Astm.d396 Fuel Oil Specx

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By Authority OfTHE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legally Binding Document

By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code 552(a) and

Part 1 of the Code of Regulations 51 the attached document has been dulyINCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally

binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.

HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.

Official Incorporator:

THE EXECUTIVEDIRECTOROFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Document Name:

CFR Section(s):

Standards Body:

e

American Society for Testing and Materials

40 CFR 63.7575

ASTM D396: Standard Specification for Fuel Oils


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c6 Designation: D 396 - 02, y 117

INTERNATIONAL

Standard Specification forFueiOils1

An American National Standard

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 396; the nwnber :immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginlll adoption or., in the case of revision, the year of ast revision. Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (/0) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.11Tis slaJllimd has been applVved far lISe by agencies of he Depm1me1l1 ofDefense.

1. Scope1.1 This specification (Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various types offuel-oil-bwning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades 1, I Low Sulfur, 2, and 2 Low Sulfur aremiddle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industdal

burners. Grades 1 and 1 Low Sulfur are particularly adepted tovaporizing type bumers or where storage conditions requirelow pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades 4 (Light) and 4 are heavy distillate fuels ordistillate/residual fuel bleods used in connnerciallindustrialburners equipped for this viscosity range.1.1.3 Grades 5 (Light), 5 (Heavy), and 6 are residual fuels ofincreasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrialburners. Preheatiog is usually required for handtiog and properatomization.NOTE I-FoT information on the significance of the terminology and

test methods used in this specification. see Appendix Xl .NOTE 2 -A more detailed description of he grades offu el oils is given

inXl.3.

1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases offuel oils and for the guidance ofconsumers offueloils in the selection of he grades most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.4 All values are stated in SI units and are regarded asstanderd.

NOTE 3-The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner:fuel oils. For more i n f o t n l a ~tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTMStandards:

I This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Cmnmittee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct :responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Bumer, Diesel, N o n ~ A v i a t i o n Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published ~ o u s t 2002. Originallypublished as D 396-34T. Last previous edition D 396-01.

D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester"D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric Pressure2D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MarteosClosed Cup Tester"D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by Distillation2D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)'D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion fromPetroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity ofTransparentand Opaque Liquids (the Calculation ofDynarnic Viscosity)2D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and FuelOils by the Extraction Method'D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products2D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of

Petroleum Products2D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils'D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)'D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Deosity (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer Method2D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method) 'D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products2D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry"D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by Centrifuge2D 3245 Test Method for PumpabiJity of Industrial FuelOils'D 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedTestei'

1 Annual Book ofASTM StalldaJds, Vol 05.01.3 AnIJual Book ofASTM Standatrls, Vol 05.02.

Copyright@ASTMlnternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7OO, wast Conshohocken, PA 1942S-2959, Unlled States.


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D396-02TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OnsA

Property ASTMTest No.1 Low No. 1 No.2 Low No.2c Grade No.4 No.4 No.5 No.5 NO.6Methods Sulfurc Sulfurc (Ught)C (Ught) (Heavy)Flash Point DC, min 09 3 38 38 38 38 38 55 55 55 60Water and sediment, % vol, max 02709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.0509 5 + 0473 (O.SO)D (O.SO)D (1.00)0 (1.00)0 (2.00)DDistillation temperature C 08 6

