SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2012NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONNational Science BoardAPPENDIX TABLESwww.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/appendix/ SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2012APPENDIX TABLESiiiList of Appendix TablesDetailed appendix tables are available online at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/appendix/.Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Education1-1 Average NAEP mathematics scores of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student and school characteristics: 19902009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2 Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above NAEPs proficient level in mathematics for their grade, by student and school characteristics: 19902009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-3 Average NAEP science scores of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student and school characteristics: 2009 . . . 51-4 Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above NAEPs proficient level in science, by student and school characteristics: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-5 Ninth-graders proficient in various algebra skill areas, by selected student and school characteristics: 2009. . . . 71-6 Average PISA mathematics and science literacy scores of 15-year-old students, by country: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . 81-7 Advanced mathematics and science credits earned by high school graduates, by student and school characteristics: Selected years, 19902009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-8 High school graduates completing advanced mathematics courses, by student and school characteristics and subject: Selected years, 19902009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111-9 High school graduates completing advanced science and engineering courses, by student and school characteristics and subject: Selected years, 19902009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121-10 Public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131-11 Highest degree attainment of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141-12 Certification of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment, school poverty level, and type of certification: Academic years 200304 and 200708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151-13 Public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers who entered teaching through an alternative certification program, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708 . . . . . . . . . . 161-14 Participation in practice teaching by new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by preparation for first-year teaching activities: Academic year 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171-15 Duration of practice teaching by new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181-16 Pathway to teaching for public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by participation in practice teaching: Academic year 200708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191-17 Preparedness for first-year teaching tasks of new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment, school poverty level, and teaching tasks: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201-18 Years of teaching experience of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211-19 Preparation of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers for teaching in their field, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221-20 Participation in induction program during first year of teaching among new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241-21 Support received by new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers during their first year teaching, by support type: Academic year 200708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251-22 Participation in and duration of professional development on various topics by public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers during the past 12 months, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261-23 Topics rated as top priority for additional professional development by public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28iv1-24 Average salaries of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers and percentage who were satisfied with their salaries, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708 . . . . . . 291-25 Perceptions of working conditions of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301-26 Current occupational status of former public school mathematics and science teachers: Academic year 200809 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311-27 Serious student problems reported by public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321-28 High school graduates enrolled in college in October after completing high school, by demographic characteristics and institution type: 19752009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331-29 First-time entry rates into university-level education in OECD countries, by sex: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering2-1 S&E degrees awarded, by degree level, Carnegie institution type, and field: 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362-2 Degrees awarded by private for-profit academic institutions, by broad field and degree level: 200009 . . . . . . 382-3 Degrees awarded by private for-profit academic institutions, by field and degree level: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392-4 Undergraduate students in postsecondary institutions taking distance education courses, by control and level of institution: 200708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402-5 Full-time S&E graduate students, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412-6 Full-time S&E graduate students primarily supported by federal government, by field and mechanism of primary support: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432-7 Full-time S&E graduate students primarily supported by federal government, by field and agency: 2009. . . . . 442-8 Primary support mechanisms for S&E doctorate recipients, by citizenship, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2009. . . . . 462-9 Amount of undergraduate and graduate debt of S&E doctorate recipients, by field: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472-10 Enrollment in higher education, by Carnegie institution type: 19942009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482-11 Projections of U.S. population ages 2024 years, by sex and race/ethnicity: 201050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492-12 Freshmen intending S&E major, by field, sex, and race/ethnicity: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502-13 Freshmen intending to major in selected S&E fields, by sex and race/ethnicity: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532-14 Foreign undergraduate student enrollment in U.S. universities, by field and selected places of origin: November 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552-15 Undergraduate enrollment in engineering and engineering technology programs: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562-16 Earned associates degrees, by sex and field: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572-17 Earned associates degrees, by citizenship, field, and race/ethnicity: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602-18 Earned bachelors degrees, by sex and field: 200009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692-19 Earned bachelors degrees, by citizenship, field, and race/ethnicity: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722-20 S&E graduate enrollment, by sex and field: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812-21 S&E graduate enrollment, by citizenship, field, and race/ethnicity: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822-22 Engineering enrollment, by enrollment level and attendance: 19892009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842-23 First-time full-time S&E graduate students, by citizenship and field: 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852-24 Foreign graduate student enrollment in U.S. universities, by field and selected places of origin: November 2009 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862-25 Earned masters degrees, by sex and field: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882-26 Earned masters degrees, by citizenship, field, and race/ethnicity: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902-27 Earned doctoral degrees, by citizenship, field, and sex: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982-28 Earned doctoral degrees, by citizenship, field, and race/ethnicity: 200009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042-29 Median number of years from S&E doctorate recipients entry to graduate school to receipt of doctorate, by field: 19792009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132-30 Expenditures on tertiary education as a percentage of GDP and change in expenditures: 1995, 2000, and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142-31 Tertiary-type A, advanced research programs, and tertiary education, by age group and country: 2008 . . . . . 1152-32 First university degrees, by selected region and country/economy: 2008 or most recent year . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162-33 S&E first university degrees, by selected Western or Asian country/economy and field: 200008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202-34 First university degrees, by field, sex, and region/country/economy: 2008 or most recent year . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232-35 Earned S&E doctoral degrees, by selected region/country/economy and field: 2008 or most recent year . . . . . . 1272-36 Earned S&E doctoral degrees, by sex, selected region/country/economy, and field: 2008 or most recent year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129v2-37 S&E doctoral degrees in the United States and selected European countries, by field: 200008 . . . . . . . . . . . 1322-38 S&E doctoral degrees, by selected Asian country/economy and field: 19942008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342-39 Trends in population ages 2024 years, by selected country and region: 200050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352-40 Foreign S&E student enrollment in UK universities, by enrollment level, place of origin, and field: Academic years 199899 and 200809 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362-41 Foreign S&E student enrollment in Japanese universities, by enrollment level, place of origin, and field: 2004 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1382-42 S&E student enrollment in Canadian universities, by enrollment level, top place of origin, and field: 1999 and 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force3-1 Bureau of Labor Statistics projections of occupational employment: 200818 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423-2 Scientists and engineers, by occupation and degree field: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453-3 Occupation of employed S&E degree holders: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503-4 Employment and wages, by broad occupational category, state, and selected metropolitan statistical areas (May 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513-5 Employment sector of S&E highest degree holders and S&E doctorate holders: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1653-6 Primary reason for scientists and engineers to participate in work-related training, by labor force status: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663-7 Scientists and engineers participating in work-related training, by employment status, highest degree level, and sex: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1673-8 Alternate rates of labor underutilization for S&E, STEM, and all occupations: March 2008September 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1683-9 Workers in S&E occupations, by sex and occupation: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703-10 Race/ethnicity of individuals in S&E occupations, by sex and broad occupation: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723-11 Employed S&E highest degree holders, by sex and field of degree: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1733-12 Employed S&E highest degree holders, by sex, race/ethnicity, degree level, field of highest degree, and broad occupation category: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753-13 S&E workers, by race/ethnicity and occupation: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1803-14 Employed S&E highest degree holders, by race/ethnicity and field of degree: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833-15 Estimate and median salary of full-time workers with highest degree in S&E field, by sex and occupation: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863-16 Median salary among full-time workers with highest degree in S&E field, by race/ethnicity and occupation: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913-17 Full-time S&E workers who are foreign-born, by occupation and highest degree level: 2003 and 2008 . . . . . 1963-18 Place of birth and proportion with U.S. highest degrees of non-U.S.-born S&E highest degree holders: 2003 and 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993-19 Occupations of new H-1B visa recipients: FY 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2033-20 Plans of foreign recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates to stay in the United States, by field and place of origin: 19982009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2043-21 Employed S&E highest degree holders, by degree level and age category: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103-22 R&D personnel in selected regions/countries: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133-23 Researchers as a share of total employment in regions/countries/economies with 25,000 or more researchers in 2009: 1995, 2003, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2143-24 Worldwide, domestic, and foreign R&D employment, by selected characteristics: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153-25 S&E workforce international interaction, by employment and respondent characteristic: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Chapter 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Comparisons4-1 Gross domestic product and implicit price deflators: 19532010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2174-2 Purchasing power parity, market exchange rate, ratio of market exchange rate to purchasing power parity, for selected countries: 19812009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2194-3 U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 19532009 . . . . . . . 2214-4 U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 19532009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2254-5 U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 19532009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2294-6 U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 19532009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233vi4-7 U.S. research and development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 19532009 . . . . . . . 2374-8 U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 19532009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2414-9 U.S. applied research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sectors: 19532009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2454-10 U.S. development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 19532009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2494-11 U.S. R&D expenditures, by state, performing sector, and funding sector: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2534-12 U.S. R&D and gross domestic product, by state: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554-13 Worldwide R&D expense for R&D performed by the company, by industry and company size: 2008 . . . . . . 2574-14 Domestic and foreign R&D performed by the company, by industry and company size: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2594-15 Sources of funds for domestic R&D performed by the company, by industry and company size: 2008. . . . . . 2624-16 Domestic sales, domestic R&D performed and paid for by the company, and R&D intensity, by industry and company size: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2654-17 Worldwide R&D expense and domestic R&D performance paid for by the company and by others, by business activity: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2674-18 R&D expenditures by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by region/country/economy of ultimate beneficial owner: 19972008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2714-19 R&D performed by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by NAICS industry of affiliate: 19972001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2734-20 R&D performed by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by NAICS industry of affiliate: 200206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2754-21 R&D performed by majority-owned affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by NAICS industry of affiliate: 200708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2774-22 R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. parent companies, by region/country/economy: 19972008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2794-23 R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. parent companies, by selected NAICS industry of affiliate: 19992003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2814-24 R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of U.S. parent companies, by selected NAICS industry of affiliate: 200408 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2834-25 R&D performed in United States by U.S. multinational company parent companies, by NAICS industry: 19992003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2854-26 R&D performed in United States by U.S. multinational company parent companies, by NAICS industry: 200408 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2874-27 U.S. trade in research, development, and testing services, by affiliation and by selected region/country/economy: 200609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2894-28 Federal budget authority for R&D, by budget function: FY 19802010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2914-29 Federal budget authority for basic research, by budget function: FY 19802010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2944-30 Federal obligations for research and development, by character of work and R&D plant: FY 19532009. . . . 