At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust

8/12/2019 At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust

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WELCOME

DOBARDAN


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INVESTIGATIONOFOPERATINGAND

ENGINEERINGPARAMETERSOFWATER

SPRAYINGSYSTEMSATFUGITIVEDUST

SUPPRESSION

Dipl.Ing.J.Faschingleitner

, Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr.techn.W.Hflinger,,

1ViennaUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofChemicalEngineering,

Getreidemarkt 9,A1060Vienna,Austria,

Phone:004315880115910; Fax:004315880115999

Email:[email protected]

PresentationattheTEMPUSMeeting20101519November2010Wien

Dipl.Ing.JrgFaschingleitner

Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger 2
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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1.Dangeratlongtermexposuretofugitivedust:

chronicinjuryofthelung,

decreasedlungfunctioninchildrenandadults,

shortenedlifeexpectancy,primarilyduetoheartlungdiseasesandprobablyalsobecauseof

cancer.Furtherinformationontheconsequencesofparticulatematterforhumanhealthcanbeobtainedfromallwebsitesoftheenvironmental

agencieswithintheEuropeanUnion,forinstancefromtheAustrianEnvironmentalAgency[1].

Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions.

2.Dustdefinitions:In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachtoclassifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER

(PMstandard)[2].

TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide,

lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].

EPA:PM10=Particularmatterwithanaerodynamical diametersmallerthan10m

Guidline1999/30/EG:PM10areparticleswhichpass asizeselectiveairinletwhichperforms

forparticalswithanaerodynamicaldiameterof10maseparationefficiencyof50%.

ThePM10restrictionsintheEUarebasedonthe1999/30/EGFurtherspecifiedclassificationofdust:

TSP:"TotalSuspendedParticulate",emittabledustparticleswithanaerodynamicaldiameter


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3.Guidlines1999/30/EGin1999

Since01012005

nottoexceed

ayearlyaverageof40g/mofPM10emissions. adailyaverageof50g/mallowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[4].

Transgressionsarereportedbyeachcountryinyearlypublishedemissionreports.

Since01012010

nottoexceed

ayearlyaverageof20g/m adailyaverageisstillsetat50g/mwithsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear

InAustria,theEUregulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).AmongothercountrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassignedlimitsfrom2005.Ithasthereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[5].

However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedustemissionsasnewguidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludesfuturereferencevaluesonPM2.5emissions[6].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissionsdirectlyaddressareasthatcausehighairpollution.

OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFERREGISTER(EPRTR),whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewideregisterthatprovidesdataonthereleaseofemissionstotheenvironmentfromindustrialfacilities.

[5]EUCouncilDirective.Guideline1999/30/EG.22April1999. Accessedon04April2010.http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDF

[6]u.s.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards, IntroductiontoAP42,VolumeI,FifthEdition,1995http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ehief/ap42toe.htmI

[7]BackgroundDocumentationforAP42,Section11.2.4,HeavyConstruction Operations,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards,EPAC011lractNo.68DO0123,WorkAssignmentNo44,April2,1993http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42cI3.html
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDFhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/%20LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1999L0030:20080611:DE:PDF


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Aremarkablehighfraction(42%)oftotalemitteddustcanalreadybeassignedtofugitivedustemissions

[8].Onereasonforthatisthatemissionsofnonconductedsourcesaremuchhardertodetectand

control.

[8]Umweltbundesamt,Emissionstrends19902007.berblickberdiesterreichischenVerursachervonLuftschadstoffen(Datenstand2009).UmweltbundesamtGmbH,Vienna(2009)

[9]Holzhauer,R.:BeitragzurBeurteilungundWeiterentwicklungvon Emissionsminderungsmanahmen

4.Originandpropagationofdust:

Figure1:CausesforPM10emissionsinAustriain2007

accordingtotheAUSTRIANENVIRONMENTALAGENCY[8]

Figure2:criteriatodestinguish differentsourcetypes[9]


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Fugitivedustemission:

Arizingfromnonconductedsources

Diffusedustsourceshaveoftenthefollowingcharacteristics:(VDI3790,VDI4285)

o considerablespatialextension,

o inhomogeneoussourcestructure,

o

emissionrelevantsectorsthatcannotbelocatedordescribedeasily,o lowheightofsource,

o emissionmassflowthatvarieswithtimeand

o highambientairconcentrationsinthevicinityofthesource.

Diffusedustsourcescanbeassignedbygeometry:pointsourcelinesource,areasourceorvolumesource.

