Tri- Quarterly Review

The Colonial Period (1607 – 1763)At the beginning of the 17th Century, England was in turmoil. A population explosion and economic upheaval left many people rootless

and impoverished. Religious struggles between the Anglican Church and other

religious groups created a spiritual malaise as well. The newly opened areas of the Western Hemisphere beckoned to many

people as a refuge from the difficulties at home. After several failed attempts, a permanent colony was established at

Jamestown, Virginia in the spring of 1607.

Congregationalists (Puritans) in New England

TheocracySociety of Friends

(Quakers) in the Middle Colonies

Headright system and indentured servants in the Southern colonies

John SmithSalem Witch Trials

House of Burgesses

Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams

First Great Awakening

Jonathan Edwards and John Winthrop

MercantilismNavigation ActsBacon’s RebellionSalutary NeglectGreat Britain vs.

France vs. Spain

The Revolutionary Period (1763 – 1783)At the conclusion of the Seven Years War (the

French and Indian War in North America), Great Britain dominated North America. In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France surrendered all its holdings and the Spanish were forced to the

western side of the Mississippi River. In addition, the American colonists seemed content in the British imperial system.

Mercantilism rested lightly on them as they enjoyed a strong measure of home rule.

George III and Parliament controlled external matters but the colonial assemblies made many

local decisions. All that changed in 1763.

PontiacProclamation of

1763John LockeSamuel AdamsStamp Act (“no

taxation without representation”)

Stamp Act Congress

Virtual Representation

Sons of LibertyDeclaratory ActBoston MassacreBoston Tea Party

Coercive ActsOlive Branch

PetitionThomas JeffersonThomas PaineDeclaration of

IndependenceLoyalistsBattle of SaratogaGeorge

WashingtonLafayetteYorktownTreaty of Paris

(1783)

The New Nation (1783 – 1801)As they snapped their political bonds

with England, the colonials constructed a new government to replace the

monarchy. The product of their efforts, the Articles of Confederation, was written in 1777 and not ratified until 1781 after a long wrangling over western land claims.

This new government produced a “firm league of friendship” that maintained

individual state equality and state sovereignty.

Shays’s RebellionLand Ordinance of 1785The Northwest

Ordinance of 1787James MadisonAlexander HamiltonAnnapolisVirginia Plan vs. new

Jersey PlanAreas of contention:

representation, slavery, the presidency

Great Compromise3/5 CompromiseRepublican Motherhood

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Strict construction vs. loose construction

Whiskey RebellionHamilton’s Financial

PlanDemocratic-

Republicans vs. Federalists

Jay’s Treaty and the Pinckney Treaty

Farewell AddressXYZAlien and Sedition

ActsVirginia and Kentucky

Resolutions

The Jeffersonian Era (1801 – 1815) and the Era of Good Feelings (1815 – 1828)

Thomas Jefferson’s election over John Adams was the first transition from one political party to

another. Unlike the Federalists, the Democratic Republicans supported a limited, frugal

government. Jefferson’s primary goals were reductions in the central government, the national debt, the excise tax and the military. He also tried

to reign in the Federalist judiciary. Despite the triumph of John Marshall in strengthening the Supreme Court, Jefferson sought to restrain its influence. The overall thrust of his governance

was reducing the power of the central government and increasing the agrarian, states’ rights

influence of his constituents.

Louisiana PurchaseLewis and ClarkMarbury vs. MadisonImpressmentChesapeake and

Leopard AffairEmbargo ActNon-Intercourse ActWar Hawks vs. DovesThe War of 1812New Orleans

Hartford ConventionAndrew JacksonTreaty of GhentEra of Good FeelingsHenry Clay’s

American SystemJohn MarshallMcCulloch vs.

MarylandMonroe DoctrineAdams-Onis TreatyMissouri

Compromise

The Age of Jackson (1828 – 1848)The presidential election of 1824 brought an end to the post-war political tranquility. With

five regional candidates running, no one received an electoral majority. In a decision

by the House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams was elected president after gaining support from Henry Clay, a rival candidate. Andrew Jackson, who had won a plurality of the popular vote, claimed a corrupt bargain

between Clay and Adams denied him the presidency. Adams spent four difficult years

in the White House trying to implement a program of economic nationalism.

Corrupt BargainSouth Carolina

Exposition and Protest

Indian Removal Act

Trail of TearsMarket RevolutionNullificationSpecie CircularPet Banks (wildcat

banks)

Tariff of Abominations

WhigsDemocratizationRise of the

Common ManDaniel Webster

The Age of Reform (1830 – 1850)Responding to the transformation of America

society after the War of 1812, reformers in the 1820s and 1830s began reconsidering the

conventional thinking of their times. With the rise of the market revolution and the increase of urbanization and immigration in the 1820s, many Americans experienced uncertainty and anxiety as they confronted a rapidly changing

society. The Second Great Awakening addressed many of these feelings.

