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ASU Academic Catalog Style Guide for catalog year 2021–2022

This is the primary resource for how to present ASU catalog content. ASU catalog style is comprised of ASU and AP styles — and has exceptions to both. Included are reminders of issues that tend to cause confusion. These are your references, in this order:

1. ASU Academic Catalog Style Guide 2. ASU writing style guide 3. AP Stylebook 4. Webster’s New World College Dictionary

Did you know…? ASU catalog style calls for strong, active and direct language. • Be clear and specific. • Be succinct. • Use laymen’s language as much as possible; it influences SEO. Details and examples are in the Marketing and Language chapters — Pages 5 and 13.

Check it out… • introducing your program —Page 3 • a common problem with to — Page 13 • present tense — Page 17 • updated guidelines for lists — Page 18 • color-keyed information — fabulous, good, what not to say, and standard statements

Reminder: Use % with numerals in most cases. Example: 8%. Details and exceptions — Page 23.

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Contents Chapter titles are hyperlinked.

Marketing Text It’s About Connection How to Start Help from the ASU Brand Hyperlinks Examples: - Ineffective Copy - Primary Tactic - Secondary Tactic Need More Help?

Abbreviations ...............................................5 Academic Programs Campuses Centers, Colleges, Departments, Institutes, Schools, University iPOS, POS Tests

Capitalization ........................................... 10 Academic Programs Campuses Centers, Colleges, Departments,

Institutes, Schools, University Compound Words Documents, Forms

Formatting ............................................... 12 Bold General Studies Italics Lists

Phone Numbers URLs

Language ................................................. 13 The Basics Special Attention #1 — avoid misunderstanding Special Attention #2 — be careful with to Gender Neutrality Redundancy Standard Statements Symbols Voice

Lists ......................................................... 18 Styles Placement, with Examples Remedies, with Examples

Numerals ................................................. 22 The Basics Adjectives Decimals Grade Levels Ordinals Percent, Percentage Phone Numbers Ratios

Punctuation and Symbols ......................... 24 Ampersand Asterisk At Symbol Comma Dashes Exclamation Mark Superscript Symbols

Titles .............................................................27 Academic Courtesy Formal Occupational

Word List ......................................................28

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Marketing Text This is where you greet and welcome your reader. With your written smile and handshake, this is your chance to help them quickly gauge whether yours is the right program for them. It’s About Connection Maximize your 50-word limit with a casual, upbeat, attention-grabbing style. Write as if you’re having a conversation: say or imply you. Choose a tactic Whichever approach, keep your focus on them (this is about them, not the program) to foster emotional connection. Strong decisions are based in emotions, so choose sensory-laden nouns and verbs that help the reader see themselves in the program or even beyond. Primary tactic Answer the reader’s unspoken question, "What’s my benefit? How will this help me?" This works on two levels: They will feel like you're speaking directly to them and they will sense your interest in what matters most to them. Tips are shown in How to Start, below.

Secondary tactic Though less effective at establishing a relationship, you may opt to highlight unique aspects of your unit or special opportunities that might be an important part of the reader's decision-making process. Remember to keep the focus reader centric. How to do that is illustrated in Examples, below.

Don’t repeat anything Don’t include anything mentioned or implied elsewhere in the program’s listing, not even the program name, which appears at minimum twice and often is scattered throughout a listing, although a colloquial name for your program is fine and in keeping with the conversational style. Repetition wastes space and tries a reader’s patience, diluting the message. You will be asked to rewrite the marketing text if the editor encounters program content that looks like this:

[introduction, marketing text] The XYZ program teaches you to… Program Description The XYZ program teaches students to …

How to Start Open with a question or describe the program’s ideal student. The reader will immediately know whether the program is right for them. • Do you have a passion for wildlife? • Do you daydream about ways to make the world greener? • With your global mindset and passion for travel, you’ll thrive with a degree in [xxx]. • As someone who embraces justice and order, a criminology degree can help you …

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Set the tone with a strong, catchy statement or fact. • Social media and nightly news are filled with events touching on the Middle East. • More people are taking vacations than ever before. Use emotion to convey importance and value. • The education of our children is one of the noblest callings. • Developing clean sources of energy is one of the world’s more critical endeavors. Explicitly state what they will gain so they can see the correlation between the program and their future. • You’ll learn [xxx] which will prepare you to [xxx]. • You’ll develop [xxx] which can help children to [xxx]. Help from the ASU Brand Become well versed in the ASU brand. Read about it at https://brandguide.asu.edu/Elements-of-the-brand/writing-style-guide/introduction. “On my way to a better life.” Plant the idea that what they gain through the program will help set them on the path to a great life (don’t actually say better life; that would imply their life isn’t good now). Some examples: • life you’ve always dreamed of • wherever you want to go in life • bright future Language, tone, attitude Always make it about them. Be personable, implying you so they can see themselves in the program. Avoid taking center stage, like with our program. Sell their experience in the program. Tell them what it would be like for them and what it will prepare them to do and achieve. Keep it conversational and easy to read. This benefits them and helps us with SEO. Be careful. Many of our figures of speech can confuse international students. Make sure the phrasing is clear for all audiences. • This degree can help you begin a career in [xxx]. • Not: This degree can help you get your foot in the door of a career in [xxx]. Hyperlinks You may point to an ASU webpage with a hyperlink, but you must use the full URL to point to a non-ASU site. • Financial options are available here as well as at https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/grants-scholarships. Examples Ineffective Copy Phrasing and delivery matter. The following paragraph illustrates ineffective marketing copy. Anything that reads like this must be recrafted in the ASU branded style:

What does not work is a passive voice, dry academic language with few adjectives, and third-person nouns like student and applicant. A reader is not excited by copy that brags without explaining the value to the reader,

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nor by writing that is long-winded and not conversational. Also, we don’t want hyperbole, like "This degree is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity."

Before and After You can feel the difference in this copy that was reworked to engage the reader’s emotions and imagination:

The certificate program in arts and humanities in games will train students to design, develop, create and analyze games from a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective and to understand the utilization, consumption and real-world impact of games on our diverse culture and society. Remember the toys and games you played with as a kid? They were fun, but did you ever consider their impact on your growth and development? You can learn how that impact shapes the human mind, and become an influential researcher and analyst in the gaming industry.

