in Book II. Partll: Greek Verbs The material here will expand on the Preview of New Verb Forms in Book I, pages 154-155. It will provide additional information that will help you find your way around the charts on the following pages and give you a firm structure within which you can situate the new tenses and moods that you will study in the second half of this course. You are not expected to learn all of the forms in the charts on pages x-xiv and xvi-xvii right away. You should begin by locating the forms that were formally presented in Book 1. These include all of the forms except those of the subjunctive and optative on the first four charts (pages x-xiii). In Chapter 16 you learned that middle and passive forms are identical in the present and imperfect tenses and that they are different in the future and aorist. Thus on vii viii Athenaze: Book II the second chart you will find the middle/passive forms of ",firo in the present and imperfect tenses, but on the fourth chart you will find only the middle voice forms of ",{jill in the future and aorist. The fifth chart (page xiv) shows the passive forms of ",firo in the future and aorist, and you will learn these forms in Chapter 17. The new material on verb forms in Book II is organized as follows: 1. The aorist and future passive in Chapter 17 2. A group of verbs that end in -flt in the 1st person singular, present in-dicative in Chapters 18, 19, and 20 (you have already learned two such verbs, Eifll and dfll.) 3. The subjunctive mood (Chapter 21) 4. The optative mood (Chapter 25) 5. The perfect and pluperfect tenses (Chapters 27 and 28) You already know from the verb charts that you filled out during your study of Greek in Book I where the subjunctive and optative forms fit into the charts, and you will find the forms of the subjunctive and optative on the charts on the following pages. The forms of the perfect and pluperfect tenses are organized on the last two charts (pages xvi-xvii). You should be pleased that you al-ready know about half of the forms on these seven chartsf partm: Moods, Verbal NoUllS, and Verbal Adjectives Greek verbs have four moods, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative, which express the manner in which the action of the verb is con-ceived by the speaker or writer. In the readings you have seen many verbs in the indicative mood, the mood used to express statements and questions about reality or fact. You have also seen many verbs in the imperative mood, the mood used to express commands. So far you have seen only 2nd person im-peratives, e.g., "Xanthias, lift the stone!" or "Oxen, drag the plow!" Greek also has 3rd person imperative forms, not addressed directly to the person who is to do the action but to someone efse, e.g., "Let Xanthias do it!" "Let the oxen drag the plow!" You will find examples of these in the reading in Chap-ter 30, but they are not included on the charts. In addition to verbs in the indicative or imperative mood, you have seen infinitives, which are verbal nouns and are not limited (-fin- is from the Latin word finis that means "end" or "limit") by person or number and that fit into a sentence pattern such as "I am not able to work." You have also seen many participles, which are verbal adjectives that fit into sentence patterns such as the following: "The man working in the field lifted the stone." In Book II you will learn two new moods, the SUbjunctive and the optative. In main clauses these do not express simple statements or questions about re-ality or fact but instead fit into sentence patterns such as "What are we to do?" or "I wish I had my sight restored!" They are also used in various types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses that require these moods will gen-Introduction ix erally use the subjunctive if the verb of the main clause is in a primary tense (present, future, or perfect) and the optative if the verb of the main clause is in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect). Occasionally you will meet subjunctive and optative forms in the stories before they are formally introduced in the grammar. These forms are very easy to recognize. Most verbs in the subjunctive have the long vowels ro or 1'\ before the ending (find examples in the charts on the following pages). The optative has the suffix -1- or -t11-, which combines with other vowels in