Dustsourceswhichcreatefugitivedustarecreatedforexamplebyexposureof:

o openfaces(construction,miningoragriculturalsites),o roadsorparkingareas,

o stockpilesor

o bulksolidprocessing

towindormechanicalstressFigure3:examplesforfugitivedustsources


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Problemsatfugitivedustsuppression: Primarydustsuppressionaction:onlypartial

solutionsavailable

o Granulationo Proceduralprovissions

Secondarydustsuppressionaction:

o Encaseandfiltrationorscrubbing

Combination:waterspraydustsuppressiono Primary:unhomogeniusbulksolidsmoistening

o Secondary:shiftinganddelutionofdustclouds

Definitionof afugitivedustsourcewhere

waterspraydustsuppressioncanbeusedasrolemodel:

Conveyorbelthandoverpoints:Primaryandsecondarydustsuppressionactioniseasilyaccessableandcanbeexaminedtogetherandseparatedfromeachother.Waterspraydustsuppressionataconveyorbelthandoverpoint

canbeusedasrolemodelfordustsuppressionatotherprocedures.

Figure4:examplesforprimary and

secondarydustsuppression

action


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8

Fig.5:Applicationofdustsuppressiondevicesbywaterspraying *

*www.vsrindustrietechnik.de

Fugitivedustsuppressionatbulksolidhandling


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10

Theseparationefficiencyofawatersprayingsystemcanbe

calculatedasthetotalseparationefficiencytotoftheefficienciesoftwoseparators(1and2),whichareconnectedinseries

1:

tot=1+21*2 (1)[9]

[9]1M.Stie:MechanischeVerfahrenstechnikPartikeltechnologie1,SpringerVerlagBerlin,Heidelberg .

2009,ISBN9783540325512.

1:reduceddustgenerationduetomoisteningofthebulk solids

2

:precipitationofthestillgenerateddustbythe

dispersedwaterdroplets

t f t d


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tot1 2Bulksolidsdropexperiments

ConveyorbelthandoverpointAirbornedustcapture

experiments

evaporation DesignoftestrigDesignoftestrig

effectiveVfl1(Vfleff.) 2(Vfleff.)tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*2(Vfleff.)

Vfl h n Nozzletype Position ncdust

experiments experiments

VLuft CFD

Lffler

theory

spraypatternMoisteningpattern Dustsuppressionpattern

methodofnozzle

characterizationModeltodescribe

moisteningpattern

Modeltodescribedust

suppressionpattern

ev(x) xb

2*

= aBellcurve

modelv(x)dataarrayofspray

parametersa,b

v(x)dataarrayofspray

parametersa,b

Vfl h n nozzletype Position ncdust VLuftOptimizationmethod

Emissionfaktor(Vfleff.) 2(x,Vfleff.)=constModeltocalculatedustsuppression

model

comparison

conceptofstudy:

s a n d

E i t


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tot1

2Bulksolidsdropexperiments

Conveyorbelthandoverpoint Airbornedustcapture

experiments

b l o w e r

f i l ter

c l e a n g a s

c o n v e y o r b e l t

d o w n p i p e

d u s t c h a m b e r

s u c k o f f p i p e

c a s c a d e

i m p a c t o r

n o z z l e

v a c u um p u m p

b u n k e r

w e i r

a i rw a t e r

Fig.7: Test equipment for detection oftot

Experiments:

Fig.8: Test equipment for detection of 1 Fig.9: Test equipment for detection of 2

s a n d


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b lo w e r

f i l ter

c l e an g a s

c o n v e y o r b e l t

d o w n p ip e

d u s t c h a m b e r

s u c k o f f p ip e

s a n d

c a s c a d e

i m p a c t o r

n o z z l e

v a cu u m p u m p

b u n k e r

w e i r

a i r

w a t e r

Fig.10: Test equipment for detection oftot

tot


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1

Bulksoliddrop

experiments

Detectionofspraying

pattern

Fig.11: Test equipment for detection of1Fig.12: Test equipment for detection of spraying pattern

regarding description of 1


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Fig.13:testequipmentfordetectionof2

2

Comparison:


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tot1 2Bulksolidsdropexperiments


experiments


effectiveVfl1(Vfleff.) 2(Vfleff.)tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*

2(Vfleff.)



VLuft CFD

Lffler

theorymodel

Comparisonofexperiment empiricalmodelandtheoreticalcalculationstodiscover

influencesondustsuppressionefficiency.

