At least 3 reasons why ESS should measure ethnicityess-bulgaria.org/db/images/DIMOVA_At least 3...
Transcript of At least 3 reasons why ESS should measure ethnicityess-bulgaria.org/db/images/DIMOVA_At least 3...
At least 3 reasons why ESS should
measure ethnicity
Lilia DIMOVA
Lausanne, 2016
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
ESS measures ethnicity in R6 trough…
C 9 – C 15 Religious belonging, denomination and behavior
C16 Would you describe yourself as being a member of a group that is discriminated against in this country? (Yes/No)
C17 On what grounds is your group discriminated against? (colour/race, nationality,
religion, language, ethnic group, age, gender, sexuality, disability)
C 18 Are you a citizen of [country]? (Yes/No)
C19 What citizenship do you hold?
C 20 Were you born in [country]? (Yes/No)
C21 In which country were you born?
C22 What year did you first come to live in [country]? C23 What language or languages do you speak most often at home?(country specific) C24 Do you belong to a minority ethnic group in [country]? (Yes/No)
C 25 Was your father born in [country]? (Yes/No)
C26 In which country was your father born?
C 27 Was your mother born in [country]? (Yes/No)
C28 In which country was your mother born? Improvement in R7 - Heath’s Ancestry items
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Despite of the ESS items, measuring
indirectly respondents' ethnic identity,
despite of the ancestry improvement, it is
not possible to identity
WHO IS WHO ON THE ETHNIC GROUNDS
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
What we miss not measuring ethnic identity?
A real ethnic map of the countries – who are the national/local “others” and what the attitudes to THEM are
A real ethnic stratification in multicultural Europe
A national and outdoors ethnization – US v/s THEM?
Who are the “old others” and who are the “new others” both within and outside countries
Whether intolerance to “new others” are superimposed over intolerance to “old others”
What are the attitudes of “old others” to “new others”
Which ethnic groups mostly provoke intolerance and xenophobia and where in Europe - Roma everywhere…
Brexit and “Polish plumber”, Bulgarians, Romanians…
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
The main 3 reasons why ESS should measure
ethnic identity
Drawing an ethnic map is the first reason ESS should measure ethnicity in a way to compare ethnic pictures between countries as well as over time. It should be done on regular, not only on rotation basis.
Following the dynamic of European ethnization is the second reason. The results of the immigrant tsunami become not only a scientific or a research issue – now it is a social, political and cultural focal point.
The need of better understanding of people’s attitudes, fears, threats, values, expectations on ethnic grounds is the third reason why ESS should measure ethnic identification.
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Bulgarian ethnic map on the basis of ethnic
self-identity (ESS R6’ 2013, %)
Bulgarians 79,9 %
Turkish 8,9%
Roma 8,1%
Other 3,2%
“As in any country, and in
Bulgaria, there are various groups and
communities. Do you consider
yourself as belonging to any of the
following group?
- Bulgarians
- Turkish
- Roma
- Other (please, specify…)”
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Religion denomination by ethnic groups in
Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013 - %)
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
60,00%
70,00%
80,00%
90,00%
100,00%
Bulgarians Turkish Roma
Protestant
Eastern Orthodox
Islamic
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Religiosity by ethnic groups in Bulgaria
(ESS R’2013, %)
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
Not at all Religious Very religious
Bulgarians Turkish Roma
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Main language spoken at home by ethnic
groups in Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013 - %)
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
60,00%
70,00%
80,00%
90,00%
100,00%
Bulgarians Turkish Roma
27,30%
62,30%
10,40%
TUR
ROMA
BUL
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Belonging to a group discriminated on the grounds
against…(ESS R6, %)
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 90,00%
Yes
Colour
Religion
Ethnicity
Langiage
Age
Sex
Disability
Bulgarians Turkish Roma
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Citizenships and a country of parents’ birth by
ethnic groups in Bulgaria (ESS R6, %)
97,00%
97,50%
98,00%
98,50%
99,00%
99,50%
100,00%
Bulgarians Turkish Roma
BG
Father born in BG
Mother born in BG
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Subjective poverty pyramids by ethnic groups
in Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013, %)
7,1
8,6
16,6
19,2
15,6
22,3
8,7
1,5
0,3
0,1
21,4
17,3
19,9
17,3
7,7
9,7
4,6
0,5
1,5
0
51,6
19,8
11,5
9,3
5,5
2,2
0
0
0
0 Rich
Poor
Bulgarians Turks Roma
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Model А Model В Model С Model D
National
multiethnic
sample
National
sample
Bulgarians
National
sample Turks
National
sample Roma
Constant -0.962 -0.254 -1,197 6.542a
Education -1.031а -0.785а -1,163 -0.967a
Age 0.5135 0.268 0.616 -0.221
Sex 0.468 0.526 -0.081 -0.134
Household map 0.212 0.286 0.394 -0.974
Residence -0.224 -0.311 -0.083 -0.643a
Labor status 0.197 0.281 1.140a 0.313a
Ethnic identity 0.814а - - -
χ2 total for the model 101.045а 46.518а 13.034a 45.562a
Base 287 252 61 455
Regression coefficients of the logistic models
for evaluation of the poverty risks
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Subjective top-bottom pyramids by ethnic
groups in Bulgaria (ESS R6’2013, %)
3,1
5,2
8,2
14,4
18,1
30,4
11,9
5,3
2,8
0,3
7,2
17,5
14,9
22,2
14,4
12,9
5,2
3,6
2,1
0
36,7
18,3
20
8,9
7,2
8,9
0
0
0
0 Top
Bottom
Bulgarians Turks Roma
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Bulgarian tolerance to understand "others”
by ethnic groups (ESS R6’2013, %)
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
Very muchlike me
Like me
Somewhatlike me
A little likeme
Not like me
Not at alllike me
Bulgarians Turks RomaShalom H. Schwartz’s human
value variable:
“It is important to him/her to
listen to people who are different
from him/her. Even when s/he
disagrees with them, s/he still
wants to understand them.”