2974-31 Estimated federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant, by selected agency, performer, and character of work: FY 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3004-32 Discrepancy between federal R&D support, as reported by performers and federal agencies: 19852009. . . . 3034-33 Federally funded research and development centers, R&D expenditures: FY 2008 and FY 2009 . . . . . . . . . . 3044-34 Federal obligations for research, by agency and S&E field: FY 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3064-35 Federal obligations for research, by detailed S&E field: Selected years, FY 19892009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3084-36 Federal research and experimentation tax credit claims, by NAICS industry: 19982008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3114-37 Corporate tax returns claiming the federal research and experimentation tax credit, by NAICS industry: 19982008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3134-38 Federal technology transfer activity indicators, U.S. agencies with federal labs: FY 200109. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3154-39 SBIR and STTR awards, by type of award: FY 19832008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3184-40 SBIR award funding, by type of award and federal agency: FY 19832008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3194-41 Small Business Technology Transfer Program award funding, by type of award and federal agency: FY 19942008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3204-42 Technology Innovation Program summary data: FY 200810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3214-43 Gross expenditures for R&D and expenditures for R&D as share of gross domestic product, for selected countries: 19812009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3224-44 Gross expenditures on R&D, by performing and funding sectors, for selected countries: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3244-45 Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D, by socioeconomic objectives, selected countries: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3254-46 Share of business expenditures for R&D, by industry and selected country/economy: 200710 . . . . . . . . . . . 327viiChapter 5. Academic Research and Development5-1 R&D expenditures at academic institutions and academic share of U.S. total R&D performance, distributed by character of work: 19702009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3305-2 Academic R&D expenditures, by source of funding: 19722009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3315-3 Federal obligations for academic R&D, by agency: 19702009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3345-4 Federal obligations for academic R&D, by character of work: 200709 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3375-5 R&D expenditures at academic institutions, by S&E field and source of funds: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3385-6 R&D expenditures at academic institutions, by S&E field: Selected years, 19752009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3395-7 Federally financed R&D expenditures at academic institutions, by S&E field and agency: FY 2009. . . . . . . . 3425-8 Academic R&D funds provided by federal government, by S&E field: Selected years, 19752009 . . . . . . . . 3445-9 Sources of R&D funds at private and public academic institutions: 1989, 1999, and 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3455-10 Top 100 academic institutions in S&E R&D expenditures, by source of funds: 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3465-11 Top 50 academic institutions in non-S&E R&D expenditures, by non-S&E field: 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3495-12 Expenditures for academic R&D passed through to and received by subrecipients: FY 200009 . . . . . . . . . . 3515-13 S&E research space in academic institutions, by field: FY 19882009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3525-14 Current expenditures for research equipment at academic institutions, by S&E field: Selected years, 19852009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3535-15 Federal share of current funding for research equipment at academic institutions, by S&E field: Selected years, 19852009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3565-16 SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position and degree field: 19732008. . . . . . . . . . . 3575-17 SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position, sex, and degree field: 19732008 . . . . . . 3595-18 SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position, degree field, and race/ethnicity: 19732008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3635-19 SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by type of position, degree field, and citizenship: 2008 . . . . . 3675-20 SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by research priority, type of position, and degree field: 19732008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3685-21 Early career SEH doctorate holders employed in academia, by Carnegie institution type, years since doctorate, and type of position: 19732008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3715-22 Academic SEH doctorate holders with federal support, by degree field, research activity, and type of position: 19732008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3735-23 SEH doctorate holders and full-time faculty with federal support, by degree field and Carnegie classification of employer: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3755-24 SEH doctorate holders employed in academia with federal support, by degree field, years since doctorate, and type of position: 19732008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3765-25 Regions and countries/economies in S&E publications data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3795-26 Fields and subfields of S&E publications data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3805-27 S&E articles in all fields, by region/country/economy: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3815-28 S&E articles in agricultural sciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3865-29 S&E articles in astronomy, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3915-30 S&E articles in biological sciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3965-31 S&E articles in chemistry, by region/country/economy: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4015-32 S&E articles in computer sciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4065-33 S&E articles in engineering, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4115-34 S&E articles in geosciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4165-35 S&E articles in mathematics, by region/country/economy: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4215-36 S&E articles in medical sciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4265-37 S&E articles in other life sciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4315-38 S&E articles in physics, by region/country/economy: 19952009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4365-39 S&E articles in psychology, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4415-40 S&E articles in social sciences, by region/country/economy: 19952009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4465-41 Internationally coauthored S&E articles, by selected country/economy pairs: 1995 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4515-42 Indexes of internationally coauthored S&E articles, by selected country/economy pairs: 1995 and 2010 . . . . 4575-43 U.S. S&E articles, by field and sector: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4635-44 S&E articles, by field, citation percentile, and region/country/economy of institutional author: 2000 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4665-45 Share of all S&E articles and top 1% of cited articles and index of highly cited articles, by field and selected region/country/economy: 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470viii5-46 U.S. utility patent awards, by selected characteristics of patent owner: 19982010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4715-47 U.S. university patents awarded, by technology area: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4755-48 Academic patenting and licensing activities: 19992009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4765-49 U.S. utility patents citing S&E literature, by patent assignee sector, article author sector, and patent issue year: 19982010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4775-50 Citation of S&E articles in USPTO patents, by cited field and cited country/sector: 19982010 . . . . . . . . . . . 478Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace6-1 Value added of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries, by region/country/economy: 19902010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4816-2 Nominal GDP, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4856-3 Value added of commercial knowledge-intensive services, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . 4876-4 Value added of education services, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4916-5 Value added of health and social services, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4956-6 Value added of business services, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4996-7 Value added of computer programming and related services, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . 5036-8 Value added of R&D services, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5076-9 Value added of financial services, by region/country/economy: 19902010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5116-10 Value added of communications services, by region/country/economy: 19902010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5156-11 Value added of high-technology manufacturing industries, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . 5196-12 Value added of all manufacturing industries, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5236-13 Value added of ICT industries, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5276-14 Real GDP per employed person, by region/country/economy: 19902009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5316-15 Real GDP per capita, by region/country/economy: 19902009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5346-16 Value added of pharmaceuticals, by region/country/economy: 19902010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5376-17 Value added of semiconductors, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5416-18 Value added of medical, precision, and optical equipment, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . 5456-19 Value added of medical and measuring equipment, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5496-20 Value added of communications equipment, by region/country/economy: 19902010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5536-21 Value added of aircraft and spacecraft, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5576-22 Value added of computers and office machinery, by region/country/economy: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5616-23 Regions and countries/economies in world industry data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5656-24 Exports and imports of high-technology goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010. . . . 5666-25 Exports and imports of all manufactured goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010 . . . 5706-26 Exports and imports of communications goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010. . . . 5746-27 Exports and imports of semiconductor goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . 5786-28 Exports and imports of computer and office machinery goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5826-29 Exports and imports of scientific instruments and measuring equipment goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5866-30 Exports and imports of pharmaceutical goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010. . . . . 5906-31 Exports and imports of aerospace goods, by region/country/economy: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . 5946-32 Regions and countries/economies in world trade data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5986-33 Trade in communications and computer and office machinery goods, by selected region/country/economy of destination and origin: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5996-34 Trade in semiconductors, by selected region/country of destination and origin: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6076-35 Trade in aerospace goods, by selected region/country of destination and origin: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6156-36 Trade in pharmaceuticals, by selected region/country of destination and origin: Selected years, 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6236-37 U.S. trade in advanced-technology products, by region/country/economy: 200010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6316-38 U.S. trade in information and communications products, by region/country/economy: 200010 . . . . . . . . . . . 6366-39 U.S. trade in aerospace products, by region/country/economy: 200010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6416-40 U.S. trade in electronics products, by region/country/economy: 200010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6466-41 U.S. trade in life-sciences products, by region/country/economy: 200010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651ix6-42 U.S. trade in optoelectronics products, by region/country/economy: 200010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6566-43 U.S. trade in advanced materials, by region/country/economy: 200010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6616-44 Companies in the United States reporting innovation activities, by industry: 200608. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6666-45 USPTO patent grants, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6676-46 U.S. patent applications and grants, by industry: 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6686-47 USPTO patents granted in information and communications technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6706-48 USPTO patents granted in networking technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6716-49 USPTO patents granted in information processes technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . 6726-50 USPTO patents granted in telecommunications technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . 6736-51 USPTO patents granted in automation and control technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . 6746-52 USPTO patents granted in medical electronics technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . 6756-53 USPTO patents granted in semiconductor technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . . 6766-54 USPTO patents granted in optics technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6776-55 USPTO patents granted in measuring techniques and instrumentation technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6786-56 USPTO patents granted in pharmaceuticals technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . 6796-57 USPTO patents granted in materials technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6806-58 USPTO patents granted in aerospace and defense technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . 6816-59 USPTO patents granted in computer systems technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . 6826-60 USPTO patents granted in biotechnology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6836-61 USPTO patents granted in medical equipment technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . 6846-62 Regions and countries/economies in USPTO patent data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6856-63 Triadic patent families, by region/country/economy: 19992008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6866-64 USPTO trademark applications, by region/country/economy: 19982008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6886-65 U.S. venture capital investment, by financing stage and industry/technology: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6906-66 USPTO patents granted in clean energy and pollution control technologies, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6936-67 USPTO patents granted in alternative energy, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6946-68 USPTO patents granted in energy storage, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6956-69 USPTO patents granted in smart grid technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6966-70 USPTO patents granted in pollution mitigation, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6976-71 USPTO patents granted in fuel cells, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6986-72 USPTO patents granted in nuclear energy, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6996-73 USPTO patents granted in air pollution control, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7006-74 USPTO patents granted in water pollution control, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7016-75 USPTO patents granted in recycling, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7026-76 USPTO patents granted in bioenergy, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7036-77 USPTO patents granted in solar energy, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7046-78 USPTO patents granted in hybrid and electric vehicles, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . 7056-79 USPTO patents granted in wind energy, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7066-80 USPTO patents granted in battery technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7076-81 USPTO patents granted in hydrogen production and storage, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . 7086-82 USPTO patents granted in cleaner coal technology, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7096-83 USPTO patents granted in capture and storage of carbon and other greenhouse gases, by region/country/economy: 19952010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7106-84 USPTO patents granted in solid waste control, by region/country/economy: 19952010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding7-1 Primary source of information about current news events, by respondent characteristic: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7127-2 Primary source of information about science and technology, by respondent characteristic: 2010. . . . . . . . . . 