Vfl

experiment

s

Comparison:

model to calculate taking droplet evaporation into account


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Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger

17

modeltocalculatetottakingdropletevaporationintoaccount

EresdustconcentrationforinfiniteQE0: initialdustconcentration

: dustsuppressionconstantQ0 evaporatingwatervolumeflow[L/h]Q0maxmaximumevaporateablewaterflux [L/h]

Q supplyingnozzlewaterstream[L/h]

q evaporationconstant[h/L]

1

tot =1 +2 1 *2Comparison of dust suppression efficiencies:


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ForPM10andat10L/hnozzlewaterflux(8.8L/heffectivewaterflux):

Totaldustseparationefficiency: tot=70%

dropletdustprecipitation: 2=16% low

moisteningeffect: 1=64% high

Thatmeans: dustseparationduetomoisteningisthemoredominant

effectandthedropletdustseparationeffectisveryweak

tot 1 2 1 2Comparisonofdustsuppressionefficiencies:

Attheconcentrated

particleflow2ismuch

higherbutbesidesthis

flow2decreases

tremendously.

tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*

2(Vfleff.)

experiments

Fig.15:2atdifferentsetsofnozzles

:Problems of secondary dust reduction


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Prof.Dr.WilhelmHflinger

19

Problemofmixingofdustcloudsandwatersprays

CFDsimulationoftheultrasonicspraynozzle

(1005VSR)

definesdust

suppressionefficient

regionsofthespray

2:Problemsofsecondarydustreduction

Fig.16:Showstheshiftingofdustclouds

duetotheimpactofwaterspraysFig.17:Showsthedropletsizemeasurementof the

watersprayusinglaserdiffractionmethod

Fig.18:Calculatedspraypattern ofspraynozzlerelatedtodropletsize

theory

CFD

Interaction of


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Dipl.Ing.ThomasLaminger


Interactionof

Particlesandthe

spray

Therewereactiveregionsofthespray

definedfordustsuppression.Thisactiveregionsareamaximumifacertainfractionbetweenairvelocityofthenozzleandvelocityofdustparticles

(windspeed)isreached.

Fig.19:CFDconstructedtestsetup

Fig.20:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat10m/sairvelocity Fig.21:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity

Fig.22:CFDcalculatedparticletrajectoriesat1m/sairvelocity

Adopted BarthSchuch Lfflermodel to calculate the separation


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AdoptedBarth Schuch Lffler modeltocalculatetheseparation

efficiencyofparticlesatdroplets:

Usingexperimental,CFDandtheoreticalexaminationsanapproach to

optimizeparameterstoperformdustsuppressionatmaximumefficiencywasdiscovered.(crossflowconditions,concentration,position)

Fig.23:Showsthecalculatedtrajectoryofthedropletsandthe penetrationdepthofparticles

LfflerVelocitycomponents

Spacecomponents

Startingconditions

Optimization:


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methodofnozzle

characterizationModeltodescribemoisteningpattern

Modeltodescribedustsuppressionpattern

ev(x) xb 2

*= aBellcurve


parametersa,b


parametersa,b



1(Vfleff.)

Vfl h n Nozzletype

experiments

2(Vfleff.)

Position ncdust

experiments

VLuft

p

spraypatternMoisteningpattern


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ev(x) xb 2

*= aa moisteningconstant[m/s]

b moisteningcontsant[1/m]

x moisteningradius[m]v(x) moisteningvelocity[m/s]

Bellcurve:modelformoisteningvelocityMeasurementsetuptodetectthe

inhomogeniousmoisturedistribution

acrossaflatbulksolidssurfaceMeasurementofthemoisteningvelocity

v(x)=V/Aspaceresolvedusingvolume

compartments(areaA)

Fig.24:detectionofmoisteningvelocityacrossthe

surfacearea

Fig.25:Moisteningvelocitybychangingdistancefrom

thecenterofthespraytotheside. .

Th h f h b ll i d i d b h i i d b A d


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Theshapeofthebellcurveisdeterminedbythemoisteningconstancesaandb.Adataarray

ofaandbdependentonnozzleheighthandnozzlewaterflux hastobeascertained.flV

&

Fig.26:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)at

changingdistancefromthecenterofthespraytotheside.

