The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is an international agency that works to combat illicit drugs and crime around the world. The agency operates with its headquarters located in Vienna, along with 21 field offices and two liaison offices in Brussels and New York City. The UNODC was first established in 1997 through a merger between the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention, with a mandate to assist its member states in their struggles against illicit drugs, crime, and terrorism.1 Some of the specific issues the UNODC currently addresses include terrorism, drug abuse, corruption, and organized crime and trafficking.2 In order to address these issues, the committee bases its work off three main pillars: Field-based technical cooperation projects, research and analytical work, and normative work to assist states in fighting crime, terrorism, and drugs.3 Funding for the research, projects, and campaigns usually come through voluntary contributions, primarily from governments, which make up approximately 90% of the committee’s budget.

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”

-MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

All over the world, injustices are committed in courts, in prisons, and on the streets. Criminal justice is a broad term used to refer to the level of lawfulness and integrity found in the police forces, judicial systems, and prisons. The topic of criminal justice is a controversial and relevant issue not only in developing nations but also in most developed countries. While the police, courts, and justice system are public institutions meant to protect citizens, the exact opposite is often observed.

While criminal justice is a multifaceted topic which encompasses a range of smaller issue, the topic can largely be divided into three distinct areas of concern: prisoner justice, police brutality, and corrupt courts. In many parts of the world, cases of police brutality are becoming increasingly prevalent. Often, this happens because as it’s easy for police officers to abuse their powers and commit human rights violations. In addition, many court systems are in need of reform. Due to corruption schemes, wealth and political capital can purchase a favorable court decision, especially when many victims cannot afford lawyers to fight back. This problem is often exacerbated due to uninformed judges. In status quo, not all judges

1https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/index.html 2Ibid. 3Ibid.

are informed and knowledgeable when they make decisions. In fact, in some cases, governments are negligent about funding judicial systems to guarantee fair trials. Prison conditions is another facet of criminal justice, as most prison systems in the world are in need of repair; many prisons are overcrowded and simply do not satisfy the fundamental rights of prisoners. Furthermore, the majority of prisons lack functioning rehabilitation programs to ensure that prisoners can be reintegrated into society after parole.

It is important to improve criminal justice as soon as possible, due to the fact that corruption and injustice continue to occur in courts, prisons, and policing systems. These injustices remain as one of the roots for various human rights violations around the world. These injustices not only cause social unrest and undermine the legitimacy of involved states, but they contravene the international principles of human rights.

In Ancient China, law and order is administered through regional prefects. This prefecture system is maintained throughout Imperial China and spreads to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.4

The Roman Republic (later to become the Roman Empire) uses its army as a means to maintain civil order.5

King John signs the Magna Carta, which states that no man can be imprisoned without trial.6

Tsar Ivan IV (also known as Ivan the Terrible) creates and activates the Oprichnina, a secret police force that worked to eliminate any threats to Ivan’s rule.7

4http://criminology-articles.blogspot.ca/2012/12/history-of-law-enforcement.html 5http://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Army/ 6http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item95692.html 7https://www.britannica.com/topic/oprichnina

Louis XIV creates the first modern police force. He defines police as the task of “ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties.”8

The English Bill of Rights officially prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.9

The First International Criminal Police Congress is held in Monaco. Police officers, lawyers, and magistrates from 24 nations gather to discuss arrest procedures, identification techniques, centralized international criminal records and extradition proceedings.10

The International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) is created, with headquarters in Vienna, Austria.11

Several cases of police brutality occur during peaceful protests in the American civil rights movement.12

The Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) is established. It acts as the principal policymaking body of the United Nations in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice.13

Criminal justice standards for the United Nations police are updated and revised. The standards cover the role of police, different types of crime, investigation, arrest, and imprisonment.14

8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_criminal_justice 9http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/history.html 10https://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/History 11http://www.oas.org/en/ser/dia/institutional_relations/Documents/Profiles/INTERPOL.p

df 12http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement 13http://www.unodc.org/unodc/commissions/CCPCJ/ 14http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2009/September/new-criminal-justice-

standards-for-un-police.html

Violent conflict breaks out in Syria, and death tolls skyrocket in the increasingly overcrowded Syrian torture prisons.15

Black Lives Matter movement is created in the United States in response to the murder of 17 year-old Trayvon Martin and the ensuing trial that saw George Zimmerman, the murderer, acquitted for his crime.16

Over 31 million open court cases have yet to be resolved in India, inducing calls for judicial reform.17

The practice of law and order has always accompanied the growth of civilizations. Yet, these systems have been constantly challenged throughout history, leading to the evolution of criminal justice around the globe.