7137-3 Primary source of information about specific scientific issues, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . 7147-4 Public interest in selected issues: 19812010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7157-5 Public interest in selected issues, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7177-6 Visitors to informal science and other cultural institutions: 19812008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7197-7 Visitors to informal science and other cultural institutions, by respondent characteristic: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 720x7-8 Correct answers to trend factual knowledge of science questions, by respondent characteristic: 19922010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7217-9 Correct answers to factual knowledge questions in physical and biological sciences: 19852010 . . . . . . . . . . 7227-10 Correct answers to factual knowledge questions in physical and biological sciences, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7237-11 Correct answers to nanotechnology questions, by respondent characteristic: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7267-12 Correct answers to polar questions, by respondent characteristic: 2006 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7277-13 Correct answers to scientific process questions: 19902010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7287-14 Correct answers to scientific process questions, by respondent characteristic: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7297-15 Correct answers to questions about charts and statistics, reasoning/life sciences, and understanding of experiment/controlling variables, by respondent characteristic: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7307-16 Comparison of correct answers given by adults and students to scientific process questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7337-17 New science knowledge questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7347-18 Correct answers to scientific terms and concept questions in factual knowledge of science, scale 2, by respondent characteristic: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7377-19 Public assessment of astrology, by respondent characteristic: 19792010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7407-20 Public assessment of benefits and harms of scientific research, by respondent characteristic: 2010. . . . . . . . . 7437-21 Public assessment of whether science and technology result in more opportunities for next generation, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7447-22 Public assessment of whether science makes life change too fast, by respondent characteristic: 2010. . . . . . . 7457-23 Attitudes toward science and technology, by region/country: Most recent year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7467-24 Public opinion on whether federal government should fund basic scientific research: 19852010. . . . . . . . . . 7497-25 Public opinion on whether federal government should fund basic research, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7507-26 Public assessment of federal government spending, by policy area: 19812010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7517-27 Public confidence in institutional leaders: 19732010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7547-28 Public preferences about various groups influence on decisions about public issues: 2006 and 2010. . . . . . . 7557-29 Public perceptions of various groups understanding of public issues: 2006 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7567-30 Public perceptions of various groups impartiality in making policy recommendations about public issues: 2006 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7577-31 Public perceptions of scientific consensus on public issues: 2006 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7587-32 Awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about stem cell research in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Israel: 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7597-33 Familiarity with nanotechnology, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7607-34 Public assessment of benefits and harms of nanotechnology, by respondent characteristic: 2010 . . . . . . . . . . 7617-35 Public attitudes toward conducting human health research that may inflict pain or injury to animals: 19882008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7627-36 Public attitudes toward conducting human health research that may inflict pain or injury to animals, by respondent characteristic: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7637-37 Public assessment of whether the quality of science and mathematics education in American schools is inadequate: 19852008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7647-38 Public assessment of whether the quality of science and mathematics education in American schools is inadequate, by respondent characteristic: 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765Chapter 8. State Indicators8-1 Average mathematics NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 white students in public schools, by state: 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7668-2 Average science NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 white students in public schools, by state: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7688-3 Average mathematics NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 black students in public schools, by state: 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7708-4 Average science NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 black students in public schools, by state: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7728-5 Average mathematics NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 Hispanic students in public schools, by state: 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774xi8-6 Average science NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 Hispanic students in public schools, by state: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7768-7 Average mathematics NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 Asian students in public schools, by state: 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7788-8 Average science NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 Asian students in public schools, by state: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7808-9 Average mathematics NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 female students in public schools, by state: 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7828-10 Average science NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 female students in public schools, by state: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7848-11 Average mathematics NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 male students in public schools, by state: 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7868-12 Average science NAEP scores and achievement-level results for grades 4 and 8 male students in public schools, by state: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7888-13 Coefficient of variation for estimates of employed S&E doctorate holders, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7908-14 Coefficient of variation for estimates of science and engineering doctorate holders in academia, by state: 1997, 2003, and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792Appendix table 1-1 Grade/student and school characteristic 1990 1992 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009All grade 4 students 213 220 224 226 235 238 240 240SexMale 214 221 224 227 236 239 241 241Female 213 219 223 224 233 237 239 239Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic 220 227 232 234 243 246 248 248Black, non-Hispanic 188 193 198 203 216 220 222 222Hispanic 200 202 207 208 222 226 227 227Asian/Pacific Islander 225 231 229 S 246 251 253 255American Indian/Alaska Native S S 217 208 223 226 228 225Free/reduced-price lunchaEligible NA NA 207 208 222 225 227 227Not eligible NA NA 232 235 244 248 249 250English language learner (ELL) statusbELL NA NA 201 199 214 216 217 218Not ELL NA NA 225 227 237 240 242 242Student disability statusbHas a disability NA NA 204 198 214 219 220 221Does not have a disability NA NA 225 228 237 240 242 242Score at percentilec10th 171 177 182 184 197 200 202 20225th 193 199 203 205 216 220 222 22150th 214 221 225 227 236 239 242 24175th 235 242 245 248 255 258 260 26090th 253 259 262 265 270 273 275 275School typePublic 212 219 222 224 234 237 239 239Charter school NA NA NA NA 228 232 234 231Noncharter school NA NA NA NA 234 237 239 239Private 224 228 235 238 244 S 246 246All grade 8 students 263 268 270 273 278 279 281 283SexMale 263 268 271 274 278 280 282 284Female 262 269 269 272 277 278 280 282Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic 270 277 281 284 288 289 291 293Black, non-Hispanic 237 237 240 244 252 255 260 261Hispanic 246 249 251 253 259 262 265 266Asian/Pacific Islander 275 290 S 288 291 295 297 301American Indian/Alaska Native S S S 259 263 264 264 266Free/reduced-price lunchaEligible NA NA 250 253 259 262 265 266Not eligible NA NA 277 283 287 288 291 294English language learner (ELL) statusbELL NA NA 226 234 242 244 246 243Not ELL NA NA 272 274 