Primary Tactic Great Examples

Do you have a passion for wildlife, for exploring nature and seeing that our world's natural resources and lands are managed in sustainable ways? You'll gain an excellent foundation in science while you enjoy lots of field opportunities to build expertise for careers that connect with conservation and restoration of biodiversity and habitats. With your global mindset, your passion for travel and language, and your aspirations for an international career, you deserve a master's degree that will open up a world of possibilities. Focused 100% on global management, the MGM prepares you to do business across borders and cultures with the dexterity you can't learn in a traditional business program.

Good Examples

Social media and nightly news are filled with events touching on the Middle East and Islamic nations. But how many people understand the deep issues at hand? You can. With a minor in Arabic studies, you'll develop a cross-cultural understanding of Islamic civilization which will provide opportunities in the global workforce. Moment by moment, day by day and person by person, educators improve lives and strengthen communities. Wherever life takes you, an education degree prepares you to master new knowledge, communicate effectively and thrive in a world — and an economy — in which lifelong learning is key to success and happiness.

Secondary Tactic Great Example

Join one of the nation's top journalism schools, home to Arizona PBS, the largest media outlet in the world operated by a journalism school. You will work with world-class faculty in a variety of hands-on experiences, including digital media, broadcast news, innovation and entrepreneurship, audience engagement, public relations, and Spanish-language news.

Good Example

This certificate is designed for students in the Next Generation Service Corps or students in Army, Navy or Air Force ROTC.

Need More Help? 1. Call on your marketers for expert assistance. 2. Familiarize yourself with the ASU brand and platform and the ASU language guidelines. 3. See the chart that details differences between marketing text and the program description. It’s in Writing for

the Catalog, on the catalog resources page.

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Abbreviations Avoid using abbreviations as much as possible. • Only use an abbreviation for an organization if that is the organization’s official name: ABET. • Don’t include an abbreviation in parentheses after a name: The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS). Academic Programs Abbreviations, official names

AuD Doctor of Audiology BA Bachelor of Arts BAE Bachelor of Arts in education BAS Bachelor of Applied Science BFA Bachelor of Fine Arts BGM Bachelor of Global Management BIPH Bachelor of International Public Health BMus Bachelor of Music BS Bachelor of Science BSD Bachelor of Science in design BSE Bachelor of Science in engineering BSLA Bachelor of Science in landscape architecture BSN Bachelor of Science in nursing BSP Bachelor of Science in planning BSW Bachelor of Social Work DBA Doctor of Business Administration DBH Doctor of Behavioral Health DMA Doctor of Musical Arts DNP Doctor of Nursing Practice EdD Doctor of Education EMPA Executive Master of Public Administration

EMSL Executive Master of Sustainability Leadership JD Juris Doctor LLM Master of Laws MA Master of Arts MAcc Master of Accountancy MALM Master of Applied Leadership and Management MArch Master of Architecture MAS Master of Advanced Study MBA Master of Business Administration MC Master of Counseling MCS Master of Computer Science MCSt Master of Computing Studies MEd Master of Education

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MEng Master of Engineering MFA Master of Fine Arts MGLS Master of Global Leadership and Strategy MGM Master of Global Management MHI Master of Healthcare Innovation MIA Master of Interior Architecture MID Master of Industrial Design MIHC Master of Integrated Health Care MIHM Master of International Health Management MLA Master of Landscape Architecture MLS Master of Legal Studies MLSt Master of Liberal Studies MM Master of Music MMC Master of Mass Communication MNLM Master of Nonprofit Leadership and Management MNS Master of Natural Science MPA Master of Public Administration MPE Master of Physical Education MPP Master of Public Policy MPS Master of Professional Studies MPSLA Master of Public Safety Leadership and Administration MRED Master of Real Estate Development MS Master of Science MSD Master of Science in design MSE Master of Science in engineering MSL Master of Sustainability Leadership MSLB Master of Sports Law and Business MST Master of Sustainable Tourism MSTech Master of Science in technology MSTP Master of Science and Technology Policy MSUS Master of Sustainability Solutions MSW Master of Social Work MTax Master of Taxation MTESOL Master of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages MUD Master of Urban Design MUEP Master of Urban and Environmental Planning MVCD Master of Visual Communication Design PhD Doctor of Philosophy PSM Professional Science Master's

Degree programs, majors, concentrations, minors, certificates Don’t use punctuation marks or symbols in degree abbreviations. The only exception is for / in approved abbreviations for concurrent and accelerated programs. Use to in progressive degree programs. • BA, MS, PhD

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• MUEP/MA in sustainability • RN to BSN Associate degree has no apostrophe, but it is used in bachelor’s degree and master’s degree. Abbreviate the degree name on first mention; spell it out in subsequent instances using either the informal or formal forms. This is an exception to the ASU writing style guide. • first: A student in this program will earn a BA in broadcast journalism. • subsequent: Note the admission requirements for the bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism. • subsequent: Note the admission requirements for the Bachelor of Arts in broadcast journalism. Always include the names of majors, concentration areas, minors or certificates, but don’t abbreviate or capitalize them. • bachelor’s degree in English • Master of Science in chemistry • Not: Bachelor’s in English • Not: Master's in chemistry Campuses The campus may be mentioned in the marketing text but not in the program description. • Downtown Phoenix campus • Polytechnic campus • Tempe campus • West campus These are the proper ways to show the other learning locations: • ASU Online may be referred to as an online campus. • Degree programs are offered at ASU@Cochise, ASU@Lake Havasu, ASU@Mexico City, ASU@Pima,

ASU@Pinal, ASU@The Gila Valley, ASU@Tucson, ASU@Yavapai, ASU@Yuma, ASU@Washington, D.C., California Center, Mayo Clinic and Washington Center, though these locations may not be referred to as campuses.

Centers, Colleges, Departments, Institutes, Schools, University Avoid using acronyms to refer to any university unit. Use the full name on first reference. After that, you may use the formal abbreviation or use center, institute, office, school, or college. You can find the list of colleges’ formal abbreviations in the ASU writing guide. • The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences • Not: The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) • Not: CLAS iPOS, POS Distinguish between a plan (POS; whether unofficial or official) and the method of submitting the official version (iPOS). Spell out the phrase on first reference and use POS or the plan thereafter; do not use parentheses. • first: A plan of study maps the requirements for completion of a degree program. • then: The plan submitted through iPOS becomes the student’s official POS. • Not: A plan of study (POS) maps the…

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Tests Don’t capitalize names of test sections, such as verbal or quantitative. This is how these tests are shown in the academic catalog: • ACT Use only the initials when referring to the previously designated American College Testing Program. • GMAT Use only the initials when referring to the Graduate Management Admission Test. • GRE Use only the initials when referring to the Graduate Record Examination. • IELTS Use only the initials when referring to the International English Language Testing System. • LSAT Use only the initials when referring to the Law School Admission Test. • MCAT Use only the initials when referring to the Medical College Admission Test. • Miller Analogies Test Spell out. • Pearson Test of English and PTE Spell out on first mention and use the initialism thereafter. • SAT Use only the initials in referring to the previously designated Scholastic Aptitude Test or the Scholastic

Assessment Test. • Speaking Proficiency English Assessment Kit and SPEAK Spell out on first reference; use only the initialism

thereafter. • TEAS Use only the initials when referring to the Test of Essential Academic Skills. • TOEFL Use only the initials when referring to the Test of English as a Foreign Language. This is an exception to

the ASU writing style guide.