Fig.27:Moisteningconstanta[m/s]relatedto Fig.28:Moisteningconstantb[1/m]relatedto

differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin differentwatervolumeflowsanddistancesin

heighth heighth

Fig.29:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)atdifferentnozzleheightatafixedwaterfluxof5L/h


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Layoutdesignparameterstobeindemand:

optimalnozzleheightabovetheconveyorbelth[m],

optimalnozzlewaterflux [m/s]

optimalnumberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth

Applicationtoperformahomogeniousbulksolidsmoisteningacrossaconveyor

belt:



Keynote:Generationofaspecifiedmoisturecontentofthebulksolidhomogenious

acrosstheconveyorbeltwidthtomeetspecifiedfugitivedustguidlines atminimum

waterconsumptionby determinationoftheoptimalnozzleheight h,optimalnozzle

waterflux ,numberofnozzlesperconveyorbeltwidth

aufsummiert

flV&

goal:optimizationstrategyfornozzlelayoutdesignofaconveyorbeltencasingusingthebellcurvemodel

Specified: nozzlekind

necessarymoisturecontentofbulksolid [gwater/kgbulksolid]

. tomeetforexamplePM10guidlines(derivedfrombulksoliddropexperiments)

bulksolidsmassflow [kg/s]

conveyorbeltwidthB[m]

G optimum

m

flV&

Fig.30:Deviationofmoisteningdistributionofthesprayacross theconveyorbeltwidth.


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Bellcurvemodel

26

Calculationofavolumeper

electableareausingbellcurvefrom

moisteningvelocityfunktionv(x)

Summationof3dimentionalbell

curvetogetmoisteningprofile

acrossconveyorbelt

Defineabulksolidmassprofile

acrosstheconveyorbeltwidth

Calculateamoisturecontentprofileof

bulksolidacrossconveyorbeltwidth

Measuredependencyofemission

faktoronsolidmoisturecontent by

bulksolidsdropexperiments

CalculateEmissionfaktorprofile

acrossconveyorbeltwidth

ev(x) xb 2

*= a

Dataarrayofaandbindependencyof hand

Find minimumemissionacrossconveyorbelt

dependingona.bandwiththedataarray

dependingonhand atminimumwater

consumption

Calculateempiricaldescriptionof

emissionfaktorreferredtobulk

solidsmoisturecontent


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Modeltocalculatedust

suppression


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1(Vfleff.)

Vfl h n Nozzletype

experiments

Bulksolidsdropexperimentsand

calculationofemissionfactors:

spraypatternMoisteningpattern

Modeltocalculatedust

suppression

Fig.30:Moisteningvelocitydistributionv(x)acrossconveyorbeltwidthatdifferentnozzlewaterflux adfixednozzleheight0,79m

Fig.31:emissionfactorsdepending onbulksolidsmoisture

Fig.32:emissionfactorsdepending onbulksolidsmoisturecreated

acrossconveyorbeltwidth

tot1 2

conceptofstudy:


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1 2Bulksolidsdropexperiments


experiments


effectiveVfl1(Vfleff.) 2(Vfleff.)

tot(Vfleff.)=1(Vfleff.)+2(Vfleff.)1(Vfleff.)*2(Vfleff.)



VLuft CFD

Lffler

theory


methodofnozzle

characterizationModeltodescribe

moisteningpattern

Modeltodescribedust

suppressionpattern

ev(x) xb

2*

= aBellcurve


parametersa,b


parametersa,b



model

comparison

Conclusion:


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Conclusion:

Withexperimentsitwasproventhatthefugitivedustsuppressioncouldget

devidedintwoeffectsThisprimaryandsecondarydustsuppressioneffects

werequantifiedandcomparedwithamodelusuallyusedfortwoseparators

whichareactinginseries.

Wherefromtheprimarydustsuppressionmeasureisfourtimesmore

efficientthanthesecondarydustsuppressionmeasure.

Forbotheffectscalculationmethodeswerederivedsothattheproposed

dustreductionofeachmeasurecangetcalculated.

Thetotaldustsuppressionefficiencycouldgetcalculatedbyan adoptionofa

depthfiltrationmodel.Thismodelwasimprovedbyanequationtocalculate

theevoporationeffect. Asaresultallseparationefficiencies (total,primary

andsecondarydustsuppressionefficiency)couldgetreferredto aneffective

waterfluxwhichactuallyperformsdustsuppression.

Conclusion:


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Thesecondarydustsuppressioncouldbedevidedinatransportproblemofdustcloudtothewatersprayandinaseparationproblemof dustparticlesby

droplets.

ThetransportproblemwasanalysedbyCFDsimulationbywhichactiveregionsofthespraywerelocatedanditsdependencyonoperatingparametersclarified.

TheseparationofparticlesbydropletswascalculatedbyadaptionoftheBarthSchuchLfflermodelanditsdependencyonoperatingparameters clarified.