In the 20th century, following World War II, the need for increased international coordination began to emerge. Compounded with a developing sense of globalization, this need spurred the formation of the United Nations in 1945.18 Around this time, many were calling for a unified stance on criminal justice by the international community. As a result, organizations such as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC)19 and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ)20 were created. These bodies were created in order to effectively fight crime and ensure justice internationally. The aforementioned organizations continue to function today. They remain useful reference points for international criminal justice. In the 20th century, nations began to feel a global sense of criminal justice.

In Western societies, prisons were first introduced in the 12th century as a means of disciplining criminals and serving as a deterrent for potential criminals. Following the bloody code in England, a period of time in the late 17th and early 18th century in which even petty crimes were given the death penalty, a growing

15http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/17/middleeast/amnesty-report-syria-torture-deaths/ 16http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/ 17https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-08/indias-courts-resist-reform-

backlog-at-314-million-cases 18http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/ 19Supra note 10 20Supra note 13

opposition to capital punishment began to emerge.21 Prisons provided an alternative to executions and torture. They were meant to act as a more efficient and practical form 22of punishment. Thus, prisons were deliberately designed to be unpleasant for its prisoners; inmates were punished with hard labor, cells were overcrowded, and sanitation was non-existent. As the public began to question and challenge these inhumane prison conditions, a number of movements began to advocate for the improvement of prisoner rights. As a result, improved state prisons were first introduced in the 19th century by the United Kingdom; these prisons held inmates in separate cells, and labor was simpler. Inmates did labor such as picking tarred rope and weaving.23 Activism for prisoner rights continued to grow and build in the United Kingdom, with the Prison Act of 1898 asserting that rehabilitation was the primary purpose of prisons.24 Similar ideas spread to the United States, which also saw a strong push for the rights of prisoners in the 19th century; the reformatory movement of the United States led to a shift away from the traditional views on punishment. During this time, attitudes towards imprisonment became progressive. In fact, children were removed from adult prisons in 1825.25 This reformative attitude reflected itself in the development of the judicial system; in 1899, the juvenile court was created in the United States.26 This progressive mindset continued to grow and expand throughout the 20th century all over the world. In the past century, numerous countries have abolished the death penalty, torture, and hard labor as forms of punishment. Increasingly, nations have been improving the capacity and productivity of legal public services.

Criminal justice is a complex matter that has gone through many significant developments in recent years. Knowledge of the historical foundations of prisons, police, and the courts are undoubtedly vital in understanding the various issues surrounding criminal justice in the 21st century.

Criminal justice encompasses a large part of an international legal framework. Thus, it covers a wide range of issues. For the sake of organization and clarity, the topic has been categorized into three areas: the police, prison systems, and judicial bodies.

21http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/candp/punishment/g06/g06cs1.htm 22http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4887704.stm 23http://howardleague.org/history-of-the-penal-system/ 24Ibid. 25http://www.cjcj.org/education1/juvenile-justice-history.html 26Ibid.

Police reform is most relevant to the general public because it carries the most weight and influence for the common person. Police officers have a plethora of roles and responsibilities. They are responsible for arresting criminals whilst maintaining civil order in society. Since police officers are entrusted with the duty of protecting the liberty and rights of the citizens, it is crucial that they minimize any wrongdoings and corruption.