279 281 283 285Student disability statusbHas a disability NA NA 231 230 242 245 246 249Does not have a disability NA NA 273 276 282 283 285 287Score at percentilec10th 215 221 221 223 230 231 235 23625th 239 243 245 249 254 255 258 25950th 264 269 273 275 279 280 283 28475th 288 294 297 300 303 304 306 30890th 307 315 316 320 323 324 327 329Average NAEP mathematics scores of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student and school characteristics: 19902009Appendix table 1-1 Grade/student and school characteristic 1990 1992 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009Average NAEP mathematics scores of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student and school characteristics: 19902009School typePublic 262 267 269 272 276 278 280 282Charter school NA NA NA NA NA 268 273 275Noncharter school NA NA NA NA NA 278 280 282Private 271 281 285 286 292 S 293 296All grade 12 students NA NA NA NA NA 150 NA 153SexMale NA NA NA NA NA 151 NA 155Female NA NA NA NA NA 149 NA 152Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic NA NA NA NA NA 157 NA 161Black, non-Hispanic NA NA NA NA NA 127 NA 131Hispanic NA NA NA NA NA 133 NA 138Asian/Pacific Islander NA NA NA NA NA 163 NA 175American Indian/Alaska Native NA NA NA NA NA 134 NA 144Free/reduced-price lunchaEligible NA NA NA NA NA 132 NA 137Not eligible NA NA NA NA NA 155 NA 160English language learner (ELL) statusbELL NA NA NA NA NA 120 NA 117Not ELL NA NA NA NA NA 151 NA 154Student disability statusbHas a disability NA NA NA NA NA 114 NA 120Does not have a disability NA NA NA NA NA 153 NA 156Score at percentilec10th NA NA NA NA NA 105 NA 11025th NA NA NA NA NA 127 NA 13050th NA NA NA NA NA 151 NA 15475th NA NA NA NA NA 174 NA 17790th NA NA NA NA NA 194 NA 197School typePublic NA NA NA NA NA 149 NA 152Charter school NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 138Noncharter school NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 154PrivatedNA NA NA NA NA 164 NA NANA = not available; S = suppressed (unreliable estimate)NAEP = National Assessment of Educational Progress aStudents' eligibility for free/reduced-price lunch is a measure of family poverty. bFrom1996 on, students with a disability and English language learners were allowed to use testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, one-on-one testing, bilingual dictionary). Variations in exclusion and accommodation rates due to differences in policies and practices for identifying and including students with disabilities and English language learners should be considered when comparing these students performance over time. More information about inclusion and accommodation rates for these students is available at http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/inclusion.asp.cScores for percentile rows are not averages, but the actual scores that mark each percentile listed. For example, score for the 10th percentile indicates that 10% of students perform below this score.dResults for private school students in grade 12 in 2009 cannot be reported separately due to low school participation rate.NOTES: NAEP mathematics assessment scores range from 0 to 500 for grades 4 and 8 and from 0 to 300 for grade 12. From 1996 on, data shown here are for students allowed to use testing accommodations. Grade 12 mathematics trend data are presented for 2005 and 2009 only because the mathematics frameworkwas revised in 2005, making prior assessment results not comparable with those in or after 2005. Mathematics assessment was not conducted in 2007 for grade 12. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2010) of NAEP 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 mathematics assessments, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-2 (Percent)Grade/student and school characteristic 1990 1992 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009All grade 4 students 12.7 17.9 20.8 23.8 32.5 36.3 39.4 39.1SexMale 13.2 19.5 21.5 25.9 34.9 38.4 41.5 40.9Female 12.2 16.2 20.0 21.6 29.9 34.2 37.3 37.2Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic 15.9 22.4 27.0 31.3 42.9 47.2 50.9 50.7Black, non-Hispanic 1.1 2.5 3.1 4.7 9.9 12.8 15.4 15.9Hispanic 4.8 5.6 7.2 7.2 15.6 19.5 22.0 21.6Asian/Pacific Islander 22.4 27.7 27.2 S 48.3 54.6 58.4 60.3American Indian/Alaska Native S S 10.1 8.2 16.8 20.9 24.8 21.2Free/reduced-price lunchaEligible NA NA 7.5 7.6 15.2 19.1 21.5 21.7Not eligible NA NA 27.5 32.0 44.7 49.4 52.8 53.9English language learner (ELL) statusbELL NA NA 4.2 3.8 9.3 11.4 12.9 12.0Not ELL NA NA 21.6 25.0 34.7 38.7 42.2 41.9Student disability statusbHas a disability NA NA 5.1 6.4 12.6 16.0 19.3 19.1Does not have a disability NA NA 22.1 25.5 34.8 38.8 41.8 41.6School typePublic 11.8 17.3 19.4 22.5 31.2 35.3 38.6 38.4Charter school NA NA NA NA 25.3 29.1 31.9 28.3Noncharter school NA NA NA NA 31.0 35.0 39.0 39.0Private 20.1 22.5 31.5 35.2 44.4 S 47.9 47.2All grade 8 students 15.3 20.9 23.3 25.7 28.8 29.8 32.2 33.9SexMale 16.8 21.3 24.7 27.4 30.3 31.1 34.2 35.6Female 13.7 20.6 21.8 23.9 27.1 28.4 30.2 32.1Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic 18.2 26.0 30.2 33.8 37.5 38.6 41.8 43.6Black, non-Hispanic 4.7 2.5 3.8 5.2 7.3 8.7 11.0 12.3Hispanic 7.0 6.8 7.8 8.4 11.7 13.4 15.4 17.2Asian/Pacific Islander 28.9 43.3 S 40.6 43.0 47.3 49.6 53.8American Indian/Alaska Native S S S 9.8 14.6 13.9 16.3 18.2Free/reduced-price lunchaEligible NA NA 8.5 9.4 12.1 13.4 15.4 16.7Not eligible NA NA 28.3 33.7 37.2 38.8 42.1 44.8English language learner (ELL) statusbELL NA NA 1.5 2.0 4.7 5.9 7.0 5.0Not ELL NA NA 23.8 26.4 30.0 31.1 33.7 35.4Student disability statusbHas a disability NA NA 2.6 4.1 6.2 7.2 8.1 9.2Does not have a disability NA NA 24.8 27.3 31.4 32.2 34.5 36.5School typePublic 15.1 19.7 22.1 24.7 27.3 28.5 31.0 32.6Charter school NA NA NA NA NA 20.8 25.3 26.2Noncharter school NA NA NA NA NA 29.0 31.0 33.0Private S 30.9 33.8 36.0 42.7 S 44.7 47.4All grade 12 students NA NA NA NA NA 23.0 NA 25.9SexMale NA NA NA NA NA 25.1 NA 28.3Female NA NA NA NA NA 21.1 NA 23.5Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above NAEP's proficient level in mathematics for their grade, by student and school characteristics: 19902009Appendix table 1-2 (Percent)Grade/student and school characteristic 1990 1992 1996 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009Students in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above NAEP's proficient level in mathematics for their grade, by student and school characteristics: 19902009Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic NA NA NA NA NA 28.9 NA 32.7Black, non-Hispanic NA NA NA NA NA 5.6 NA 6.2Hispanic NA NA NA NA NA 8.1 NA 11.0Asian/Pacific Islander NA NA NA NA NA 36.0 NA 51.8American Indian/Alaska Native NA NA NA NA NA 6.1 NA 11.6Free/reduced-price lunchaEligible NA NA NA NA NA 7.7 NA 10.2Not eligible NA NA NA NA NA 26.7 NA 31.9English language learner (ELL) statusbELL NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 NA 4.0Not ELL NA NA NA NA NA 23.8 NA 26.6Student disability statusbHas a disability NA NA NA NA NA 4.5 NA 6.6Does not have a disability NA NA NA NA NA 24.4 NA 27.5School typePublic NA NA NA NA NA 21.5 NA 24.8Charter school NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 11.7Noncharter school NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26.2PrivatecNA NA NA NA NA 36.7 NA NAS = suppressed (unreliable estimate); NA = not availableNAEP = National Assessment of Educational Progress aStudents' eligibility for free/reduced-price lunch is a measure of family poverty.bFrom 1996 on, students with a disability and English language learners were allowed to use testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, one-on-onetesting, bilingual dictionary). Variations in exclusion and accommodation rates due to differences in policies and practices for identifying and including students with disabilities and English language learners should be considered when comparing these students performance over time. More information about inclusion and accommodation rates for these students is available at http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/inclusion.asp.cResults for private school students in grade 12 in 2009 cannot be reported separately due to low school participation rate.NOTES: From 1996 on, data shown here are for students allowed to use testing accommodations. Grade 12 mathematics trend data are presented for 2005 and 2009 only because the mathematics framework was revised in 2005, making prior assessment results not comparable with those in or after 2005. Mathematics assessment was not conducted in 2007 for grade 12. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2010) of NAEP 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 mathematics assessments, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-3Student and school characteristic Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 12All students 150 150 150SexMale 151 152 153Female 149 148 147Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic 163 162 159Black, non-Hispanic 127 126 125Hispanic 131 132 134Asian/Pacific Islander 160 160 164American Indian/Alaska Native 135 137 144Free/reduced-price lunchEligible 134 133 132Not eligible 163 161 157English language learner (ELL) statusELL 114 103 104Not ELL 154 153 151Student disability statusHas a disability 129 123 121Does not have a disability 153 153 153School typePublic 149 149 149Privatea163 164 NAAverage NAEP science scores of students in grades 4, 8, and 12, by student and school characteristics: 2009NA = not availableNAEP = National Assessment of Educational ProgressaResults for private school students in grade 12 in 2009 cannot be reported separately due to low school participation rate.NOTE: NAEP science assessment scores range from 0 to 300 for each grade.