the verb to give forms that are immediately recognizable by the diphthongs 01, en, or ql or the long-vowel digraph 1 (again, find examples in the charts on the following pages). Help with translation of subjunctive and optative forms in the stories before these moods are formally introduced will be given in the glosses below the paragraphs of the stories. Part IV: Principal Parts Once you learn the rules for the formation of the various verb forms, you will be able to recognize or make up any and all of the forms on the charts yourself if you know six basic forms of any given verb. These six forms are called the principal parts, and they are as follows: present active A.{)ro perfect active A.EA.U1(X future active A.{)(Jro perfect middle/passive The other forms are constructed as follows: aorist active A.ucro: aorist passive fA.u8Ttv The imperfect is constructed from the present stem: e-A.u-o-v. The present, future, and aorist middle are constructed from the corre.,. sponding active stems: A.-G-o-j.tcn, e-A.ucra-Jl11v. The future passive is constructed from the aorist passive stem: A.u8,,-cr-0-(continued on page xv) VERB CHART: PRESENT AND IMPERFECT Present Indicative A-Dro A-DEle; A.-DEt A-DE'tE A-DOUO"t(v) Imperfect AUOV A.UEov'to Subjunctive A.f>COJ..l(Xt 'J.J'! un A.;)fl'tClt A.f>rt0'9E A.-5cov'tat MiddleIPassive Voice Optative A.Uotl-ll1V A.;)OtO A.;)ot'tO A.;)ot0'9E A.f>otv'tO Imperative A.;)01> A.;)OO9E Infinitive A.;)E0'9at Participle A,UO JlEV 0;, 11, - ov o - ""'0 g M 1-'-VERB CHART: FUTURE AND AORIST J-I. Active Voice Future Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Infinitive Participle A;)o-ro A;)o-m.Jlt A;3cretv A\1crOOV, A;)o-etcroxn(v) ElaY (-0' a lEV) VERB CHART: FUTURE AND AORIST Future Indicative A:DO'lIn Afuetat A;uO'6t.l9a A11oro9E AUcrov'tat Aorist fAOOr:lllllv EA11crro EA11cra'to EAOOr:lIlE9a fA t>O'a0'9 eAt>O'av'to Subjunctive A{,cr IDJlU 1.At>CSn Af,CSll'tClt AucrID !lE9a Al1O'TlO' 9 Af,crOW'tClt Middle Voice Optative AucrOtllTtV A ~ c r O t o AfuJot'tO Aooo{!lE9a Afu-otcr9E A.fu0 t.v'to AOOCltllllV AUcrato Af,crClt'tO Aooai!lE9a Af,cratO"9 At>O' Cll.V'tO Imperative A.urot A;)crO,csge Infinitive A;)crcr9at AficrClcr9at Participle AucrOIlEVo;, - 11. ov AUO'r:lJlEV0;, 11. - ov ~ a '"1 o p.. e n t1-..... o I:J >lCE(V) AEAUlCa.JlEV A13A UlC1(01:13C; ~ t E AEA1>K01:EC; 'lCWC; EtTlV AEA1J1CWC; EtTlC; AEA'OlC01C; toet AEA 1>lC01C; E tTl AEAUlCOtEC; dllv* AEA'OlCon:c; d'tE* AEA'OlC01:EC; EmE AEA1.)1(01:13C; EtEV* * or E tTlllv, E tTlt E, E tTloa. v Infinitive AEA'U'KVCH Participle AEA 'OlCIDC;, AEA 'O'IC'OlCl, AEA 'OlCO;, gen., AEA'UlC01:o; **very rare and not included in charts elsewhere in this book ::< -< ..... ~ g ~ N ~ to o o ~ 1-1 1-1 VERB CHART: PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT Perfect Indicative AEAUj..lat AEAoocn AEAmat AEAOO9t AEAuv'tat Pluperfect eAEA \lll1lv EA.EAucro eAEAm:O eAgA u1lE9a EAEAucr8e eAEA\)vTO Subjunctive &. n AEA 6l 11't E &.m(v) MiddleJPassive Voice Optative Imperative** e1rw AEAUcro E1" AtA E AEAu!livOl. Ei'tE* AEAucr8t AeAu!livot dtv* *or e1rUJv. el1l'te, EtTtcrav Infinitive AEA\lcr8al. Participle **very rare and not included in charts elsewhere in this book t-l :;, C"'I-"1 e 0.. r::: g. 1-1-e l::I i>- 911- V Future: nJlq>-9n -a-o-Iun A,Ey-m, I say Aorist: e-A,Ex- 911-V Future: A,Ex-8n -a-o - Jla 1 q>uA,a:nco, I guard [q>uAaK-] Aorist: E-q>U AaX -9Tl-v Future: q>uAax-9n-u-O-JllXt Stems ending in dentals (8,9, and 1:) and S change the last consonant to a, e.g.: \jIEUO-ro, I deceive Aorist: e-\jIeuO'-811-V Future: ",euu-9n-U-O-Jl(U nEL9-ro, I persuade Aorist: -tetlU-911-V Future: nE 10'-8" -U-O-lllX t na1:1:co, I sprinkle [nat-] Aorist: e-naO'-911- v Future: teau-9,,-u-0- j.1lX1 KOllis-m, I bring; I take Aorist: e-lCOJllU-811-V Future: KOJlla-9,,-a-0-llat n:apaaKE'lH:ls-m, I prepare Aorist: nap-E-a KEU aa-9ll-v Future: napa-uKEuau-9" -u-o- Jla 1 A number of verbs insert a after the verb stem, e.g.: YlYVcOUKm, I learn [yvm-] KAEU-ro, I order; I tell Aorist: e -y v cO - a -8 T\ v Future: yvm-a-9n-0'-0-J.Lal Aorist: e-KeAu-0'-9T\-v Future: KEAeu-a-9n-a-O-Jlal Contract verbs lengthen the stem vowel, e.g.: nA&911V, 1.lptaKm [EUp-] > eupe8T\v or l1upe811v, opam [6n-] > ro{At1t1tOe;, "aAAa KO'l'OV, J) 1tatep, ei oOKel. to'roe; yap aKoucrE'tat 10 17. HEn I A A Y P 0 11 Kat napa 'tOY iepea." 6 J.1eV o-()v eKo'l'ev, Be ou Btu 1tOAAOU, roy O'u," e