One of the largest problems surrounding police forces is high levels of corruption. This is especially true in developing nations. This corruption can take many forms, including bribery, negligence, and abuse of authority. Bribery and extortion are commonly used in countries such as Mexico or Bolivia, in which criminals can easily avoid arrest by paying off a police officer or exploiting connections. In fact, bribery was the primary reason why Joaquín Guzmán Loera (also known as El Chapo) was able to escape from a Mexican maximum security guard prison.27 However, bribery isn’t the only trouble relating to the police; all over the world, police officers are susceptible to falling into the trap of authoritarianism. The possession of control over others often motivates police officers to make unjust or irrational decisions based on personal opinion. This can be observed not only in developing nations but also in countries like the United States, where police brutality is a prevalent issue. While the police may have an abundance of power in some environments, in many destabilized nations, such as Iraq, the police are powerless and ineffective. Crime and terror have become a part of the nation's’ societal norms, so criminals are able to ignore and overpower the police, which continues to incentivize crime.28

A significant disparity can be observed in prisons worldwide; while some nations have progressed to ensure prisons fully access all their rights and liberties, most nations have problems with maintaining prison conditions that meet liveable standards.

Overcrowding is somewhat of a ubiquitous reality in most prisons around the world; governments are incentivized to cut costs by cramming as many people into small spaces, and as a result, over 115 countries have prisons exceeding their official capacities.29 Overcrowding of prisons is both physically and psychologically stressful for prisoners. This has massive implications prison environments, as overcrowding often leads to increased tensions and violence.

27http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/13/world/americas/mexico-drug-kingpin-

prison-escape.html 28http://www.newsweek.com/iraqi-army-ineffective-despite-us-training-466410 29http://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/handbook_2nd_ed

_eng_8.pdf

Another issue that must be addressed is the health of prisoners. Drug use, sexual activity, and a lack of adequate sanitary equipment, combined with an overcrowded environment allow HIV/AIDS to spread rapidly.30 The lack of healthcare within prisoners is direr than one may think; in France, HIV is 10 times more common in prisons than it is within general adult populations.31

To make matters worse, torture is sometimes present in certain prisons today. For instance, in Syria’s torture prisons, inmates are beaten, raped, electrocuted, and killed by prison guards.[28] However, Syria is by no means the only nation that utilizes torture in its prisons. China was found to have secret prisons where torture and abuse were common32, while the United States CIA was found to have used waterboarding against 9/11 suspects.33

Photograph of a Syrian prison34

The judiciary (courts) plays a critical role in the criminal justice system, as this body provides legal protection for all citizens and helps to stabilize government power. Ideally, judiciaries should be well educated, well-trained, independent, impartial, and fair in all actions and decisions. Unfortunately, this is a rare reality, as corruption and conspiracies often influence courts.

Similar to the police, judiciaries also struggle with bribes and extortion. Many nations still have yet to set up or enforce policies that crack down on corrupt judges. Thus, using money and power to win over court cases is plausible in many

30http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/99018/E90174.pdf?ua=1 31Ibid. 32http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/06/asia/china-shuanggui-communist-party-torture/ 33http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/dark-prisoners-cia-torture-

programme-160326051331796.html 34http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/syria-prison-deaths-1.3725840

countries. In fact, a former judge of the Indian Supreme Court, Markandey Katju, claimed that 50% of the higher judiciary in India were corrupt.35

Another problem with judiciaries relates to their actual capabilities. In a lot of countries, particularly developing nations, even if corruption were eradicated, the judicial process would still be flawed. In many nations, a significant portions of judges and judicial officers are unqualified.36 This leads to illogical and inaccurate decisions by courts, which result in a myriad of controversy around justice and corruption. Furthermore, in most countries, courts have the reputation of being lethargic rather than efficient. This detaches citizens even more from the judicial system, and thus the government.

On the international level, the United Nations has been active in discussing and addressing many of the issues surrounding criminal justice. This has been the specific focus of the UNODC, which has done a lot of work in this area, covering all facets of the issue and being proactive in creating solutions.

The IPJJ was founded in accordance with the Economic and Social Council resolution 1997/30. It has the overarching goal of facilitating and enhancing national and global level coordination in the provision of technical advice and assistance from members of the panel in the area of child justice.37 The UNODC is one of the twelve members of this panel, which is composed of six UN bodies and six non-governmental organizations active in juvenile justice.38

The CCPCJ acts as the principal policymaking body of the United Nations in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice.39 The CCPCJ is a functioning commissions of the Economic and Social Council, and has been a governing body of the UNODC since 2006.40 As a governing body of the UNODC, the CCPCJ approves the budget of the UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Fund, which provides resources for promoting technical assistance regarding crime prevention and criminal justice.