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Capitalization This ABET phrase is required on a number of programs, and ABET requested that it appear exactly as shown here, as a phrase and with this capitalization and punctuation. • Accredited by the [capitalized name of the accreditation commission] of ABET; http://www.abet.org. Academic Programs Degree programs Only capitalize official diploma titles. Don’t capitalize names of majors, minors, concentrations, or certificates even if they are included in the official diploma title abbreviation. Do capitalize proper nouns: English, Spanish, Native American. • Bachelor of Science in nursing • Master of Communication with a concentration in broadcast journalism • Not: Bachelor of Science in Nursing • Not: Bachelor of Science in Design • Not: Bachelor of Arts in Education • Not: Master of Science in Technology Centers, Colleges, Departments, Institutes, Schools, University Use initial uppercase letters only for the full official name. Otherwise, don’t use capitalization. • admission services • ASU Admission Services • ASU’s Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering • graduate admission • the Department of English • the history department • the institute • the School of Human Evolution and Social Change • The Design School • The Polytechnic School • the university • Not: the University Don’t use & or + in place of and in text, even for official ASU unit names. • Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation • Not: Edson College of Nursing & Health Innovation Compound Words The second part of a hyphenated compound is not capitalized even in instances when other words are capitalized. • Domestic Violence and Evidence-based Practice Documents, Forms Capitalize the full, formal names of documents and forms, such as applications. Don’t capitalize them when used in a descriptive manner. A complete list of university forms is at https://students.asu.edu/forms.

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• Enrollment Verification Request • enrollment verification form • ASU Scholarship Estimator • the scholarship estimator • Student Academic Integrity Policy • the student academic integrity policy

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Formatting Bold Bold is reserved for headings and subheadings. Do not use bold within text copy. Italics Do not use italics. Phone Numbers Do not use parentheses. Use / instead of the first hyphen when editing programs in PeopleSoft and offset extensions with a comma. So, entering a phone number as 480/555-5555, ext. 222 will ensure it properly appears as 480-555-5555, ext. 222 in the second catalog review environment and when the site is live. URLs URLs must include the https:// and www prefixes and be lowercase. This is an exception to the ASU writing style guide. Position a URL reference after the sentence wherever possible. When a URL appears at the end of the sentence, use a period for the sentence but don’t include it in the URL hyperlink. Formatting • Marketing text — We may use a hyperlink for an ASU webpage. • Program description — The entire web address must be shown. Placement • Undergraduate application information — Don’t include any link to the undergraduate program application

process. Those links are available on the program pages in Degree Search. • Graduate admission content — Website links are allowed only if they point to an application requirement. • Elsewhere — We don’t show the department URL because that’s already in the contact information.

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Language The Basics Keep text as brief and scannable as possible. Be clear and purposeful. Avoid trite phrasing and jargon. Say exactly what you mean:

Real-world is not as specific as practical or applicable. World-renowned says less than pointed phrases like top of the field and respected by peers.

Directness has more impact:

The certificate program is designed to help prepare students… [passive, indirect] The certificate program prepares students… [oblique] Students learn to… Students prepare for… [clear, direct, purposeful]

Special Attention #1 Avoid misunderstanding, and say only what’s necessary. Check out these examples of issues and the solutions: • No GRE test is required.* • Applicants are not required to submit a GRE test score.**

*Readers could skip past No and see is required. Worse, this syntax increases the possibility of misunderstanding for readers won’t have English as their first language. Solution: A GRE test is not required. **Although this is a clearly stated sentence, the score is not a requirement for admission so it should not even be mentioned in a list of requirements. Solution: Omit it. Special Attention #2 Be careful with to. Shortcuts common in casual, in-person conversation aren’t suitable for formal copy. One culprit that frequently appears in ASU Catalog pre-final copy is the inappropriate use of the word to. Here’s an example:

“This transdisciplinary degree program provides a unique platform to train systems engineers targeting technological development for exploration science."

As written, the astute reader sees two possible interpretations and wonders which is intended: • that only certain engineers are being trained (“program provides a unique platform that trains systems

engineers who target…”) • that the program is a platform for training (“program provides a unique platform for training systems

engineers in targeting…”) Rewrite for preciseness, clarity. Gender Neutrality Use terms that can apply to any gender. • chair, chairperson; not chairman, chairwoman

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• emeritus, emeriti; not emerita • first-year student (admission status), freshman (class standing) • humankind; not mankind Redundancy Use simple, clear phrasing to avoid the superfluous. • Not: potential applicant • Instead: applicant • Not: including but not limited to • Instead: including Standard Statements Certain standardized statements are required, and they are shown below. As long as these baseline requirements are met, most standard statements are customizable. Undergraduate programs

Certificates Depending on a student's undergraduate program of study, prerequisite courses may be needed in order to complete the requirements of this certificate. Change of major A current ASU student has no additional requirements for changing majors. Gainful employment For disclosure information about this U.S. Department of Education Gainful Employment program, students should see [insert website address]. Global degree With a global degree program, students have the opportunity to receive their ASU degree in partnership with an international institution. Students and faculty can create and share knowledge to solve pressing global and societal challenges by combining strengths in research and teaching from two different institutions. Global degree programs also give students exposure to international academic experiences and content. Students should contact the academic unit directly for more information about this global degree program. Global experience https://mystudyabroad.asu.edu/ [Always include the web address, and customize the text for each program.] Some programs include use some variation of the following statement as their customized text. The statement was corrected this year to this version: With over 250 programs in more than 65 countries (programs vary in length, from one week to one year), study abroad is possible for all ASU students who wish to acquire global skills and knowledge in preparation for a 21st-century career. Students earn ASU credit for completed courses, while staying on track for graduation, and they may apply financial aid and scholarships toward program costs. https://mystudyabroad.asu.edu/ Minors Depending on a student's undergraduate program of study, prerequisite courses may be needed in order to complete the requirements of this minor. Other enrollment requirements (certificates)