Theprimarydustreductionwasdescribedbythedependencyofemissionfactorsonbulksolidsmoisture.Thebulksolidsmoistureproducedatwatersprayingwasmodelledbyabellcurvemodelwhichdescribesmeasurednozzlespraypatternsdependingonoperatingparameters.

Bydescribingmeasureddustsuppressionpatternsbythebellcurvemodelthe

optimizationmethode for primarydustsuppressioncouldgetappliedtosecondarydustsuppressionaswell.

Thereforeanoptimizationstrategywasdevelopedtoexamineoperating

parametersbywhichmaximumdustsuppressionatminimumwaterconsumptionisreached.31


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Thankyouforyourattention!

punohvalanapanja

longtermexposuretofugitivedust:

chronicinjuryofthelung,
http://rio.pauker.at/pauker/DE_DE/SH/wb/?x=hvalahttp://www.crodict.com/deutsch-kroatisch/pa%C5%BEnja.htmlhttp://www.crodict.com/deutsch-kroatisch/pa%C5%BEnja.htmlhttp://rio.pauker.at/pauker/DE_DE/SH/wb/?x=hvala


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c o c ju y o t e u g,

decreasedlungfunctioninchildrenandadults,

shortenedlifeexpectancy,primarilyduetoheartlungdiseasesandprobablyalsobecauseof

cancer.Furtherinformationontheconsequencesofparticulatematterforhumanhealthcanbeobtainedfromallwebsitesofthe

environmentalagencieswithintheEuropeanUnion,forinstancefromtheAustrianEnvironmentalAgency[4].

Forthisreason,measuresweretakentocontroltheproductionoffugitivedustemissions.

In1987,theAmericanENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA)undertookarigorousapproachto

classifyfugitivedustandintroducedtheNATIONALAIRQUALITYSTANDARDFORPARTICULATEMATTER

(PMstandard)[1].

TheEPAfurthermoreclassifiedparticulatematterasoneofsixairpollutants,includingcarbonmonoxide,

lead,nitrogendioxide,ozoneandsulfurdioxide[3].

EPA:PM10Particularmatterwithanaerodynamical diametersmallerthan10m

Guidline1999/30/EG:PM10areparticleswhichpass asizeselectiveairinletwhichperforms

forparticalswithanaerodynamicaldiameterof10masepparationefficiencyof50%.

ThePM10restrictionsintheEUarebasedonthe1999/30/EG

Furtherspecifiedclassificationofdust:

TSP:"TotalSuspendedParticulate",emittabledustparticleswithanaerodynamicaldiameter


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duringwhichPM10emissionsweretobereducedtofinalstandardvalues.Thefirstphaseendedin2005.Bythen,allparticipatingcountrieswerenottoexceedayearlyaverageof40g/m ofPM

10

emissions.Adailyaverageof50g/m wasallowedtobeexceededon35daysayear[5].Transgressionsare reportedbyeachcountryinyearlypublishedemissionreports.InJanuary2010,theendofthesecondphasewasreachedwithhigherstandardstobemet;nowwithayearlyaverageof20g/m.Thedailyaverageisstillsetat50g/m withsevendaysallowedtobeexceededperyear.InAustria,theEUregulationsareimplementedbylawintheImmissionsschutzesetz,(IGL).AmongothercountrieswithintheEU,Austriahasproblemstostaybelowtheassignedlimitsfrom2005.Ithasthereforeappliedforanextensionoftime[6].

However,allcountriesneedmoreeffectivemeasurestocontrolfugitivedust

emissionsasnewguidelineshavealreadybeenintroduced.GuidelineRL2008/50/EGisthefirststandardwhichincludesfuturereference valuesonPM2.5emissions[7].Otherpoliticalmeasurestoreducedustemissions directlyaddressareasthatcausehighairpollution.

OneofthesemeasuresistheEUROPEANPOLLUTANTRELEASEANDTRANSFER

REGISTER(EPRTR),whichaddressestheindustry.TheEPRTRisaEuropewideregisterthatprovidesdataonthereleaseofemissionstotheenvironmentfromindustrialfacilities.Itcontainsdatareportedannuallybyapproximately24000industrialfacilities[8].TheEPRTRregisterisopentothepublictomaketheimpactoflocalindustriesontheenvironmentmoretransparent.Atthesametime,it

pressureslistedcompaniestomeetemissionstandardsorevendo betteronbehalfofcompanyprestige.

At-11-2010-06 Retraning at Fugitive Dust

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