10 % volume recovered, max 215 21590 % volume recovered, min 282 28290 % vol recovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40"C, mm 2 /s 0445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 >5.5max 2.1 2.1 3.4 3.4 5.5 24.0':Kinematic viscosity at i00"C, mm:;!/s 0445min 5.0 9.0 15.0max B.9E" 14.9 50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on 10 % 0524 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35distillation residue % mass, maxAsh, % mass, max 0 .. .2 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15Sulfur, % mass max'" 0129 0.50 0.5002622 0.05 0,05Copper strip corrosion rating, max, 0130 No.3 No.3 No. 3 No.33 h at 50GCDensity at 1S"C, kg/m3 D 1298min >S76 Gmax 850 850 876 876Pour Point GC, maxH D 97 -18 -18 -6 -6 -6 -6A It Is the Intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an all In the next lower grade unless In factit meets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operating concitions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.S The test methods Indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are Indicated in Sect10n 2 and 5.1.C Under United States regulations, Grades No.1, No.1 Low Sulfur, No.2, No.2 Low Sulfur, and No.4 (Light) are requIred by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sumclentamount of he dye Solvent Red 164 so Its presence Is visually apparent At o r beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 Ib per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26.D The amount of water by distillation byTest Method D 95 plus the sediment by extraction byTest Method D 473 shall not exceed the value shown In the table. For GradeNO.6 fuel all, the amount of sediment by extraction shall not exceed 0.50 mass %, and a deduction in quantity shall be made for all water and sediment in excess of 1.0mass %./iii Wlertl low sulfur uel uil is required, fuel oil falilng In lhe viscosity range of a lower numbered grade dOll\ll1 to and including No.4 can be supplied by agreement betweenthe purchaser and suppller. The viscosity range of the Initial shipment shall be identiied and advance notice shall be required when changing from one viscosity rangeto another. This notice shall be In sufficient time to permit the user to make the necessary adjustments.F Other sulfur limits may apply in selected areas in the United States and in other countries.G This limit ensures a minimum heating value and also prevents misrepresentation and misapplication of this product as Grade No.2.H Lower or higher pour points can be specified whenever required by condltlons of storage or use. \/\klen a pour point less than -18GC is specified, the minimum viscosityat 40 eC for grade No.2 shall be 1.7 mm2/s and the minimum 90 % recovered temperature shall be waived.l\I\ohere low sulfur fuel ollIs required, Grade NO.6 fuel 011 will be classified as Low Pour (+15"C max) or High Pour (no max). Low Pour fuel oil should be used unlesstanks and lines are heated.

D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density Meter'D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products3D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy-DispersiveX-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry3D 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems3D 5453 Test Method for Detenuination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by UltravioletFluorescence4D 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)-D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt MethodtD 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)-

4 Anllllal Book ofASTMSIOlidUlds, Vol 05.03.

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D 6469 Guide to Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel Systems52.2 Other Documents:626 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3. General Requirements

3.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and freefrom excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter.3.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainuniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into lightand heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for thegrade.4_ Detailed Requirement,

4.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall confonn to theAnllual Book of ASTMStcmdUlds, Vol 05.04.

6 Available from. Superintendent of Documents, Us. Government PrintingOffice., Washington. DC 20402.


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.0396-02commercial-indusuial burners where ease of handling andready availability sometimes justify higber cost over theresidual fuels. The low su1fur grade may be specified byfederal, state, or local regulations and can result in reduceddeposits on ferrous heat exdlanger surfaces compared to GradeNo. 2 when burned lll1der similar conditions.

Xl.3.3 Grade No. 4 (Light) is a heavy distiliate fuel ordistillate/residual fuel blend meeting the specification viscosityrange. It is intended for use both in pressure-atomizingcommercial-industrial bwners not requiring higher cost distillates and in burners equipped to atomize oils of higherviscosity. Its permissible viscosity range allows it to bepwnped and atomized at relatively low-storage temperatures.X1.3.4 Grade No.4 is usually a heavy distillate/residualfuel blend but can be a heavy distillate fuel meeting thespecification viscosity range. It is intended for use in burnersequipped with devices that atomize oils ofhigber viscosity thandomestic burners can handle. Its permissible viscosity rangeallows it to be pumped and atomized at relatively low storagetemperatures. Thus, in all but extremely cold weather itrequires no preheating for handling.Xl.3.5 Grade No.5 (Light) is residual fuel of intermediateviscosity for burners capable of handling fuel more viscousthan grade No. 4 without preheating. Preheating may benecessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colderclhnates for handling.XI.3.6 Grade No.5 (Heavy) is a residual fuel more viscousthan Grade No.5 (Ligbt) and is intended for use in similarservice. Preheating may be necessary in some types of equipment for bunting and in colder clhnates for handling.X1.3.7 Grade No.6, sometimes referred to as Bunker C, isa high-viscosity oil used mostly in commercial and industrialheating. I t requires preheating in the storage tank to permitpumping, and additional preheating at the burner to permitatomizing. The extra equipment and maintenance required tohandle tbis fuel usually preclude its use in small installatiol1'l.X1.3.& Residual fuel oil supplied to meet regulations requiring low sulfur content can differ from the grade previouslysupplied. It may be lower in viscosity (and fall into a differentgrade number). I f t must be fluid at a given temperature, TestMethod D 97 need not accurately reflect the pour point whichcan be expected after a period of storage. It is suggested thatthe purchaser and supplier discuss the proper handling andoperating techniques for a given low-sulfm residual fuel oil inthe installation where it is to be used.Xl.4 Significance of Test Methods