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A student pursuing an undergraduate certificate must be enrolled as a degree-seeking student at ASU. Undergraduate certificates are not awarded prior to the award of an undergraduate degree. A student already holding an undergraduate degree may pursue an undergraduate certificate as a nondegree-seeking graduate student. [This statement should not replace any existing certificate text related to additional enrollment requirements such as GPA or prerequisite courses.] Other enrollment requirements (minors) Current ASU undergraduate students may pursue a minor and have it recognized on their ASU transcript at graduation. Students interested in pursuing a minor should consult their academic advisor to declare the minor and to ensure that an appropriate set of courses is taken. Minor requirements appear on the degree audit once the minor is added. Certain major and minor combinations may be deemed inappropriate by the college or department of either the major program or the minor. Courses taken for the minor may not count toward both the major and minor. Students should contact their academic advisor for more information. [Variations on this required text, above, are allowed as long as they cover all the bases: that a minor and major cannot share coursework and that certain major and minor combinations may not be allowed.] PLuS Alliance This is a two-part statement. The PLuS Alliance partnership combines the strengths of three leading research universities from three continents — Arizona State University, King's College London and UNSW Sydney — to create and share knowledge that will solve pressing educational and societal challenges. Students have the opportunity to collaborate with peers and specialists across the globe through PLuS-partner courses offered online. Through this PLuS Alliance collaboration degree program, students develop transferable global competencies and gain exposure to international teaching and academic content. https://www.plusalliance.org/global-learning-network-programmes

Graduate programs

Admission requirements Applicants must fulfill the requirements of both the Graduate College and the [college name]. Applicants are eligible to apply to the program if they have earned a bachelor's or master's degree, in any field, from a regionally accredited institution. Applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in the last 60 hours of their first bachelor's degree program, or applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in an applicable master's degree program. Application components The last item of the list of application components is the required statement about proof of proficiency in the English language (see English proficiency, below). English proficiency This is a two-part statement. First part: The introductory portion of the statement appears as the last item in the numbered list of application components. These are the permitted versions; use the style that conforms to the list style, either phrase or complete sentence: proof of English proficiency Proof of English proficiency is required.

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Second part: The explanatory portion appears as the first entry in Additional Application Information, and it is a complete sentence: An applicant whose native language is not English must provide proof of English proficiency regardless of current residency. The two-part statement illustrated: All applicants must submit: 1. graduate admission application and application fee 2. official transcripts 3. proof of English proficiency Additional Application Information An applicant whose native language is not English must provide proof of English proficiency regardless of current residency. Applicants should visit https://admission.asu.edu/international/graduate/english-proficiency for more information . Gainful employment For disclosure information about this U.S. Department of Education Gainful Employment program, students should see [insert website address]. Global degree With a global degree program, students have the opportunity to receive their ASU degree in partnership with an international institution. Students and faculty can create and share knowledge to solve pressing global and societal challenges by combining strengths in research and teaching from two different institutions. Global degree programs also give students exposure to international academic experiences and content. Students should contact the academic unit directly for more information about this global degree program. Global experience Study abroad is possible for graduate students with more than 50 program opportunities spanning six continents. Faculty-directed programs tend to be the best fit for graduate students; taking courses over the summer or during academic breaks with ASU professors offers close mentorship and professional network growth in many fields of study while earning ASU credit. Exchange program participation is also possible with careful planning. https://mystudyabroad.asu.edu/students/graduate-students GPA requirements Applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in the last 60 hours of their first bachelor's degree program, or applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in an applicable master's degree program. PLuS Alliance This is a two-part statement. The PLuS Alliance partnership combines the strengths of three leading research universities from three continents — Arizona State University, King's College London and UNSW Sydney — to create and share knowledge that will solve pressing educational and societal challenges. Students have the opportunity to collaborate with peers and specialists across the globe through PLuS-partner courses offered online. Through this PLuS Alliance collaboration degree program, students develop transferable global competencies and gain exposure to international teaching and academic content. https://www.plusalliance.org/global-learning-network-programmes

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Symbols Do not mix symbols with words, as in and/or, Chicana/o, Latina/o, school/college, test(s). Rewrite for clarity. Voice Use the formal third-person voice typical of academic writing (he, she, they, a student, students) everywhere except in the marketing field where the required voice is the conversational second-person (you, your). Use present tense in Degree Search program listings and in the college and university policies. Here are two examples of corrections made during catalog review: • A student will be is placed on academic probation if one or more of the student's GPAs listed above is less

than 3.00. Students will be are notified by mail when placed on academic probation. • Students who do not achieve a 2.00 GPA will be are placed on university academic probation, and they must

meet with an advisor to discuss academic success strategies.

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Lists Styles Horizontal A horizontal list is a series of items that follow the introductory statement of a sentence. Use this style for anything that is not shown in a vertical list: • extremely short lists • extremely long lists • a series of long sentences • an enumerated list that includes a bulleted list See Remedies, below, for examples of how to present information that is either too short or too cumbersome for vertical lists. Vertical Craft vertical lists either as complete sentences (use capitalization, periods) or as sentence fragments (use lowercase, no periods), and begin each line with the same part of speech. Bulleted Lists: Use this style for highlighting information that is pertinent yet not required, such as showcasing career possibilities and distinguishing between acceptable prerequisites. Arrange the lines in alphabetical order; if a line begins with a numeral rather than a letter, sort it as if it were spelled. Course Lists: Neither bullet points nor numerals are used. Ensure courses are shown flush with the left margin and in alphanumeric order by prefix and course number and that credit hours are shown in parentheses (use numerals only; do not include the words credit hours). An asterisk may be used to point to a clarifying statement located below the list of courses; follow the convention for using asterisks. Numbered Lists: Reserve the use of numbered lists for itemizing required application components. List the items in a specific order such as step-by-step instructions. Placement, with Examples Vertical lists may be used in these sections for these reasons: • admission requirements (distinguish between acceptable prerequisites) — bullets • admission requirements (itemize required application components) — numerals • career opportunities (showcase employment possibilities) — bullets • program description (highlight pertinent information) — bullets Example — Program Description This program creates entirely new opportunities, while building upon mathematical foundations and in-demand career paths long established in fields such as: • bioinformatics • computational sciences • ecology • genomics • mathematical analysis • mathematical epidemiology • nonlinear dynamics • population dynamics • social science