35http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/50-of-higher-judiciary-corrupt-says-ex-sc-

judge-markandey-katju/story-Hfu8Ru8o9YfoGOjloboytN.html 36http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-

reform/interagency.html?ref=menuside 37Ibid 38Supra note 13 39http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CCPCJ/CCPCJ_Mandate-Functions.html 40Ibid.

The Criminal Justice Standards for the UN police was created in 1994. It serves to summarize human rights and criminal justice principles that the United Nations stands to support. In addition, it serves as a reference point that assists national authorities in improving policing.41 Over the years, these standards have gone through several updates, with the most recent in 2009. The essential principles outlined pertain to the public duty of police officers, the cautious use of firearms, and the prohibition of torture and other cruel punishments.42 The standards discuss topics such as arrest, investigation, trials, detention, and imprisonment, which are all key in both policing and criminal justice as a whole.

When addressing the problems surrounding criminal justice, it’s important to note the differences in the criminal justice processes and systems between nations and regions. Thus, delegates should be mindful of such distinctions and look to come up with solutions specific to relevant context.

The dangerous, dirty, and overcrowded prisons that exist in most parts of the world do not fulfill their duties in maintaining basic human rights. The majority of prisons around the world adequately prepare prisoners for life after their sentences. It is also important to recognize groups that are distinctly vulnerable, such as women and children, who are not given proper attention in prisons. The UNODC has mandated that it will assist nations in building and reforming their prison systems;43 this can be achieved through increasing international prison standards and encouraging better rehabilitation programs for prisoners. International focus and efforts are imperative in increasing the capacity of prisons to ensure prisoner rights and reduce recidivism rates.

Especially in developing nations, courts have high levels of corruption because the judiciary lacks basic autonomy. In a lot of these countries, the government tend to lever their power to control over everything the judiciary does. This means that judges and other judicial officers are forced to prioritize government needs and wants over what is most fair and ethical.44 To address this

41http://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/UN_criminal_justice_standards_for_UN_po

lice.pdf 42Ibid. 43https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-

reform/criminaljusticereform.html#prisonreform 44Ibid.

problem, the UNODC can encourage or assist countries in developing legislation that would allow the judiciary to function independently and with integrity.

Many regions have police forces that are either powerless or corrupt at their roots. As a short-term solution, the UN could deploy peacekeepers in these areas, so that citizens in some of these more dangerous nations can have stable source of security. However, it’s important to note that peacekeepers are not always effective in stabilizing violent areas and that long-term change within actual police forces are much more sustainable.

To address corruption itself, countries could be encouraged to increase wages for civil servants, such as police officers, judges, and prison guards. This could be a viable solution because bribery is one of the main causes of the countless injustices that transpire in prisons and in the courts. When civil servants are not paid well enough to support themselves and their families, they are much more likely to turn to bribery as a secondary source of income. Research from a sample of underdeveloped countries shows that there is an inverse relationship between the level of public sector wages and the incidence of corruption.45 It would be possible for the committee to set special minimum wages for civil servants in order to minimize the acts of bribery.

Figure: Comparative of starting salaries for different occupations in England and Wales46

45http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387801001390 46http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2262696/Police-Pay-New-recruits-paid-

trainee-McDonalds-manager-reforms-starting-salary-cut.html

Corruption and crime, especially in the current globalized society and economy have the potential to act transnationally, this makes international cooperation key in improving criminal justice. Forming international conventions is an effective way to set up legal frameworks that hold nations accountable for limiting corruption. In addition, the committee could establish an international database in which crimes, court cases, prison conditions, and levels of corruption can be recorded and monitored in an organized manner.