How much is this person like
you?
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Immigrants make the country a better / worse place to live by ethnic groups in Bulgaria
(ESS R6’2013, %)
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
Worse Better
Bulgarians
Turks
Roma
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Opposition to immigrants by ethnic groups
(Who should NOT be allowed to settle in the country - % ESS R6)
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
40,00%
Bulgarians Turkish Roma
From the majority's ethnos From different ethnos From poorer coutry outside Europe
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
18 Tolerance levels by country’s maturity
(Linear regression on ESS R6 v/s R7) • Tolerance index is a synthetic
indicator calculated as a
centered average weighted
by actual respondents’
answers
• Ranging from -100 (no
tolerance) to + 100 (high
tolerance)
• The Index combines
tolerance levels to:
• People with different
sexual orientation
• Immigrants
• Different ethnic groups
• Different people in
general
Base (R7) N = 28158
Base (R6) N = 30452
Belgium(R6)
Bulgaria(R6)
Switzerland(R6)
Czech Republic(R6)
Germany(R6)
Estonia(R6)
Spain(R6)
France(R6)
United Kingdom(R6)
Hungary(R6)
Netherlands(R6)
Norway(R6)
Poland(R6)
Portugal(R6)
Sweden(R6)
Austria(R7) Belgium(R7)
Switzerland(R7)
Czech Republic(R7)
Germany(R7)
Estonia(R7)
Spain(R7)
France(R7)
United Kingdom(R7)
Hungary(R7)
Netherlands(R7)
Norway(R7)
Poland(R7)
Portugal(R7)
Sweden(R7)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
GD
P E
UR
O (
PP
)
Tolerance index (range -100;+100)
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Dimensions of tolerance in Europe (Linear regression on ESS R6 )
Tolerance by age
Tolerance by trust in institutions
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tolerance index (-100 +100) by countries
-10,00
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
International institutions National Institutions
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
0Dissatisfied
2 3 4 5 Satisfied
Tolerance by life satisfaction
0,005,00
10,0015,0020,0025,0030,00
15-17
18-24
25-34
35-4445-54
55-64
65-74
75 +
Tolerance by life satisfaction
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Dimensions of tolerance
by countries and demographic factors (Linear regression on ESS R6 )
Tolerance by residence
Tolerance by age
Tolerance by employment
-20
0
20
40
60
15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 +
Germany France Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic UK
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Germany France Bulgaria Hungary CzechRepublic
UK
No education Basic Primary Secondary High education Doctoral
-20,00
-10,00
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
Paid work Unemployed Retired Other non working
Tolerance by education
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Germany France Bulgaria Hungary CzechRepublic
UK
Country village Town or small city A big city
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
Ethnic dimensions in Bulgaria (ESS R6, %)
Tolerance index by BG ethnic groups
Good opportunities to improve living standard
Good opportunities to live well
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
Bulgarians Turks Roma Others
0,00%
20,00%
40,00%
60,00%
80,00%
YES NO
Bulgarians Turks Roma
Sense of direction in life by ethnic groups
0,00%
20,00%
40,00%
60,00%
80,00%
YES NO
Bulgarians Turks Roma
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
No direction Clear direction
Bulgarians Turks Roma
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
The general conclusions:
Religion could not be a reliable indicator for measuring
ethnic identification – not all respondents are religious
and not all members of one and the same ethnic group
belong to one and the same religion
Language could not be a reliable indicator for measuring
ethnic identification - not all members of one and the
same ethnic group speak one and the same language
Citizenships and countries of birth of respondents and
their parents do not draw the national ethnic map – in
many cases minorities live there for generations.
National and European focal points have different
impacts and different coverage on different ethnic groups
– poverty, immigration, wellbeing, trust, crime…
US v/s THEM ethnic division inside and outside countries
provokes different attitudes which could vary from
tolerant acceptance to xenophobia – Roma everywhere,
Polish, Bulgarians and Romanians in the UK…
Ancestry approach gives important but not enough sufficient info about the ethnic identification of the respondents
There is need of
information who is
who as ethnic
identification!
www.europeansocialsurvey.org
ASA is a
Think Tank organization,
the BG national representative
in the
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)
and in the European Social Survey (ESS).
The ASA conducted the four
ESS wives in Bulgaria.
2006 – 2013
1, Macedonia Sq.
1040 Sofia
Tel/Fax:+359 2986 1072
lilia.dimova@consultant. bg
www.ess-bulgaria.org
AGENCY FOR SOCIAL ANALYSES (ASA)