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Example 1 — Career Opportunities After leaving ASU, many graduates participate in activities like these: • conduct academic research • curate or produce dance festivals and events • direct or manage performing art companies, studios or dance-related organizations • facilitate community partnerships and projects Example 2 — Career Opportunities People knowledgeable about Asia are required in virtually every arena in which the U.S. interacts with the rest of the world, including: • communication • diplomacy • food security • higher education • humanitarian service • intelligence Example 1 — Admission Requirements All applicants must submit: 1. graduate admission application and application fee 2. official transcripts 3. official copy of GRE scores 4. portfolio; or, a writing sample from applicants who have a science background 5. statement of intent 6. contact information for three references 7. proof of English proficiency Example 2 — Admission Requirements Applicants are eligible to apply to the program if they have earned a bachelor's or master's degree from a regionally accredited institution in one of the professions or fields of study outlined below: • a five- or six-year National Architectural Accrediting Board-accredited professional degree in architecture

(BArch or MArch)* • a four-year Bachelor of Science in landscape architecture or a master's degree in landscape architecture which

must be granted by an institution that offers the Landscape Architectural Accreditation Board-accredited degree program in landscape architecture

• an engineering degree (BS or MS) with a background in building sustainability issues** • a science degree (BS or MS) with a background in building sustainability issues

*Applicants should refer to the NAAB website for more information about the BArch or MArch. **Mechanical and civil engineering and construction majors are particularly suited for application to the BS or MS program in engineering.

Applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in the last 60 hours of their first bachelor's degree program, or applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in an applicable master's degree program.

All applicants must submit: 1. graduate admission application and application fee 2. official transcripts 3. official copy of GRE scores 4. portfolio; or, a writing sample from applicants who have a science background 5. statement of intent

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6. contact information for three references 7. proof of English proficiency Remedies, with Examples Short Lists Extremely short or simple lists don’t warrant treatment as a vertical list:

The program is ideal for students with interests as varied as: • artificial intelligence • solar energy • video gaming

The content should be fashioned as an in-line list in a sentence:

The program is ideal for students with interests as varied as artificial intelligence, solar energy and video gaming.

Long Lists Excessively long lists such as this example are not suitable for vertical lists and must be recrafted:

The program reflects the dual nature of computer science as a scientific and engineering discipline by allowing emphasis on theory as well as practical applications. Students can study topics such as: • artificial intelligence • bioinformatics • cloud and distributed computing • computer-aided geometric design • computer design and architecture • computer graphics • computer networks • cyber-physical and embedded systems • cyber security • database management and information retrieval • database systems • data mining and machine learning • distributed computing and operating systems • embedded systems • health operations and informatics • imaging, graphics and visualization • information assurance and security • intelligent information integration • multimedia • network algorithms • personalized learning and educational games • simulation modeling and systems • social computing • software engineering • statistical modeling • theory and algorithms

To correct that list, one option is to create broad categories with specifics listed after an em dash:

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The program reflects the dual nature of computer science as a scientific and engineering discipline by allowing emphasis on theory as well as practical applications. Students can study topics from a number of disciplines: • computing – cloud and distributed computing, social computing… • databases – database management, database systems… • design – computer-aided geometric design, computer design and architecture… • networks — computer networks, cyber-physical and embedded systems… • security – cyber security…

Another corrective tactic is to select four to six items to call out in bullets and mention the rest in paragraph form using ASU-branded and student-centric language:

The program reflects the dual nature of computer science as a scientific and engineering discipline by allowing emphasis on theory as well as practical applications. Students can study fields such as: • computing • database • design • networks • security [Explain students will be engaged in learning to understand, create, apply… Or, how in the future they’ll use their knowledge of…] artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, and cloud and distributed computing. [Insert variation of the same…] computer-aided geometric design, computer design and architecture. [And again…] computer graphics, and computer networks as well as cyber-physical and embedded systems, cyber security, database management and information…

Or, rephrase the information in broader terms and from the student’s point of view, explaining how they would benefit from having the degree. Make the description be more than simply a list of topics, though topics could be showcased as a bulleted list within in the broader description.

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Numerals The Basics Spell out one through nine and use figures for 10 and greater — except: also use figures when referring to grade levels, with percent and percentages (these are explained below), with units of measure for physical dimensions (e.g., miles, temperature; not time) and when referring to the age of a person, animal, event or thing. When writing about rankings, use No. and a figure. Spell out a number at the beginning of a sentence, except for calendar years and recognized numeral-and-letter combinations such as 3D. Spell out casual references. Don’t follow a word with a parenthetical numeric expression; the only exception is for credit hours in parentheses in course listings. • five minutes • four-year option • three credit hour course • 3 miles [unit of measure] • 6 years old [age] • U.S. News & World Report ranks ASU No. 1 for innovation. • Twenty people registered for the seminar. • 1976 was a very good year. • 3D metal printing seminars are scheduled in July. • ASU attracts thousands of international students each year. [casual reference] • He walked a quarter of a mile. [casual reference] • Not: Choose one (1) of the classes. Adjectives Reserve above, below, higher, over, under for spatial references. Use the following in numeric references: • fewer, fewer than • greater, greater than • less, less than • more, more than Decimals Use a decimal point and numerals. For amounts less than one, add a zero before the decimal point and use the singular form of the measurement. For grade point averages, include the hundredths place. • 0.35 meter • 0.55 cubic foot • 0.75 kilometer • GPA of 2.00 Grade Levels Use the numerals with a dash and no spaces. • The program is designed for teachers of grades 7-12. • The endorsements are for grades K-12 unless otherwise indicated. • The pathway is designed for preK-12 teachers.