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of NAEP 2009 science assessment, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-4 (Percent) Student and school characteristic Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 12All students 33.7 30.3 20.9SexMale 35.0 33.6 24.2Female 32.5 26.9 17.6Race/ethnicityWhite, non-Hispanic 47.1 41.6 27.0Black, non-Hispanic 10.6 8.3 4.4Hispanic 13.8 12.3 8.3Asian/Pacific Islander 44.6 40.6 36.2American Indian/Alaska Native 17.4 17.1 13.1Free/reduced-price lunchEligible 16.1 13.8 8.2Not eligible 48.0 40.7 25.9English language learner (ELL) statusELL 5.1 2.4 1.2Not ELL 36.6 31.8 21.5Student disability statusHas a disability 16.5 11.2 5.6Does not have a disability 35.9 32.6 22.3School typePublic 32.4 29.0 20.1Privatea48.2 43.5 NAStudents in grades 4, 8, and 12 scoring at or above NAEP's proficient level in science, by student and school characteristics: 2009NA = not availableNAEP = National Assessment of Educational ProgressaResults for private school students in grade 12 in 2009 cannot be reported separately due to low school participation rate.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of NAEP 2009 science assessment, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Apperd|x lao|e 1-5(Percerl)1A|geora|c express|ors 2Vu|l|p||cal|ve ard proporl|ora| lr|r||rg 3A|geora|c equ|va|erl 16yslers ol equal|ors 5L|rear lurcl|orsA|| r|rlr-graders 85.Z 59.1 11.3 18.3 9.23exVa|e 81.5 58.9 11. 18.Z 9.1Fera|e 8.8 59.1 11.0 1Z.9 8.9Race/elrr|c|lywr|le, ror-l|spar|c 89.Z 5.Z 1Z.5 21.3 10.28|ac|, ror-l|spar|c Z1.1 11.3 25.5 10.1 .3l|spar|c 82.1 52.1 33.Z 13. Z.2As|ar 91.8 81.0 Z.5 39.9 19.5A|| olrer raceso 83.9 5.1 38.1 1.1 8.1Parerls' r|gresl educal|orLess lrar r|gr scroo| 80.1 1.5 2.8 9. .0l|gr scroo| d|p|ora or 0E0 82.Z 52.8 31.8 11.3 Z.5Assoc|ale's degree 8Z.Z 59.0 39.Z 1.3 8.28acre|or's degree 93.0 Z1.1 5.9 2Z.1 12.2Vasler's degree or r|grer 95.8 80. 5.Z 31.9 1.13croo| lypePuo||c 85.0 5Z.9 10.1 1Z. 8.9Pr|vale 91. Z5.1 5Z.2 2. 11.8Ninth-graders proficient in various algebra skill areas, by selected student and school characteristics: 20093luderl ard scroo| craracler|sl|cProl|c|ercy |eve|a0E0 = 0erera| Educal|ora| 0eve|oprerl a3|||| areas are arrarged |r a r|erarcry sucr lral prol|c|ercy |r a g|ver area assures prol|c|ercy |r a|| |oWer areas. oA|| olrer races |rc|udes Arer|car lrd|ar or A|as|a Nal|ve, Nal|ve laWa||ar or olrer Pac|l|c ls|arder, ard lWo or rore races. 30uRCE: lrge|s 3J, 0a|lor 8, lo|der TE, Laull E, 8urrs, LJ, High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09): A First Look at Fall 2009 Ninth-Graders, wasr|rglor, 0C: Nal|ora| Cerler lor Educal|or 3lal|sl|cs, NCE3 2011-32Z (2011). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-6CountryAverage mathematics literacy scoreCountryAverage science literacy scoreUnited States 487 United States 502Scores higher than U.S. Scores higher than U.S.Shanghai-China 600 Shanghai-China 575Singapore 562 Finland 554Hong Kong SARa555 Hong Kong SARa549Republic of Korea 546 Singapore 542Chinese Taipei 543 Japan 539Finland 541 Republic of Korea 538Liechtenstein 536 New Zealand 532Switzerland 534 Canada 529Japan 529 Estonia 528Canada 527 Australia 527Netherlands 526 Netherlands 522Macao-China 525 Chinese Taipei 520New Zealand 519 Germany 520Belgium 515 Liechtenstein 520Australia 514 Switzerland 517Germany 513 United Kingdom 514Estonia 512 Slovenia 512Iceland 507 Macao-China 511Denmark 503Slovenia 501 Score not statistically different from U.S.Norway 498 Poland 508France 497 Ireland 508Slovak Republic 497 Belgium 507Hungary 503Score not statistically different from U.S. Czech Republic 500Austria 496 Norway 500Poland 495 Denmark 499Sweden 494 France 498Czech Republic 493 Iceland 496United Kingdom 492 Sweden 495Hungary 490 Austria 494Luxembourg 489 Latvia 494Ireland 487 Portugal 493Portugal 487Italy 483 Score lower than U.S.Spain 483 Lithuania 491Latvia 482 Slovak Republic 490Italy 489Score lower than U.S. Spain 488Lithuania 477 Croatia 486Russian Federation 468 Luxembourg 484Greece 466 Russian Federation 478Croatia 460 Greece 470Dubai-UAEb453Dubai-UAEb466Israel 447 Israel 455Turkey 445 Turkey 454Serbia, Republic of 442 Chile 447Azerbaijan 431 Serbia, Republic of 443Bulgaria 428 Bulgaria 439Romania 427 Romania 428Uruguay 427 Uruguay 427Chile 421 Thailand 425Mexico 419 Mexico 416Thailand 419 Jordan 415Average PISA mathematics and science literacy scores of 15-year-old students, by country: 2009Appendix table 1-6CountryAverage mathematics literacy scoreCountryAverage science literacy scoreAverage PISA mathematics and science literacy scores of 15-year-old students, by country: 2009Trinidad and Tobago 414 Trinidad and Tobago 410Kazakhstan 405 Brazil 405Montenegro, Republic of 403 Colombia 402Argentina 388 Montenegro, Republic of 401Jordan 387 Argentina 401Brazil 386 Tunisia 401Colombia 381 Kazakhstan 400Albania 377 Albania 391Indonesia 371 Indonesia 383Tunisia 371 Qatar 379Qatar 368 Panama 376Peru 365 Azerbaijan 373Panama 360 Peru 369Kyrgyz Republic 331 Kyrgyz Republic 330PISA = Program for International Student Assessment; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentaHong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China.bUAE refers to the United Arab Emirates.NOTES: PISA mathematics and science literacy scores range from 0 to 1,000. Countries ordered by average score. Countries in shaded rows are OECD countries.SOURCE: Fleischman HL, Hopstock PJ, Pelczar MP, Shelley BE, Highlights From PISA 2009: Performance of U.S. 15-Year-Old Students in Reading, Mathematics, and Science Literacy in an International Context, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), NCES 2011-004(2010). Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Apperd|x lao|e 1-Z3luderl ard scroo| craracler|sl|c Advarced ralreral|csaAdvarced sc|erceo1990 graduales 0.9 1.12000 graduales 1.1 1.52005 graduales 1.5 1.2009 graduales 1.Z 1.93exVa|e 1.Z 1.8Fera|e 1.Z 1.9Race/elrr|c|lycwr|le 1.8 2.08|ac| 1.1 1.l|spar|c 1.3 1.5As|ar/Pac|l|c ls|arder 2.1 2.8Corrur|ly lypeuroar 1.Z 1.93uouroar 1.9 2.1Rura| 1.5 1.3croo| s|ze (erro||rerl)3ra|| (1-199) 1.5 1.ZVed|ur (500-1,999) 1.8 1.9Large (5, |oW = -25, red|ur = 2-50, ard r|gr < 51. 30uRCE: Nal|ora| 3c|erce Fourdal|or, Nal|ora| Cerler lor 3c|erce ard Erg|reer|rg 3lal|sl|cs, spec|a| laou|al|ors (2011) ol Nal|ora| Assessrerl ol Educal|ora| Progress 1990, 2000, 2005, ard 2009 l|gr 3croo| Trarscr|pl 3lud|es, Nal|ora| Cerler lor Educal|or 3lal|sl|cs. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Apperd|x lao|e 1-8(Percerl)3luderl ard scroo| craracler|sl|c A|geora llTr|gororelry ard slal|sl|cs/ prooao|||ly Pre-ca|cu|us/ ara|ys|s Ca|cu|us AP/l8 ralreral|csa1990 graduales 53.0 1.2 13.Z Z.2 1.12000 graduales Z.1 20.2 2. 12.5 9.52005 graduales Z0.3 21.1 29.5 11.1 12.32009 graduales Z5. 29.9 35.3 1.8 15.23exVa|e Z3.5 29.1 33.9 1Z.0 15.1Fera|e ZZ.Z 30.3 3.Z 1.Z 15.2Race/elrr|c|lyowr|le ZZ.2 32.3 38.0 18. 1.08|ac| Z0.Z 2.0 22.Z . .5l|spar|c Z1.2 20.1 2.5 9.2 9.1As|ar/Pac|l|c ls|arder 82.8 38. 0.5 13. 12.1Corrur|ly lypeuroar Z1. 29.0 3.Z 1.2 1Z.3uouroar Z8. 31.2 39.0 20.1 1Z.Rura| Z1.1 25.Z 30.1 11.3 10.3croo| s|ze (erro||rerl)3ra|| (1-199) Z2.8 2Z. 2.2 11. 5.5Ved|ur (500-1,999) Z.3 31.8 3.1 1Z.Z 15.5Large (5, |oW = -25, red|ur = 2-50, ard r|gr < 51. 30uRCE: Nal|ora| 3c|erce Fourdal|or, Nal|ora| Cerler lor 3c|erce ard Erg|reer|rg 3lal|sl|cs, spec|a| laou|al|ors (2011) ol Nal|ora| Assessrerl ol Educal|ora| Progress 1990, 2000, 2005, ard 2009 l|gr 3croo| Trarscr|pl 3lud|es, Nal|ora| Cerler lor Educal|or 3lal|sl|cs. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Apperd|x lao|e 1-9(Percerl)3luderl ard scroo| craracler|sl|c Advarced o|o|ogya Crer|slry Prys|csAdvarced erv|rorrerla|/earlr sc|erceo Erg|reer|rg AP/l8 sc|ercec1990 graduales 2Z.5 15.0 23.9 1. 0.1 NA2000 graduales 39.5 5. 31.5 1. 1.3 9.12005 graduales 10.1 55.8 35.5 .1 1.5 10.82009 graduales 11.Z 9. 38.Z 10.Z 3.3 11.33exVa|e 39.1 .Z 11.5 10.8 5. 13.1Fera|e 19.9 Z2.1 35.9 10.Z 1.1 15.2Race/elrr|c|lydwr|le 1Z. Z0.2 10. 11. 3. 15.18|ac| 38.5 5.2 28. 10.3 3.1 .1l|spar|c 31. 5.Z 30.9 8.1 1.9 8.9As|ar/Pac|l|c ls|arder 51.Z 81.Z 2.8 9.1 1.5 38.3Corrur|ly lype uroar 13.Z Z1.8 11. 11.2 3.Z 1.83uouroar 1.0 Z1.2 1.2 9.1 3.9 1Z.5Rura| 12.9 59.5 28.8 11.3 2.0 8.83croo| 3|ze (erro||rerl)3ra|| (1-199) 13.1 5. 33.8 Z.8 1.8 5.1Ved|ur (500-1,999) 15.8 8.8 38.Z 10.5 3.9 15.5Large (5, |oW = -25, red|ur = 2-50, ard r|gr < 51. 30uRCE: Nal|ora| 3c|erce Fourdal|or, Nal|ora| Cerler lor 3c|erce ard Erg|reer|rg 3lal|sl|cs, spec|a| laou|al|ors (2011) ol Nal|ora| Assessrerl ol Educal|ora| Progress 1990, 2000, 2005, ard 2009 l|gr 3croo| Trarscr|pl 3lud|es, Nal|ora| Cerler lor Educal|or 3lal|sl|cs. Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-10(Number)School characteristic All teachers Mathematics teachers Science teachersAll public schools 3,391,000 280,000 211,000Middle schools 622,000 99,000 65,000Minority enrollment (%)05 55,000 8,000 7,000>545 277,000 41,000 30,000>45 291,000 50,000 28,000School poverty level (%)a010 75,000 11,000 9,000>1050 314,000 48,000 32,000>50 229,000 40,000 23,000High schools 994,000 137,000 118,000Minority enrollment (%)05 133,000 17,000 15,000>545 456,000 61,000 56,000>45 405,000 59,000 47,000School poverty level (%)a010 169,000 23,000 21,000>1050 578,000 81,000 69,000>50 220,000 30,000 26,000Public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708aSchool poverty level is percentage of students in school qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch.NOTE: Data for minority enrollment and school poverty level may not add to total due to missing data.