Asthma and Allergy (1st Hand-Out)

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Asthma and Allergy UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES THE ALLERGIC REACTION An allergic reaction results from antigen-antibody reaction on sensitized mast cells or basophils, causing the release of chemical mediators. The reaction may be characterized by inflammation, increased secretions, and bronchoconstriction. Definitions y Antigen a protein that stimulates an immune reaction, causing the production of antibodies. y Antibody a globulin (protein) produced by B cells as a defense mechanism against foreign materials. y Atopy a term that refers to the ability to produce immunoglo bulin E antibodies to common allergens. y Immunity: o Humoral the process by which B lymphocytes pr oduce circulating antibodies to act against antigens. o Cell-mediated that portion of the immune system in which the participation of T lymphocytes and macrophage s is predominant. y Mast cell tissue cell similar to peripheral blood basophil and containing granules with chemical mediators. y Basophil a leukocyte with large granules that contain histamine. y Hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen after reexposure; there are four ty pes; type I (immediate) and type IV (delayed) are considered allergic reactions. Immunoglobulins Antibodies that are formed by lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogenic stimulus comprise a group of serum proteins c alled immunoglobu lins. y The abbreviation for immunoglobulin is Ig. y Antibodies combine with antigens in lock-and-key style. y There are five major classes of immunoglobulins. o IgM constitutes 10% of immunoglobulin pool; found mostly in intravascular fluid and primarily engaged in initial defense. o IgG major immunoglobulin that accounts for 70% to 75% of s econdary immune response s and that combats tissue infection. o IgA 15% to 20% of immunoglobulins; predominantly found in seromucous secretions (such as saliva, tears) in which it provides a primary defense mechanism. o IgD less than 1% of immunoglobulin pool; found on circulating B lymphocytes, but function is unknown. o IgE only a trace found in s erum; attaches to surface membrane of basophils and mast cells; responsible for immediate types of allergic reactions. Immunologic Reactions Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) y Characterized by: o Allergic reaction Type I immediate hypersensitivity. During the initial exposur e, T cells recognize foreign allergens and release chemicals to instruct B cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon reexposure, the allergen comes in contact with the IgE antibodies attached to mast cells, causing degranulation and release of chemical mediators. o Occurs immediately after contact with the antigen. o Causes synthesis and release of chemical mediators. y Example: anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, urticaria.

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