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Ordinals Spell out first through ninth and use figures for 10th and above, unless the nonstandard ordinal is part of an official name or title. Do not use superscript formatting. • First Street, 7th Fleet, 1st Sgt. • Not: 2nd, 10th Percent, Percentage In most cases, use % when paired with a numeral. Use whole figures and decimals for percent and percentages. For a range of percentages, use to and and rather than a hyphen and spell out percent. In casual uses, use words. • 2.5%, 10% • 4 percentage points • 12 to 15 percent • between 12 and 15 percent • The latecomer had zero percent chance of being first in line. Phone Numbers Phone numbers are to appear with only figures and hyphens. Do not use parentheses. Offset extensions with a comma. When making edits when in PeopleSoft, use / instead of the first hyphen to ensure proper appearance of phone numbers. • 480/555-5555, ext. 21 (It will appear as 480-555-5555 when the site is live.) Ratios Use figures and hyphens, without spaces between. Always include ratio or another noun with the figures. • 22-to-1 student-to-faculty ratio • a majority of 7-to-3

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Punctuation and Symbols Ampersand Always use & when it is part of the formal name of an external organization (ASU units do not use the ampersand in their names). Do not use it to represent the word and except for some accepted abbreviations. • AT&T • U.S. News & World Report • B&B, R&B Asterisk Only use this to refer the reader to a clarifying information that is positioned beneath the text. The first asterisk is always positioned at the end of a line and outside sentence punctuation. There is no space between an asterisk and text. Asterisks are typically used in Course Lists and Admission Requirements. At Symbol The use of @ in the following names is an exception to the ASU writing style guide: ASU@Cochise, ASU@Lake Havasu, ASU@Mexico City, ASU@Pima, ASU@Pinal, ASU@The Gila Valley, ASU@Tucson, ASU@Yavapai, ASU@Yuma and ASU@Washington, D.C. Comma Comma in a series The serial comma, or series comma (also called an Oxford comma or Harvard comma), is not generally used, though there are exceptions. Do not use a comma before the conjunction in a simple series unless it is necessary to avoid confusion. Do place a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction. Also use a comma before the concluding conjunction in a complex series of phrases. For clarity, use a serial comma in material that may be unfamiliar to the reader. This is an exception to the ASU writing style guide. • The flag is red, white and blue. • He would nominate Tom, Dick or Harry. • The main points to consider are whether the athletes are skillful enough to compete, whether they have the

stamina to endure the training, and whether they have the proper mental attitude. • The lecture covers the black-body radiation problem, Planck’s constant, and the Copenhagen interpretation. Comma with clauses An essential clause tells the reader which one is being referred to. For example, if there is more than one coach, the coach’s name is essential for clarity so it must not be offset with commas. • The basketball coach John Doe and the team will be at the reception. A nonessential clause contains extra information that is not key to understanding the sentence. For example, if there is only one head basketball coach, his name is not necessary so it is to be offset with commas. • The head basketball coach, John Doe, and the team will be at the reception.

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Dashes Em dash Use an em dash only to create an emphatic separation or an abrupt change, to mark a series within a phrase, or to add emphasis to the text that follows. Always use a space before and after the symbol. Use three dashes when editing in PeopleSoft because the system cannot decipher an em dash. • ASU — one of the top universities in the world En dash An en dash connects things related to each other by distance. Also use it to indicate a range, such as between dates, times or numbers, except when the words to, or, or and are preferable. Do not include a space before or after the symbol. Use a double dash when editing in PeopleSoft because the system cannot decipher an en dash. • 2020–2021 • 10 a.m.–noon • 1–2 p.m. • April 16–May 12 Hyphen The fewer the better; use them to avoid ambiguity or confusion. Do not hyphenate LEED rating levels. Some word phrases, such as state of the art, should only be hyphenated when used as compound modifiers, and some should never be hyphenated, such as critical thinking and LEED rating levels. • The building was state of the art decades ago. • The lab has state-of-the-art equipment. Compound modifiers generally are hyphenated, thought there are some specific exceptions. The second part of a hyphenated compound is not capitalized even in instances when other words are capitalized, such as in headlines and titles. Do not hyphenate any combination that depicts dual heritage, immigrant nationalities, or ethnic groups. This is an exception to the ASU writing style guide. Never hyphenate any combination when the leading word ends with -ly. Prefixes that generally require hyphens include self-, all-, ex-, and half-. Most words with co- are spelled without hyphens: coeducational, coaxial. Exceptions include nouns, adjectives and verbs that indicate occupation or status: co-author, co-defendant, co-pilot. Most words with non- are now spelled without a hyphen. Do not use a hyphen before words that can be understood if not is used with them, but use a hyphen before proper nouns or in awkward combinations: nonacademic, nondegree-seeking, nonprofit, nonstudio, nonthesis, non-American, non-English-speaking. Most words with post- are written without a hyphen: postbaccalaureate, postdoctoral, postgraduate. Exception: post-master's. Do not hyphenate pre-, and re-, including in double-e combinations: preeminent, preempt, preestablish, preexisting, reenter, reestablish. If the text references an ASU department's website where traditional hyphenation is still used, follow the department's style. Suffixes that generally require hyphens include -free, -based, and -elect. Preferred spellings: • Asian Pacific American, African American • better-qualified candidate • biomedicine, biomedical • changemaker • critical thinking, critical thinking skills • decision-maker, decision-making • Domestic Violence and Evidence-based Practice • early morning traffic; nationally ranked. • English as a second language • 15 credit hour program; three credit hour course

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• first-year student • 40 to 60 credit hour program • high-achieving student • internet-based claim • knowledge building • LEED certified, LEED Gold certified, LEED Silver certified, LEED Platinum certified • prehealth • preK-12 • prelaw • premedical • preveterinary • ratio of 23-to-1 • second language acquisition, second language requirement • small-business person • student-to-faculty ratio Exclamation Mark Do not use this. Instead, use words that convey excitement. Quotation Marks Do not use quotation marks around words or letters to call attention to them; however, do place a letter grade between quotation marks: • a minimum grade of “C” Superscript Avoid using superscript letters; use the same size type as the numeral. • 3rd base; 10th floor • Not 3rd base: 10th floor Symbols Use / only in approved abbreviations for concurrent and accelerated programs: MUEP/MA in sustainability. Do not use & in text to represent the word and, even for official ASU unit names. Do not use symbols to form alternative word constructions such as in and/or, Chicana/o, college/school, he/she, Latina/o, and test(s). Instead, rewrite the statement for clarity and power using more precise phrasing.

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Titles Academic Capitalize and spell out formal academic titles such as chancellor and provost only when they precede a person’s name. • Chancellor Jones • Jones, who is chancellor of the university Academic degree Use a phrase instead of an abbreviation when mention of an earned degree is necessary to establish someone’s credentials. Do not precede a name with a degree courtesy title and then follow the name with the degree abbreviation. • Dean Jones has a doctorate in psychology. • Dean Jones, who earned a PhD in psychology. • Michael Crow, president of the university, spoke Wednesday. • Michael Crow, who earned his PhD in public administration, is the president of the university. • Not: Dr. John Smith presents many seminars. • Not: The acclaimed author is Doctor Jane Doe, EdD. Courtesy In general, confine capitalization to formal titles used directly before an individual’s name (see Formal, below). Use lowercase and spell out titles when they are not used with an individual’s name. Use lowercase and spell out titles in constructions that set them off from a name by commas. • The director issued a statement. • The pope gave his blessing. • The vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, declined to run again. Formal A formal title generally is one that denotes a scope of authority, professional activity or academic activity. Capitalize formal titles when they are used immediately before one or more names. • Pope Benedict XVI • President Abraham Lincoln Occupational Job titles serve primarily as occupational descriptions, and these are not capitalized. • audiologist, nurse practitioner, etc. • Attending the event was astronaut John Glenn, among others. • John Doe is a chemistry professor at ASU.