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of 200708 Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-11(Percent distribution)TotalMaster'sdegreeHigher thanmaster'sdegreeaTotalMaster'sdegreeHigher thanmaster'sdegreeaMathematics 0.3 51.6 48.0 41.8 6.2 0.2 46.3 53.5 46.6 6.9Minority enrollment (%)05 0.2 51.5 48.3 44.8 3.5 0.1 43.4 56.6 53.3 3.2>545 0.4 49.0 50.6 44.5 6.1 0.2 45.6 54.2 48.0 6.3>45 0.3 54.5 45.2 37.8 7.4 0.1 47.7 52.1 43.7 8.5School poverty level (%)b010 0.2 41.6 58.3 53.4 4.9 0.0 41.3 58.8 53.1 5.7>1050 0.2 51.9 47.9 41.5 6.4 0.2 47.6 52.2 47.1 5.1>50 0.8 59.0 40.2 33.6 6.6 0.2 46.3 53.5 42.5 11.0Science 0.1 47.9 52.0 44.6 7.4 0.4 42.0 57.6 49.9 7.6Minority enrollment (%)05 0.4 41.9 57.7 54.0 3.7 0.5 40.3 59.2 53.2 6.0>545 0.1 45.5 54.4 47.5 6.9 0.3 39.3 60.3 54.7 5.6>45 0.1 53.2 46.7 37.3 9.5 0.5 45.6 53.9 43.5 10.4School poverty level (%)b010 0.0 33.4 66.6 58.5 8.1 0.6 30.8 68.6 61.4 7.2>1050 0.2 48.4 51.3 44.0 7.4 0.3 41.7 58.0 50.5 7.5>50 0.0 57.4 42.6 35.4 7.2 0.7 50.6 48.8 40.6 8.2Otherc2.3 48.4 49.3 41.2 8.0 1.7 45.5 52.9 45.0 7.9Minority enrollment (%)05 1.9 46.9 51.2 45.0 6.2 2.4 42.8 54.9 48.7 6.2>545 1.9 46.2 51.9 44.0 7.9 1.6 42.1 56.3 48.9 7.4>45 3.0 51.8 45.2 36.3 9.0 1.5 49.8 48.7 39.9 8.8School poverty level (%)b010 1.1 40.1 58.8 50.5 8.3 0.8 37.5 61.7 52.8 8.9>1050 1.8 49.3 48.8 41.5 7.4 1.6 44.7 53.7 46.3 7.4>50 2.7 52.9 44.4 34.7 9.7 1.5 51.7 46.8 38.8 8.0Highest degree attainment of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708Teaching field/school characteristicAcademic year 200304 Academic year 200708Master's or higher degree Master's or higher degreeLess thanbachelor'sdegreeBachelor'sdegreeLess thanbachelor'sdegreeBachelor'sdegreeaIncludes education specialist, certificate of advanced graduate studies, doctorate, or professional degree.bSchool poverty level is percentage of students in school qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch.cOther teachers include those who teach any subject other than mathematics or science.NOTE: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of 200304 and 200708 Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-12(Percent distribution)Regular/advancedProbationaryProvisionary/alternativeTemporary Emergency NoneRegular/advancedProbationary Temporary Emergency NoneMathematics 85.1 3.8 6.7 2.4 0.6 1.3 87.0 4.9 4.4 2.9 1.0Minority enrollment (%)05 87.3 2.8 6.5 0.9 0.8 1.6 92.3 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.2>545 88.3 3.2 5.1 2.2 0.2 1.1 88.8 5.2 4.0 1.6 0.5>45 80.9 5.0 8.6 3.1 1.0 1.4 83.9 5.0 5.2 4.3 1.6School poverty level (%)a010 85.4 5.7 5.7 2.1 0.2 0.9 86.7 4.2 7.0 1.3 0.9>1050 87.1 3.1 5.4 2.6 0.7 1.1 88.4 4.6 4.1 2.3 0.6>50 80.9 4.0 10.9 2.1 0.7 1.4 84.3 5.6 3.8 4.8 1.6Science 82.8 5.1 6.2 3.6 1.0 1.3 87.3 3.5 4.8 3.3 1.1Minority enrollment (%)05 85.6 5.0 6.1 1.9 0.3 1.1 92.5 2.8 3.4 0.4 0.9>545 85.5 4.1 4.6 4.5 0.5 0.8 89.9 3.1 4.3 2.2 0.5>45 78.5 6.3 8.3 3.2 1.8 1.9 82.8 4.2 5.7 5.3 1.9School poverty level (%)a010 86.6 5.6 5.4 1.2 0.8 0.5 89.1 3.0 5.6 2.0 0.3>1050 82.9 5.5 4.9 4.7 0.8 1.3 89.7 2.9 3.9 2.9 0.7>50 79.9 3.6 10.1 3.0 1.6 1.7 81.1 5.0 6.2 5.1 2.6Otherb86.6 3.6 4.8 2.5 0.8 1.7 88.1 4.0 4.2 2.4 1.4Minority enrollment (%)05 88.1 3.5 4.7 2.0 0.4 1.3 89.8 4.0 3.2 2.4 0.6>545 88.3 4.0 3.9 2.0 0.6 1.2 89.5 3.7 3.6 2.1 1.1>45 83.9 3.0 5.9 3.4 1.3 2.5 86.0 4.2 5.2 2.8 1.9School poverty level (%)a010 88.0 4.7 4.6 1.5 0.5 0.8 89.5 4.4 3.4 1.7 1.1>1050 87.8 3.3 4.1 2.2 0.7 1.9 88.7 4.1 4.0 2.2 1.0>50 83.2 3.4 6.5 3.9 1.2 1.8 86.2 3.5 5.1 3.0 2.2Certification of public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment, school poverty level, and type of certification: Academic years 200304 and 200708 Teaching field/school characteristicAcademic year 200304 Academic year 200708aSchool poverty level is percentage of students in school qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch.bOther teachers include those who teach any subject other than mathematics or science.NOTES: In academic year 200708, there was no "provisionary or alternative certification" category. Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of 200304 and 200708 Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-13(Percent)School characteristicMathematicsteachersScienceteachers Other teachersaAll schools 19.0 21.6 16.3Minority enrollment (%)05 6.7 13.5 9.4>545 12.1 18.6 12.6>45 28.3 27.4 22.1School poverty level (%)b010 12.1 16.0 12.8>1050 16.7 19.5 14.7>50 26.4 29.5 20.9Public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers who entered teaching through an alternative certification program, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic year 200708aOther teachers include those who teach any subject other than mathematics or science.bSchool poverty level is percentage of students in school qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of 200708 Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-14(Percent)Did not participate inpractice teachingParticipated inpractice teachingDid not participate inpractice teachingParticipated inpractice teachingTeach subject matter 75.4 91.9 83.1 91.4Use computers 58.4 60.9 58.9 80.9Assess students 56.5 74.1 49.5 73.4Use variety of instructional methods 44.1 66.9 44.5 78.8Select/adapt curriculum 43.3 64.0 43.1 68.4Handle classroom management/discipline 31.0 52.5 35.3 60.0Participation in practice teaching by new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by preparation for first-year teaching activities: Academic year 200708Teaching activitiesMathematics teachers Science teachersNOTES: New teachers refer to teachers with fewer than 5 years of teaching experience. The Schools and Staffing Survey asked these teachers about how well they were prepared to perform various tasks during their first year of teaching. Response categories included "very well prepared," "well prepared," "somewhat prepared," and "not at all prepared." Percentages based on teachers who responded "very well prepared" or "well prepared."SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of 200708 Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-15(Percent distribution)None4 weeksor less5 to 7weeks8 to 11weeks12 weeksor moreNone4 weeksor less5 to 7weeks8 to 11weeks12 weeksor moreMathematics 21.4 3.2 4.6 13.5 57.4 25.2 3.0 7.8 11.4 52.5Minority enrollment (%)05 7.3 0.2 0.2 16.7 75.5 8.6 2.1 3.1 7.0 79.2>545 17.3 1.4 4.5 11.7 65.0 27.3 1.2 2.5 15.2 53.8>45 28.7 5.4 5.7 14.2 46.0 26.5 4.5 12.5 9.4 47.0School poverty level (%)a010 14.2 0.3 6.8 17.6 61.1 35.5 1.4 5.0 9.3 48.8>1050 18.0 2.4 3.3 12.9 63.5 29.3 2.8 2.0 11.4 54.5>50 30.7 6.3 5.6 12.0 45.5 15.6 3.9 17.9 11.9 50.7Science 25.0 2.4 3.9 13.6 55.1 28.3 3.5 3.3 12.4 52.5Minority enrollment (%)05 8.9 1.2 3.1 16.9 69.9 10.4 1.0 6.8 34.7 47.0>545 23.8 1.5 3.7 17.3 53.6 28.8 1.7 1.8 14.5 53.3>45 31.8 3.8 4.4 8.5 51.5 32.2 5.9 4.2 4.7 53.0School poverty level (%)a010 14.8 1.1 5.2 23.3 55.5 23.6 0.8 1.1 16.0 58.5>1050 24.4 1.8 3.2 14.5 56.1 28.1 2.0 2.0 12.4 55.5>50 34.1 4.6 5.0 6.7 49.6 30.6 6.8 6.4 11.3 45.0Otherb18.8 3.5 3.8 13.8 60.1 23.1 2.2 4.5 13.5 56.8Minority enrollment (%)05 10.4 0.9 1.1 16.3 71.3 15.7 2.2 3.4 14.5 64.2>545 16.8 2.3 2.7 14.3 63.8 18.9 2.0 3.5 14.8 60.7>45 23.2 5.4 5.6 12.6 53.2 28.3 2.3 5.5 12.2 51.8School poverty level (%)a010 11.2 1.7 1.6 15.7 69.7 16.8 2.8 5.3 13.5 61.6>1050 17.2 3.2 3.5 14.5 61.6 22.7 2.5 3.2 15.7 56.0>50 24.3 4.9 5.7 11.8 53.4 25.6 1.5 6.3 10.6 55.9Duration of practice teaching by new public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by minority enrollment and school poverty level: Academic years 200304 and 200708Teaching field/school characteristicAcademic year 200304 Academic year 200708aSchool poverty level is percentage of students in school qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch.bOther teachers include those who teach any subject other than mathematics or science.NOTES: New teachers refer to teachers with fewer than 5 years of teaching experience. Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, special tabulations (2011) of 200304 and 200708 Schools and Staffing Survey, National Center for Education Statistics.Science and Engineering Indicators 2012Appendix table 1-16(Percent)MathematicsteachersScienceteachersOtherteachersaMathematicsteachersScienceteachersOtherteachersaAll teachers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0No practice teaching 57.2 48.9 51.3 6.4 7.7 6.0Any practice teaching 42.8 51.1 48.7 93.6 92.3 94.0Pathway to teaching for public middle and high school mathematics and science teachers, by participation in practice teaching: Academic year 200708Participated in practice teachingEntered through alternative pathway Entered through traditional pathwayaOther teachers include those who teach any subject other than mathematics or science.NOTES: The Schools and Staffing Survey asked teachers whether they entered the teaching profession through an alternative certification program designed to expedite the transition of non-teachers to a teaching career, for example, a state, district, or university alternative c