“burned over district”

TranscendentalismRalph Waldo

EmersonHenry David

ThoreauUtopian societiesDorothea DixTemperance and

the Maine LawStanton, Mott and

Anthony

Seneca Falls and the Declaration of Sentiments

AbolitionFrederick DouglassAmerican

Colonization SocietyWilliam Lloyd

GarrisonCult of Domesticity

Expansion and Its Consequences (1840 – 1850)

In the early 1840s, America increasingly viewed territorial expansion as a means to restore its confidence and prosperity. The editor John L. O’Sullivan added a divine quality to this quest

when he wrote of “our manifest destiny.” Expansionist ideas also reflected America’s successful experiment with democracy, as

leaders called on the nation to expand “the area of liberty” to include lands controlled by Mexico

and Native Americans. In addition, for slaveholding southerners and their allies,

expansion meant more land for slavery and increased influence in Congress.

TexasSanta AnnaThe AlamoSan JacintoJames K. Polk54 40 or fightMexican WarZachary Taylor

and Winfield Scott

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican CessionWilmot ProvisoPopular

SovereigntyFree Soil PartyGadsden PurchaseOstend Manifesto

The Civil War and Reconstruction (1850 – 1877)

Violence and political upheaval marred the second half of the 1850s. When Kansas organized in 1856, “Bleeding Kansas” resulted, as antislavery and pro-slavery paramilitary forces fought to gain political

ascendancy. The violence culminated with the burning of Lawrence, Kansas and John Brown’s murder of five pro-slavery settlers. Out of this

lawlessness emerged the Lecompton Constitution and Kansas’ pro-slavery effort to join the Union.

President James Buchanan supported this proposed state constitution, but western Democrats led by

Stephen Douglas did not and defeated it in Congress. This interparty battle postponed Kansas

statehood and further damaged the Democratic Party.

Dred ScottCompromise of 1850Kansas-Nebraska ActBrooks and SumnerJohn BrownJefferson DavisFt. SumterBorder StatesHabeus CorpusU.S. GrantRobert E. LeeGettysburgMartial LawEmancipation

Proclamation

13th, 14th , 15th Amendments

Andrew JohnsonJohn Wilkes BoothTen Percent PlanRadical

ReconstructionTenure of Office Act ImpeachmentFreedmen’s BureauScalawags and

CarpetbaggersKKKCompromise of 1877The New South

America Transformed (1865 – 1900)From the end of the Civil War to the turn of the

century, Americans headed west and the population of the western states and territories exploded. The federal government encouraged this migration by practically giving away land

(Homestead Act), building the Transcontinental Railroad and subduing the Plains Indians. While

some people who headed west took up mining and ranching, for millions of settlers farming remained

the American dream. However, these farmers faced a world far different from the agrarian conditions that existed before the war. They

specialized in a cash crop, marketed their products by railroad, bought costly planting and

harvesting equipment and borrowed heavily. Meanwhile, cities and industrial production

exploded and America became the world leader in manufacturing.

Waving the bloody shirt

Chief JosephThe Ghost DanceA Century of DishonorThe Dawes ActCoxey’s ArmyFrederick Jackson

TurnerGranger MovementHaymarket,

Homestead, PullmanRockefeller, Carnegie,

Vanderbilt, DukeThe Gospel of Wealth

Knights of LaborAFLPendleton ActJim CrowNew vs. Old

ImmigrationPopulistsPlessy vs. FergusonSocial DarwinismSherman Anti-Trust ActTweed and Tammany

HallWilliam Jennings BryanSamuel GompersLaissez-Faire

America and the World (1898 – 1919)For two decades after the Civil War, the nation

looked inward. Involved with westward expansion, railroad building, political scandals and economic dislocation, America was insular and mostly self-contained. Secretary of State

Seward did acquire Midway Island and Alaska. However, overall, the nation was content to

focus on domestic issues. All that changed in 1898. The “splendid little war” gave way to World War I and the days of an isolationist

United States were coming to a close.

Queen LiliAlfred Thayer

MahanValeriano WeylerYellow JournalismThe MaineEmilio AguinaldoDeLome LetterBoxer RebellionBig Stick – Dollar –

Moral DiplomacySpheres of InfluenceOpen Door

Roosevelt CorollaryPlatt and Teller

AmendmentsLusitaniaZimmerman NoteTreaty of VersaillesLeague of Nations14 Points

Progressivism and the 1920s (1900 – 1929)By 1900, America was a troubled nation. The urbanization and industrialization of the late

nineteenth century damaged the country’s social, economic and political systems. Business

competition all but vanished, government served only the needs of the wealthy and millions of people

lived in economic deprivation. To combat these problems, progressive reformers stepped forward to change America. Growing out of the Populist movement and the Social Gospel, these middle

class reformers tried to restore equality and fairness to American society. Social workers like Jane Addams, authors like Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair and politicians like Robert LaFollette did

their best to right the injustices of society in order to bring solutions to a wide range of abuses.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

Ida B. WellsFederal Reserve ActClayton Anti-Trust ActThe initiative, referendum

and recallCity manager vs.

commissionPure Food and Drug LawsHow the Other Half LivesThe Jungle16th, 17th, 18th, 19th

Amendments

MuckrakersBull MooseCaveat emptorGreat MigrationHarlem RenaissanceLangston HughesI.W.W.Palmer RaidsNativismSacco and VanzettiJohn T. ScopesTeapot DomeRed Scare