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Word List These entries are reminders of issues that tend to cause confusion, clarification of information in the preceding chapters, and exceptions to the ASU and AP style guidelines. /, () Do not use symbol-and-word combinations, such as and/or and tests(s). Rewrite using proper words and precise phrasing. admission, Admission Singular in all references to academic admission; not admissions. The names of the ASU offices are Admission Services, Graduate Admission Services, and International Admission Services. • John completed the steps for admission to ASU. • The admission office assists prospective students with the admission process. • Students can obtain the undergraduate admission application online. • Graduate admission services are available in person Monday through Friday. • Graduate Admission Services is in the Student Services Building. advisor AP Stylebook variance for academic instances. • undergraduate advisor • special advisor to President Crow American Indian, Native American Not Indian which refers to the peoples and cultures of the nation of India. and/or Not acceptable. Rewrite the statement using more precise phrasing. associate degree Do not use 's; not associate’s degree. This is a variance with bachelor’s degree, master’s degree. ASU Sync ASU-USA Pathways See Global Launch. Black Capitalize when used as an adjective in a racial, ethnic or cultural sense, for the understanding that the term reflects a shared identity and culture rather than a skin color alone: Black people, Black culture, Black literature, Black studies, Black colleges. African American is acceptable for an American Black person of African descent. changemaker check sheet Two words. Chicano, Chicana Not Chicanx. Follow AP style guidelines: “Chicano --- A term that Mexican Americans in the U.S. Southwest sometimes use to describe their heritage. Use only if it is a person’s preference.” classwork One word. coupled social-ecological systems [first reference], social-ecological systems [second reference] coursework One word.

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courseware One word. credit hours This is the preferred term, not semester hours or credits. critical thinking Never hyphenated, not even as a modifier: critical thinking skills. cross-disciplinary curriculum vita (s.), curricula vitae (pl.) cutting edge (n.), cutting-edge (adj.) Avoid if possible; considered trite. data Collective noun. The word typically takes singular verbs and pronouns when writing for general audiences and in data journalism contexts: The data is sound. In scientific and academic writing, plural verbs and pronouns are preferred: The data have been carefully collected. decision-makers, decision-making Hyphenate in all uses. e-book, e-business, e-commerce, e-newsletter, e-reader eAdvisor Do not capitalize the first letter, even at the beginning of a sentence, and do not attempt to include the trademark. Since the eAdvisor™ platform can’t accommodate the symbol, it is not used in ASU academic catalog entries. • Academic progress reports are sent through eAdvisor. • eAdvisor is a new tool to help ASU students succeed. e.g., It means for example. Periods and comma required. email Capitalized only at the beginning of a sentence. emeritus (s.), emeriti (pl.) Gender neutral, it applies to male and female. Emerita is incorrect. • Jane Doe is a professor emeritus of journalism. English as a second language Do not hyphenate as a noun or an adjective. Spelled on first reference and abbreviated as ESL on subsequent references. Not capitalized. • She was an instructor of English as a second language. • That is an English as a second language program. • The student was enrolled in the ESL program. English for Speakers of Other Languages, ESOL Spell out on first reference; use the initialism thereafter. • Not: English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) faculty Collective noun, singular and taking a singular verb. When referring to its members, whether the word members is included or not, it is plural and that is indicated with a plural verb. • The ASU faculty is at the forefront nationally in advancing research and discovery. [collective, singular] • The university’s faculty are renowned scholars. [individuals, plural] • The school’s faculty are expected to hold office hours each week. [individuals, plural] • ASU has three Nobel Laureate faculty members. fewer than, less than Use fewer than for individual items; use less than for bulk or quantity. • The room had fewer than 50 chairs available. [individual items] • The entrance fee was less than $100. [an amount]

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freshman Use the gender-inclusive first-year student when referring to admission status and freshman to indicate class standing. full time (n.), full-time (adj.) Hyphenate only when used as a compound modifier. • Doctoral students are required to commit full time to the program. • He has a full-time job. General Studies Always capitalized. Global Launch Global Launch runs two programs: Intensive English Program and ASU-USA Pathways. GPA Uppercase, without periods in all references including first reference. Include two decimal places. • GPA of 2.00 grades Place the letter between quotation marks, with its grade point value in parentheses with the grading scale: “A” (4.00 on a 4.00 scale). This is an exception to not using quotation marks to call attention to words or letters. greater than, more than; over Greater than and more than are for numeric references. Use over in spatial relationships. • There are more than 500 students attending the event. • The plane flew over the city. halftime (n.), half-time (adj.) One word only in sports copy for intermission between halves of a game or competition. Hyphenate the adjective. health care Two words, except in official degree names and course titles. his/her; s/he; Chicana/o, Latina/o Not acceptable. Rewrite the statement using precise phrasing and proper words. iCourse Do not capitalize, even at the beginning of a sentence. i.e., It means that is. Periods and comma are required. Indian Country Capitalized. Term used by tribes and U.S. government referring to tribal lands within tribal jurisdiction. Indian Nations Capitalized. General term widely used by tribes and federal government. Indigenous, indigenous (adj.) Capitalize this term when referring to the original human inhabitants of a place. Do not capitalize it in other usages. • Aboriginal leaders welcomed a new era of Indigenous relations in Australia. • Bolivia’s Indigenous peoples represent some 62% of the population. • An example of an indigenous animal species is the beaver. InMAC Induction, Master of Education and Arizona Certification (InMAC). Spell out on first reference and include the parenthetical description of the acronym. The acronym may be used in subsequent references. • The Induction, Master of Education and Arizona Certification (InMAC) program provides an alternative

pathway to… [first reference] • The InMAC program also features… [subsequent references] Intensive English Program See Global Launch.