X1.4.1 The significance of the properties of fuel oil onwhich limitations are placed by the specification is as follows:X1.4.1.1 Flash Point-The flash point of a fuel oil is anindication of the maximum temperature at which it can bestored and handled 'Without serious fire hazard. The minimumpermissible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, ormuuicipallaws and is based on accepted practice in handlingand use.Xl.4.1.2 Reduced Temperature Properties-The fuel'scloud and pour points are good measures for determining lowtemperature operability with a batch of fuel oil. It is especiallyimportant to consider these fuel properties i f the heating oil

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will be subjected to low ambient temperatures at time of use.Fuel temperatures can fluctuate markedly in small, residential,outdoor, above grOlmd tanks compared with indoor, basementtanks, or underground tanks. A decrease or stoppage of fuelflow can occur in small transfer lines used for residentialheating applications because the fuel line temperature willfluctuate with ambient temperature faster than will bulk tankcontents. Fuel oils pmchased during the summer, but not useduntil the cold heating season arrives, can be a serious source ofproblems. TIris is because when these fuels are produced theyare intended for use during the warm season and thus typicallyhave higber cloud and pour points than fuels produced for useduring the cold season. Fuels can be produced for use at lowtemperatures with lower cloud and pour points by blendiogwith low paraffin fuels, such as kerosine or No. 1 fuel, andadditives, or a combination thereof, to improve low temperature operability. The key to effective treatment is routinemonitoring of incoming and stored fuels, and testing of thetreated fuels. Althougb this specification ouly sets maximmnlimits for the pour point, the recommendations for cloud pointof distillate fuels in Specification D 975 may be applied toheating fuels under extreme cold conditious. Some pipetinecompanies or local specifications have included requirementsfor both cloud and pam points for certain grades of fuel oil.

(1) Pour Point-The pour point is an indication of thelowest temperature at which a fuel oil is capable of flowingunder very low forces. The pour point is prescribed inaccordance vv.i:th the conditions of storage and use. Higher pourpoint fuels are pennissible where heated storage and adequatepiping facilities are provided An increase in pom point canoccur when residual fuel oils are subjected to cyclic temperature variations that can occm in the course of storage or whenthe fuel is preheated and returned to storage tanks. To predictthese properties, Test Method D 3245 may be required.(2) Cloud Point (rest Methad D 2500)-The cloud pointdefines the temperatlU'e at which a cloud or haze of waxcrystals appears in the oil under prescribed test conditionswhich generally relates to the temperature at which waxcrystals begin to precipitate from the oil in use. It is generallyobserved that cloud point temperature of a fuel oil is higherthan its pam point by several degrees Celsius. Fuel oils storedat, or below, their cloud point temperature can have suspendedwax ClYStalS that may cause operability problems due toplugging. Examples are when fuels are pumped througb smallopenings or passageways, that is, oil-line filters, bwnernozzles, and pump strainers. The plugging is reversible whenthe fuel is warmed.

X1.4.1.3 Water and Sediment-Appreciable amounts ofwater and sediment in a fuel oil tend to cause fouling offacilities for handling it, and to give trouble in bUffier mechanisms. Sediment may accumulate in storage tanks and on filterscreens or bumer parts, resulting in obstruction to flow of oilfrom the tan1( to the burner. Water in distillate fuels can causecorrosion of anks and equipment and it can cause emulsions inresidual fuels.Xl.4.1.4 Carbon Residue-The carbon residue ofafuel is ameasure of the carbonaceous material left after all the volatilecomponents are vaporized in the absence of air. It is a rough


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Astm.d396 Fuel Oil Specx

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