Developed nations have historically been the most progressive in terms of criminal justice reform, shaping many of the criminal justice standards and norms of the 21st century. Today, developed nations have the lowest crime rates, safest prisons, and fairest courts. This is especially true for nations such as Denmark, New Zealand, Finland, and Sweden, which are countries with the least corrupt criminal justice systems in the world. While it’s impossible for the international community to replicate these nations, it may be important to keep these countries in mind when thinking of potential reforms and policies to implement, as they’re examples of relative success in the criminal justice system. On the other hand, developed countries still have room to improve in several areas. Police brutality has become an increasingly hot topic in the United States as of late, as shocking stories and allegations of police brutality are surfacing. Furthermore, there is an issue of racial profiling in the police system, as there is an increasing belief that African Americans are unjustly being targeted by police officers.47 This is also true in countries such as France, Spain, and the Netherlands, where police are being accused of discriminating against certain minority groups.48 While developed nations are global models and leaders in many aspects, they still have long ways to go in addressing the many flaws in their criminal justice systems.

Countries in the Middle East and Africa are known to have the weakest and most fraudulent criminal justice systems in the world. This stems from the instability and corruption within the respective governments. This has a trickle down effect into the courts, prisons, and the streets. Powerless or corrupt officers dominate countries such as Iraq and Somalia. In these nations, attempts at training police officers and eliminating corruption have failed time and time again.49 Having a corrupt and ineffective police force can harm already destabilized countries. Unfortunately, this means that many nations in this region are suffering in the midst of a vicious cycle of crime and corruption. Prison conditions are also quite appalling

47https://www.britannica.com/topic/Police-Brutality-in-the-United-States-2064580 48http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/1132-EU-MIDIS-police.pdf 49http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/world/fg-corrupt9

in the MENA (the Middle East and North Africa), where prisons are overcrowded and prisoners do not get enough food or medical attention. In some of the worse cases, such as the notorious torture prisons in Syria, prisoners are beaten, raped, and tortured by guards.50 The nations in the Middle East and Africa are in urgent need of justice reform, as blatant violations of human rights occur all over the region. The challenging part of addressing these problems are that many of these governments refuse to permit external monitoring of their public sectors. This can be attributed to the fact that the majority of nations in the Middle East and Africa are fledgling democracies or authoritarian dictatorships. These governments appear to be even more passionately against allowing international bodies to interfere with domestic policy and actions.51

Crime is especially rampant in South and Central American nations due to a number of factors. Most nations in this region are struggling to keep their economies afloat; thus, unemployment rates are high and more people revert to crime to put food on the table. Latin America is statistically the world’s most violent region, accounting for nearly a third of all global homicides.52 To make matters worse, corruption is prevalent in criminal justice, as bribery is almost second nature to police and judicial officers in Latin America. According to the 2013 global corruption barometer, 36% of respondents in Bolivia and 33% of respondents in Mexico admitted to having paid a bribe to a public service in the last year; the global average was 27%.53 The ubiquity of bribery compounded with an obvious lack of public faith in the government makes Latin America a significant area of concern in this topic.

50Supra note 15 51https://www.hrw.org/legacy/advocacy/prisons/mideast.htm 52http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303603904579495863883782316 53http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/survey-highlights-latin-america-police-

corruption

Figure: Homicide rates, by country or territory (2012 or latest year)54

1. Does your country have a fair and stable criminal justice system? If not, how is it

attempting to improve?

2. Considering the social impacts of criminal injustices, should the UN be able to

intervene in the judicial and legislative processes of sovereign states? To what

extent should it involve itself?

3. What is the best way to address corruption in the courts and police forces?

4. What is your country’s stance on exploring alternatives to imprisonment?

5. What should the minimum standard for prison conditions be?

6. What is the most effective way to train police officers, judges, and others who are

involved in judicial processes?

54Ibid.

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/criminaljusticereform.html https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/criminal-justice-reform http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36394842 https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/UNODC_Prison_reform_concept_note.pdf https://www.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PRI-UN-Sustainable-development-goals-and-criminal-justice.pdf http://www.cpcjalliance.org/ https://www.penalreform.org/about-us/ https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ending-mass-incarceration http://blogs.worldbank.org/futuredevelopment/six-strategies-fight-corruption https://leb.fbi.gov/2011/may/police-corruption-an-analytical-look-into-police-ethics

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