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interdisciplinary Connotes cooperation between disciplines. Use transdisciplinary to connote transcending the boundaries of disciplines. internet Not capitalized. iOS Do not capitalize, even at the beginning of a sentence. iPOS, POS Interactive plan of study, plan of study. Spell out the phrase on first reference and use the initialism or the plan thereafter. Do not use parentheses. • A plan of study maps the requirements for completion of a degree program. • The plan submitted through iPOS becomes the student’s official POS. • The student’s POS is submitted electronically and revised interactively through iPOS in My ASU. knowledge building This is only a noun, not also a modifier. Do not hyphenate it. • knowledge building enterprise; knowledge building theory • The basic premise of the knowledge building approach is that, although achievements may differ, the process

of knowledge building is essentially the same across the … Latino, Latina Follow AP style guidelines: "Latino, Latina --- Latino is often the preferred noun or adjective for a person from, or whose ancestors were from, a Spanish-speaking land or culture or from Latin America. Latina is the feminine form. Some prefer the recently coined gender-neutral term Latinx, which should be confined to quotations, names of organizations, or descriptions of individuals who request it and then it should be accompanied by a short explanation: Hernandez prefers the gender-neutral term Latinx. For groups of females, use the plural Latinas; for groups of males or of mixed gender, use the plural Latinos. Hispanics is also generally acceptable for those in the U.S. Use a more specific identification when possible, such as Cuban, Puerto Rican, Brazilian or Mexican American."

leading edge Avoid if possible; considered trite. less than, fewer than Less than is used in for bulk or quantity; use fewer than for individual items. • The entrance fee was less than $100. [an amount] • The room had fewer than 50 chairs available. [individual items] LGBT, LGBTQ Follow AP style guidelines: "LGBT, LGBTQ --- Acceptable in all references for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender, or lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning or queer. In quotations and the formal names of organizations and events, other forms such as LGBTQIA and other variations are also acceptable with the other letters explained. I generally stands for intersex, and A can stand for asexual (a person who doesn't experience sexual attraction), ally (some activists decry this use of the abbreviation for a person who is not LGBT but who actively supports LGBT communities) or both. Use of LGBT or LGBTQ is best as an adjective and an umbrella term. Don't use it, for instance, when the group you're referring to is limited to bisexuals: Walters joined the LGBTQ business association. Queer is an umbrella term covering people who are not heterosexual or cisgender and is acceptable for people and organizations that use the term to identify themselves. Do not use it when intended as a slur." living and learning community, living-learning Not capitalized. lower division (n.), lower-division (adj.) Hyphenate when used as a compound adjective. • lower-division coursework • coursework in the lower division MAC Master of Education and Arizona Certification (MAC). Spell out on first reference, and include the parenthetical description of the acronym. The acronym may be used in subsequent references.

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• In the Master of Education and Arizona Certification (MAC) program, students take classes at an ASU campus… [first reference]

• Students in the MAC program receive dual Arizona teacher certification… [subsequent references] MAPP MyPath2ASU, Maricopa-ASU Pathways Program • When referring to a student’s pathway to ASU, the prescribed coursework, use MAPP MyPath2ASU. • Students using that pathway are referred to as Maricopa Community College transfer students. • The institutional partnership is referred to as the Maricopa-ASU Pathways Program. markup (n.), mark up (v.) Mayo Clinic Do not precede the name with the. • the agreement with Mayo Clinic me3 A mobile app for eAdvisor. Do not capitalize, even to begin a sentence. • Students use me3 to explore college degree programs that align with their interests that helps them plan the

courses to take that will best prepare them for success at the university. • me3 is an online tool that can help middle and high school students prepare for college. more than, greater than; over More than and greater than are for numeric references. Use over with spatial relationships. • There are more than 500 students attending the event. • The plane flew over the city. multidisciplinary Connotes cooperation between disciplines. To connote transcending the boundaries of disciplines, use transdisciplinary. Native American, American Indian Not Indian, which refers to the peoples and cultures of the nation of India. Orientation, orientation The title of the new-student event for first-time freshmen is ASU New Student Orientation. Other ASU orientation programs are capitalized only when the full titles are used, and use orientation in subsequent references. over; greater than, more than Over is used in spatial relationships. More than and greater than are for numeric references. • The plane flew over the city. • Their salaries went up more than $20 a week. part time (n.), part-time (adj.) Hyphenate only when used as a compound modifier. • Students working part time may prefer evening programs. • That is a part-time position. percent, percentage In casual uses, use words rather than figures and numbers. Use % when paired with a numeral. For a range of percentages, to or and, are acceptable. • The latecomer had a zero percent chance of being first in line. • The school's enrollment increased 3.1% from a year ago. • Nearly 40% of the class was offered a chance to participate. • The rancher reported 75% of his trees were infested. • 12% to 15%; between 12% and 15% policymaker, policymaking No hyphen.

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POS, iPOS Plan of study; interactive plan of study. Spell out the phrase on first reference and use the initialism or the plan thereafter; do not use parenthesis. problem-solving Hyphenate in all uses. Regents Professor Capitalized. No apostrophe. RN to BSN Not RN-BSN. second language No hyphen. • The student knows English as her second language. • This degree program has a second language acquisition criterion. semester hours Preferred term is credit hours. skill building, skill-building Not a formally recognized word. Rewrite the statement using some variation of learning a skill. • exercises that enable students to learn skills appropriate to the field startup One word. state of the art (n), state-of-the-art (adj) Hyphenate only when used as a compound modifier. • The building was state of the art decades ago. • The lab has state-of-the-art equipment. STEM Acronym for science, technology, engineering and mathematics. May be abbreviated in all instances. test-taker theater Use this spelling unless it is part of a proper name containing the word Theatre. 3D No hyphen. A numeral-and-letter combination such as this may start a sentence. See 2D-3D, below. • 3D metal printing seminars are scheduled in July. Thunderbird School of Global Management, a unit of the ASU Knowledge Enterprise On first reference, it must be referred to in full. TOEFL Formerly Test of English as a Foreign Language. Use the initialism. top tier (n.), top-tier (adj.) toward Not towards (British style). transdisciplinary Connotes transcending the boundaries of traditional disciplines. 24/7 2D-3D A numeral-and-letter combination such as this may start a sentence. See 3D, above.

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upper division (n.), upper-division (adj.) Hyphenate when used as a compound adjective before a noun; otherwise, with the individual words in a normal order, there is no hyphen. • upper-division coursework • coursework in the upper division U.S. Used as a noun or adjective for United States and acceptable on first reference. Use periods. U.S. News & World Report Use periods, ampersand. USA No periods. vita (s.), vitae (pl.) web, the web Short form of World Wide Web. Do not capitalize. webcam, webcast, webfeed, webform, webinar, webisode, webmaster, webpage, website Single words, lowercase. But: • web address • web browser • web host • web style Wi-Fi Hyphenated.